Mathematics for Computations

LESSON 3

INVERSE MATRICES

Prepared by: Wan Nurul Huda Faculty of Business Finance and

2020@MAHSA University Information Technology
 LEARNING OBJECTIVE

• Verify thet multiplying a matrix by its inverse results in 1

• Use Matrix multiplication to find the inverse of a matrix
• Find an inverse by augmenting with an identify matrix.
 INTRODUCTION
Definition of Inverse
•
The inverse is Defined as AA-1 = A-1A = I

1 2  ? ? 1 0  ? ? 1 2  1 0 
3 4 ? ? = 0 0 ? ? 3 4 = 0 0
         

We will find out how to calculate the inverse for 2x2 matrix

But first why is it important ?

Because it will allow us to solve equations of the form
We will only consider 2x2
a11 a12   x1  b1  Matrix systems
a .  =  
That means simultaneous
 21 a 22   x 2  b2 
equations
 Why will it help us solve equations?
Because if we can express a system of equations in the
form
Ax = b
Then we can multiply both sides by the inverse matrix

−1 −1
A Ax = A b
And we can then know the values of X because −1
A A= I
x=A b −1
Recap Multiplication

   2
 4 − 3 2   =  8+ 3+ 12  23 
=  

− 6
  − 1
0 1    -6 
6
 
-12+0+ 6
 21 
 6 3   2  12+ 9 
=
 2+ 6  =  8 
 1 2     
 5 7   3  10+ 21   31 

 6 1   24+10
 4 2  4+8   34
 5 4  = = 12 
 The multiplicative inverse of a matrix
• This can only be done with SQUARE matrices
• By hand we will only do this for a 2x2 matrix
• Inverses of larger square matrices can be calculated but
can be quite time expensive for large matrices, computers
are generally used

 4 8  0.75 − 2 
Ex A =   then A-1 =   as AxA-1 = I
 1 3  − 0.25 1 

 4 8  0.75 − 2   3 − 2 − 8 + 8 1 0
   =   =  
 1 3  − 0.25 1   0.75 − 0.75 − 2 + 3   0 1 
Finding the Inverse of a 2x2 matrix

Step-1 First find what is called the Determinant a b 

c d 
 
This is calculated as ad-bc
d b 
Step-2 Then swap the elements in the leading diagonal c a 
 

Step-3 Then negate the other elements d − b 

− c a 
 

Step-4 Then multiply the Matrix by 1/determinant

1 d − b 
 
ad − cb − c a 
 Example Find Inverse of A
Step 1 – Calc Determinant
 4 8 Determinant (ad-cb) = 4x3-8x1 = 4
A =  
 1 3
3 8
step2  
Step 2 – Swap Elements on leading diagonal 1 4
 3 −8
step3  
Step 3 – negate the other elements  −1 4

1  3 −8
step4  
Step 4 – multiply by 1/determinant 4  −1 4
check

−1  0.75 − 2 −1
=
4 8  0.75 − 2
A = 1 3  − 0.25 1 
AA

−     
 0.25 1  3 − 2 − 8 + 8 1 0
= 0.75 − 0.75  = 0 1
 −2+3  
Find the inverses and check them

 2 6 −11  5 − 6   1.25 − 1.5 

A =   A =   =  
 1 5 4  − 1 2   − 0.25 0.5 

 − 5 20  1  2 − 20   0.2 − 2 
−1
B =   B =   =  
 −1 2  10  1 − 5   0.1 − 0.5 

2 2  1  − 1 − 2   0.5 1 
C =   −1
C =   =  
 0 − 1 −2 0 2   0 − 1
EXERCISE: Find the inverses and check them

2 4
A =  
1 3
5 10 
B =  
 −1 2
 3 2
C =  
2 1
 8 2
D =  
 −1 0 
 2 − 8
E =  
 −1 4 
 −1 0 
F =  
 0 − 1
Applications of matrices
• Because matrices are clever storage systems for numbers
there are a large and diverse number of ways we can apply
them.

• Matrices are used in to solve equations on computers

- solving equations

• They are used in computer games and multi-media devices

to move and change objects in space
- transformation geometry

• We only consider solving equations on Maths1 with using

2x2 matrices
Solving simultaneous equations
• We can use our 2x2 matrices to express 2 simultaneous
equations (2 equations about the same 2 variables)
• First we must put them in the correct format
• for the variables x & y the format should be
ax + by = m
cx + dy = n {where a,b,c,d,m & n are constants}

Example
Peter and Jane spend RM240 altogether and Peter spends 3 times as
much as Jane.
let p: what Peter spends and j: what Jane spends

then p + j = 240 (right format a and b = 1 m = 240)

p=3j (wrong format)
rewrite p-3j = 0 (right format c = 1 d = -3 n = 0)
Solving simultaneous equations
We can use our 2x2 matrices to express these
simultaneous equations

x+ y = 240 Becomes in matrix form


x − 3y =0 
1 1  x1   240 
   =  
1 − 3  x 2   0 
constants
constants from the from the
left hand side UNKNOWNS
X ~ x1
right hand
(the coefficients Y ~ x2 side
of p and j)
EXAMPLE: Format is Ax=B

To solve this using the matrix we must get rid of it by using its inverse!
1 1  x1   240 
   =   −1
1 − 3  x 2   0  First find the inverse 1 1  1  − 3 − 1  0.75 0.25 
  =   =  
1 − 3  − 4  − 1 1   0.25 − 0.25 
now use it on both sides of the equation

 0.75 0.25 1 1  x1   0.75 0.25  240 

    =   
 0.25 − 0.25  1 − 3  2  
x 0.25 − 0. 25  0 

 1 0  x1   0.75 0.25  240 

   =   
 0 1  2  
x 0.25 − 0.25  0 
 x1  180 
  =  
 x 2   60 

So Answer is p = 180 j = 60
 Linear Equations
Example

3 x1 − x2 + x3 = 2
2 x1 + x2 = 1
x1 + 2 x2 − x3 = 3

The equations can be expressed as

3 − 1 1   x1  2
 2 1 0   x  = 1 
  2   
1 2 − 1  x3  3
 Linear Equations
When A-1 is computed the equation becomes

 0.5 − 0.5 0.5  2  2 

X = A−1 B = − 1.0 2.0 − 1.0  1 = − 3
− 1.5 3.5 − 2.5 3  7 
Therefore
x1 = 2,
x2 = −3,
x3 = −7
 Linear Equations
The values for the unknowns should be checked by substitution back into the initial
equations

x1 = 2, 3 x1 − x2 + x3 = 2
x2 = −3, 2 x1 + x2 = 1
x3 = −7 x1 + 2 x2 − x3 = 3

3  (2) − (−3) + (−7) = 2

2  (2) + (−3) = 1
(2) + 2  (−3) − (−7) = 3
 A Real Life Example: Bus and Train
• A group took a trip on a bus, at $3 per child and $3.20
per adult for a total of $118.40.

• They took the train back at $3.50 per child and $3.60
per adult for a total of $135.20.

• How many children, and how many adults?

First, let us set up the matrices (be careful to get the rows and
columns correct!):

This is just like the example above:

XA = B
So to solve it we need the inverse of "A":
Now we have the inverse we can solve using:
X = BA-1

There were 16 children and 22 adults!

Summary of method
1. Format the simultaneous equations for variable x & y
ax + by = m
cx + dy = n

2. Rewrite them in matrix form  a b  x   m 

   =  
 c d  y   n 

3. Find the inverse of the 2x2 matrix  a b  −1 1  d − b

  =  
c d ad − bc  − c a 

4. Solve for the variables x,y by multiplying the right hand

side of the equation by the inverse
x 1  d − b  m 
  =   
 y  ad − bc  − c a  n 
 EXERCISE: Your Turn solve the following

3x +4y = 5
A) 5x = 7-6y

x+7y = 1.24
B) 3y -x = 0.76

8x = 3y -1
C) x+y =-7
Mathematics for Computations

Prepared by: Wan Nurul Huda Faculty of Business Finance and

2020@MAHSA University Information Technology