Refresh your memory

Present perfect i past simple

Grammar reference
Present perfect
Modals de capacitat i permís
Afirmativa I / You / We / They have been.
Afirmativa Negativa
He / She / It has been.
Present He / She can go. He / She can’t go.
Negativa I / You / We / They haven’t been.
It can understand. It can’t understand. He / She / It hasn’t been.
Passat I could swim. I couldn’t swim. Interrogativa Have I / you / we / they been?
You could dance. You couldn’t dance. Has he / she / it been?
Futur We will be able to We won’t be able to
Past simple
leave. leave.
Afirmativa I / You / He / She / It / We / They went.
They will be able to They won’t be able
work. to work. Negativa I / You / He / She / It / We /
They didn’t go.
Usos
Utilitzem el verb modal can per expressar capacitat i Interrogativa Did I / you / he / she / it / we /
permís per fer coses. Podem fer servir can en la seva they go?
forma passada, present o futura. Can no té una forma Usos
específica per a la tercera persona del singular. Fem servir el present perfect per a accions o situacions
He can sing. (NO PAS He cans sing.) que no han acabat.
I’ve studied English since 2013.
Modals de consell, obligació i prohibició O per a accions o situacions que es van produir en el
Consell You should / ought to study before passat però no és important o no està clar quan van
this exam. passar.
You shouldn’t eat too much sugar. Daniel has been to London.
We have to be at school at eight o’clock. Fem servir el past simple per a accions o situacions
Obligació
acabades que es van produir en un moment específic
(present) I must finish my homework.
del passat.
Obligació When I was young, I had to make lunch Daniel went to London a year ago.
(passat) every day.

No I don’t have to get up early at the Question tags

obligació weekend. Afirmativa Negativa
(present)
Present He likes you, doesn’t You’re not bored,
No My dad didn’t have to do any homework he? are you?
obligació when he was a child.
Passat That film was great, You didn’t enjoy
(passat)
wasn’t it? the film, did you?
Prohibició You mustn’t use your phone during
Futur We’ll go swimming You won’t cry, will
lessons.
tomorrow, won’t we? you?
Usos You’ve seen the film, She hasn’t eaten
Verbs
Fem servir els verbs modals combinats amb altres verbs auxiliars haven’t you? yet, has she?
per expressar consell, obligació i prohibició. Aquests
verbs modals van seguits d’un infinitiu sense to. Verbs You can sing, can’t They couldn’t hear
We must go. (NO PAS We must to go.) modals you? me, could they?

Els verbs modals ought, should i must no tenen una Use

forma específica per a la tercera persona del singular. Fem servir question tags per comprovar que alguna
She must go. (NO PAS She musts go.) cosa és veritat o no. Podem convertir un enunciat en
una pregunta si afegim una question tag al final de
l’oració principal.
You’re tired, aren’t you?

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 Grammar practice 4 Complete the sentences with the words in the box.

Modals of ability and permission had to ​

have to ​
must ​
mustn’t ​ought ​shouldn’t

1 Choose the correct option. We mustn’t take photos in the museum. There’s
When I was five, I couldn’t / can’t swim. a sign saying ‘No cameras’.
1 When I’m older, I’ll be able to buy / I could buy 1 I go home now or Mum will be angry.
my own car.  2 My mum go to school on Saturday
2 They don’t can / can’t go out on weeknights.  when she was a child.
3 Dad will be able to / could speak Spanish when he 3 You wear a seatbelt. It’s the law.
was a child. 4 That dress looks great. You to buy it.
4 She was able to / will be able to wear the red 5 He drive so fast. It’s dangerous.
dress next Saturday. 
5 Jessica couldn’t / won’t be able to play Present perfect and past simple
tennis tomorrow. 5 Choose the correct option.
2 Complete the sentences with the words in the box. Have you done / Did you do your homework yet?
1 I didn’t sleep / haven’t slept well last night.
can ​ can’t ​could ​couldn’t ​
will be able ​won’t be able 2 Mum has bought / bought a new laptop last month.
3 When did you meet / have you met my sister?
Jason can’t run very fast. He’s too slow. 4 He hasn’t tried / didn’t try sushi before.
1 Carol bring her dog on holiday 5 We were / have been friends since 2014.
because dogs aren’t allowed in the hotel.
2 My brother write in Japanese when
6 Complete the text with the correct past simple or
present perfect form of the verbs in brackets.
he was young. He learned it from our grandmother.
3 I to go the party this weekend. I have
to look after my younger brother.
In January, I decided (decide) to start a new sport,
so I (1)  (start) cycling a month
4 When was young, I could draw well, and I still
(2)
later! It   (not be) easy when
!
I first began. I (3)  (not manage)
5 Tourists to visit the Eiffel Tower next
week – it’s reopening after renovations. to ride up a hill without stopping yet, but I
(4)  (get) fitter! In summer,
Modals of advice, obligation and prohibition I (5)  (join) a cycling club. At first,
3 Match the sentences 1–5 to the functions A–F. (6)
I   (not feel) very confident. But
You shouldn’t eat so much chocolate. C since then, the other cyclists (7) 
1 They don’t have to wear a school uniform. (invite) me to join in with their rides.
2 You must message me tonight.
3 We didn’t have to get up early at the weekend. Question tags
4 You mustn’t use your phone during the exam.
7 Add the question tags.
5 I had to clean my room on Saturday.
She didn’t go out last night, did she?
A obligation in the present 1 They don’t like fish, ?
B no obligation in the past 2 You haven’t seen The Lion King, ?
C advice 3 Lisa can make a cake for the party, ?
D prohibition 4 They’ve eaten lunch already, ?
E obligation in the past 5 He’s going to the concert tomorrow, ?
F no obligation in the present 6 We won’t have time to finish the project, ?

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 Refresh your memory

Iniciatives benèfiques i campanyes

Vocabulary reference
charity (n)  /ˈtʃærəti/ beneficència (n.)
Verbs: tecnologia donation (n)  /dəʊˈneɪʃn/ donatiu, donació (n.)
browse (v)  /braʊz / navegar (v.) fundraise (v)  /ˈfʌndreɪz/ recollir fons (v.)
charge (v)  /tʃɑːdʒ/ carregar (v.) publicize (v)  /ˈpʌblɪsaɪz/ publicar (v.)
download (v)  /ˌdaʊnˈləʊd/ descarregar (v.) sponsor (v)  /ˈspɒnsə(r)/ patrocinar (v.)
message (v)  /ˈmesɪdʒ/ enviar un missatge (v.)
plug in (v)  /plʌɡ ɪn/ connectar (v.) Adjectius: opinions
press (v)  /pres/ prémer (v.) dull (adj)  /dʌl/ avorrit/ida (adj.)

scroll (v)  /skrəʊl/ desplaçar-se (v.) entertaining (adj)  /ˌentəˈteɪnɪŋ/ entretingut/uda (adj.)

stream (v)  /striːm/ transmetre (v.) hilarious (adj)  /hɪˈleəriəs/ molt divertit/ida (adj.)

swipe (v)  /swaɪp/ fer lliscar el dit (v.) original (adj)  /əˈrɪdʒənl/ original (adj.)

switch on (v)  /swɪtʃ ɒn/ engegar (v.) realistic (adj)  /ˌriːəˈlɪstɪk/ realista (adj.)

tap (v)  /tæp/ prémer, tocar (v.) terrifying (adj)  /ˈterɪfaɪɪŋ/ aterridor/a (adj.)

update (v)  /ˌʌpˈdeɪt/ actualitzar (v.)

Phrasal verbs
come along (phr v)  /kʌm əˈlɒŋ/ acompanyar (v. prep.)
join in (phr v)  /dʒɔɪn ɪn/ participar en (v. prep.)
miss out (phr v)  /mɪs aʊt/ perdre’s, deixar passar (loc. verb.)
pick up (phr v)  /pɪk ʌp/ aprendre, agafar (v. prep.)
take on (phr v)  /teɪk ɒn/ acceptar (un repte,
un desafiament) (v.)
take up (phr v)  /teɪk ʌp/ començar (una activitat / un nou
passatemps) (v.)
try out (phr v)  /traɪ aʊt/ provar (v. prep.)
work out (phr v)  /wɜːk aʊt/ entrenar-se (v.)

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 Vocabulary practice 4 Complete the text with the words in the box.

1 Complete the technology verbs. dull ​entertaining ​hilarious ​

original ​realistic ​terrifying
browse
1 s t e m 5 u d t
2 s w i c   n 6 c a g
3 s i e 7 t p One form of entertainment that has remained a favourite
for many years is the cinema. Today’s cinemas are very
4 p u g  n 8 p e s
different from the original ones of the early 20th century,
2 Match the technology verbs in exercise 1 to but our habit of sitting together in a dark room to watch
their definitions. a film hasn’t changed. But why is it so (1)  ?
browse (v): to look for or look at information There’s no better place to watch a horror film than
on a computer in a cinema. When something really (2) 
1 : to hit quickly and lightly happens, everyone reacts in the same way. In the same
2 : to play a video or a song on way, a comedy becomes more (3)  when
the internet hundreds of people are all laughing together. Sitting in
3 : to connect a piece of electrical front of a big screen with a high-quality sound system
equipment to an electricity supply makes a film’s events feel more (4)  than
4 : to push (a button, etc.) watching them on a TV or computer. Whether you
choose to scream, laugh or cry, a trip to the cinema is
5 : to turn on (a light, machine, etc.)
never (5)  !
6 : to move your finger quickly across
a phone or tablet screen
7 : to put electricity into a device
8 : to make something more modern 5 Translate the sentences into your own language.
by adding new information 1 You have to plug in the computer before you
switch it on!
3 Choose the correct option.

Archie Hi Mr Evans, would you like to fundraise /
sponsor me? My friends and I are
(1) fundraising / publicizing to buy new sports 2 You ought to try out a new sport – you might pick
equipment for our local youth club. We’re doing it up really easily.
a 10-kilometre run.
Mr Evans I’d be happy to do that, Archie. How about
£2 a kilometre? What else are you doing to 3 Did she make a donation to the charity or did she
(2) publicize / sponsor your campaign?
fundraise for it?
Archie We’re having a concert. Instead of paying
for tickets, people can make (3) charities /

donations. Would you like to (4) come along /
work out ? 4 I’ve seen a lot of entertaining films recently, but
this one is hilarious!
Mr Evans I’d love to! Tell me when it is. I don’t want to
(5) miss out / take on!
Archie It’s on Tuesday evening at half seven. I’m playing
the guitar! 5 You stream films on this website.
Mr Evans I didn’t know you had (6) joined in / taken up the
guitar!
Archie Yes, I started last year. I’ll see you on Tuesday,
Mr Evans, and thanks for sponsoring me!

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 Unit 1

Present perfect
Grammar reference
Present perfect
Past simple, past continuous i used to
I / You / We / They have / haven’t finished.
Past simple
He / She / It has / hasn’t
I / You / He / She / It / We / They arrived / didn’t arrive.
Have I / you / we / they finished?
Did I / you / he / she / it / we / they arrive?
Yes, I / we / they have.
Past continuous No, I / we / they haven’t.
I / He / She / It was / wasn’t talking. Has he / she / it finished?
You / We / They were / weren’t Yes, he / she / it has.
Was I / he / she / it talking? No, he / she / it hasn’t.
Were you / we / they Usos
used to Utilitzem el present perfect per parlar d’accions que
van començar en el passat però tenen resultats en
I / You / He / She / It / used to / wear a
el present.
We / They didn’t use to uniform.
I’ve been here since four o’clock.
Did I / you / he / use to wear a
Fem servir el present perfect amb les paraules just,
she / it / we / uniform?
yet, already i ever.
they
We’ve just had lunch.
Usos
També fem servir el present perfect per descriure un
Fem servir el past simple per parlar d’una acció
fet sense dir quan es va produir.
acabada en el passat.
He’s broken his arm.
I ate cereal for breakfast this morning.
Utilitzem el past continuous per parlar d’una acció que Present perfect amb for i since
s’estava produint en un moment determinat del passat.
Usos
At half past seven, I was having breakfast.
Utilitzem for i since amb el present perfect.
Fem servir el past simple i el past continuous junts
Fem servir for i una expressió de temps per indicar
quan una acció interromp una altra acció. Normalment
quant temps ha passat des que l’acció va començar.
fem servir while amb el past continuous i when amb el
past simple.
I’ve lived here for three years.
While we were walking to school, it started to snow. Fem servir since amb una data o fet del passat i el
I was walking to school when it started to snow. present perfect per parlar del moment en què va
començar una acció o situació.
Used to + infinitiu sense to fa referència a hàbits
Dad has had his own clothes shop since 2015.
(accions recurrents) o estats del passat que ja no
són certs.
You’ve worn those shoes every day since you bought them!
I used to have blond hair.
I didn’t use to eat fish.

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 Present perfect
Grammar practice
4 Complete the sentences with the correct
Past simple, past continuous and used to present perfect form of the verbs.
1 Choose the correct option. We haven’t played (not play) badminton before.
I was browsing online when / while I found this cool video. 1 I can’t practise today. I (forget)
1 While she was volunteering for a charity, she decided / my violin.
was deciding to start her own. 2 My dad loves The Rolling Stones.
2 Where were you going when / while you heard the noise? He  (see) them in concert
3 While he travelled / was travelling in South Africa, seven times!
he visited Kruger National Park. 3 How long she (live)
4 They received help from some very kind people here?
when / while they were recovering from the disaster. 4 you (hear) the new
5 She used to play / was playing the saxophone when Coldplay song?
she was young. 5 We (make) a cake for your birthday.

2 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets and 6 They (not finish) the game yet.
used to. They’re still playing.
We used to live (live) in London. 5 Complete the sentences with for or since.
1 I (not like) cheese. They’ve been friends for many years.
2 They (travel) every summer. 1 She’s been a volunteer 2019.
3 She (have) a cat. 2 You’ve wanted that dress  you
4 You (not play) chess, did you? saw it in the shop.
5 (you / read) a lot as a child? 3 Sam and Ana have worked here  
two years.
3 Complete the text with the correct form of the verbs.
4 I haven’t felt so happy months!
Use the past simple, past continuous or used to. Write
only one word in each gap. 5 We’ve met lots of new people we
moved here.
As a child, Jonas Corona used to help (help) the 6 I’ve known Sally five years.
homeless with his mother. Jonas was only four years
6 Complete the sentences with the present
old and was very caring, but he was shocked at what perfect form of the verbs in the box.
he (1)  seeing. It was terrible that adults
and children were (2)  (live) without not eat ​have ​know ​live ​
a home. not speak ​not try ​work

Jonas and his mother used to (3)  We have known John since 2015.
(volunteer) with different homeless charities. But the 1 Dad the same coat for
rules only allowed children to volunteer one day twenty years.
a month. So, with the help of his mum, he 2 you 
(4)   (start) a charity called Love in here since you were born?
the Mirror. 3 I any chocolate for two
Soon Jonas was (5)  (help) the weeks.
homeless as much as he wanted. He 4 Emma to Max since her
(6)   (organize) events to provide them birthday party.
with food and clothes, as well as toys for the children. 5 How long they
Today, Jonas’s charity has helped over 45,000 people. here?
6 I sushi before.

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 Unit 1

1.4 Expressions útils

Vocabulary reference
Mostrar interès i decepció
1.1 Adjectius: personalitat Preguntes
big-hearted (adj)  /ˌbɪɡ ˈhɑːtɪd/ de bon cor, Have you ever … ?
generós/osa (adj.) Has (fet/estat/etc.) mai … ?
courageous (adj)  /kəˈreɪdʒəs/ valent/a, Oh, well have you ever … ?
coratjós/osa (adj.)
Oh, i has (fet/estat/etc.) mai … ?
cruel (adj)  /ˈkruːəl/ cruel (adj.)
What did you enjoy about the experience?
dependable (adj)  /dɪˈpendəbl/ fiable (adj.)
Què et va agradar de l’experiència?
modest (adj)  /ˈmɒdɪst/ modest/a (adj.)
That’s a great result. What didn’t you enjoy about it?
optimistic (adj)  /ˌɒptɪˈmɪstɪk/ optimista (adj.)
És un resultat magnífic. Què va ser el que no vas
outgoing (adj)  /ˈaʊtɡəʊɪŋ/ extravertit/ida (adj.) gaudir d'això?
responsible (adj)  /rɪˈspɒnsəbl/ responsable (adj.) What would you like to do differently next time?
selfless (adj)  /ˈselfləs/ desinteressat/ada Què t’agradaria fer de manera diferent la pròxima vegada?
(adj.)
supportive (adj)  /səˈpɔːtɪv/ comprensiu/iva (adj.) Respostes
No, I haven’t. I’m not really interested in … . / … doesn’t
1.3 Col·locacions: get i make (really) appeal to me.
get better (v)  /ɡet ˈbetə(r)/ millorar (v.) No, no he (fet/estat/etc.) mai. No estic gaire interessat/
get involved (v)  /ɡet ɪnˈvɒlvd/ implicar-se (v.) ada en … . / No m’atreu (gaire).
get permission (v)  /ɡet pəˈmɪʃn/ tenir permís (v.) Yes, I have. … really fascinates / really appeals to me.
get the feeling (v)  /ɡet ðə ˈfiːlɪŋ/ tenir la sensació que Sí, he (fet/estat/etc.). … em fascina / m’atreu de veritat.
(v.) I was really pleased with … . It was money / time well spent!
get things done (v)  /ɡet θɪŋz dʌn/ acabar les coses (v.) Estic molt content/a amb … . Va ser diner / temps
get used to (v)  /ɡet juːsd tuː/ acostumar-se a (v.) ben invertits.
make a promise (v)  fer una promesa (v.) I was a bit disappointed with … / … was a waste of time.
/meɪk ə ˈprɒmɪs/ Em va decebre una mica (allò) … / va ser una pèrdua
make an effort (v)  /meɪk ən ˈefət/ fer un esforç (v.) de temps.
make an impression (v)  fer bona impressió (v.) I really hope we’ll … . / It’ll be good when … .
/meɪk ən ɪmˈpreʃn/ Realment espero que nosaltres (+ futur) … . /
make the most of (v)  treure el màxim partit / Serà bo quan / Estarà be quan … .
/meɪk ðə məʊst əv/ profit de (v.)

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 Vocabulary practice 4 Complete the text with the words in the box.

1 Circle five adjectives in the wordsnake. better ​ cruel ​dependable ​involved ​

optimistic ​supportive
hsg
ssup
p o r t i v e h s g s re s p o n s
ibleheyscruelj s

hsc
Childline

oura g
eoushgsfmodestjhswde
The world can seem like a cruel place when you
pend
ablejsha
haven’t got anyone to talk to, especially if you’re a
2 Complete the sentences with the adjectives from child. But since 1986, the UK charity Childline has
exercise 1. given young people the opportunity to discuss their
My friends were all very supportive when I broke problems with a (1)  adult. If a child
up with my boyfriend. is worried or sad, they can phone, email or chat online
with the charity’s volunteers.
1 Alex is a boy who always
makes sure other people are OK. Many people who volunteer with Childline get
(2)  because they see the problems
2 Mia is a brilliant tennis player, but she’s very 
young people have today. It’s a (3) 
about her talents.
service for children, and it can help them improve
3 Why did you throw away Noah’s painting? That was their lives. A lot of children say they get
a  thing to do. (4)  after they’ve called Childline.
4 Eliza has had many problems in her life, but she’s Thanks to the charity, these children are more
a very young woman. (5)  about their future.
5 I need someone to look after
my cat while I’m on holiday. 5 Translate the sentences into your own language.
3 Choose the correct option. 1 In the last few weeks, our supportive volunteers
I’m sorry to hear you’re ill. I hope you get better / have got things done.
involved soon.
1 Sam doesn’t like his new school uniform, but he’ll
get the feeling / used to it. 2 While the homeless woman was sitting outside the
2 This might be the only sunny day this week. shop, a selfless young man gave her all his money.
Let’s make a promise / the most of it!
3 You need to get permission / things done to use
the school gym. 3 Sarah is an outgoing girl who has made a fantastic
4 I get better / the feeling something strange impression on people.
is happening!
5 I enjoyed meeting Javier. He really made an effort /
an impression on me!
4 I’ve wanted to get involved in charity work for a
long time.


5 I want to make the most of this language course,
so I am studying very hard.

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 Unit 2

Grammar reference Usos

Quantitats suficients i insuficients
Past simple i past perfect
Podem fer servir enough en oracions afirmatives per
Past simple parlar d’una quantitat suficient d’alguna cosa.
There are enough chairs for everyone.
I / You / She / He / saw / didn’t see the advert.
It / We / They There’s enough time.
Did I / you / she / see the advert? També podem fer servir enough en oracions negatives
he / it / we / they per parlar d’una quantitat insuficient.
There aren’t enough chairs for everyone.
Past perfect There isn’t enough time.
I / You / She / He / had seen the advert. Quantitats petites
It / We / They
Utilitzem few i little per parlar de quantitats petites en
I / You / She / He / hadn’t seen the advert. un sentit negatiu. Utilitzem few amb noms comptables
It / We / They en plural i little amb noms incomptables.
Had I / you / she / seen the advert? Few people shopped there so they made little money.
he / it / we / they Tot i això, quan fem servir l’article indefinit, a, abans de
Construïm el past perfect amb had i el participi passat. few i little, el significat canvia. Fem servir a few i a little
La forma és la mateixa per a totes les persones. per parlar de quantitats petites d’una manera positiva.
Usos We saw a few good bands at the festival.
Utilitzem el past simple i el past perfect per mostrar la There was a little sunshine at lunchtime.
relació entre dues accions passades. Fem servir el past Quantitats grans
perfect per parlar de l’acció que va passar en primer lloc. Utilitzem lots of i plenty of per parlar de quantitats
I had seen the advert before I bought the drink. grans. Són una mica menys formals que a lot of.
Normalment fem servir plenty of per fer referència a
enough, (a) few, (a) little, lots of, plenty of, coses positives.
too many, too much Don’t worry! We’ve got plenty of time.
Amb noms comptables en plural Lots of és neutre. Pot fer referència a coses positives o
negatives.
There are / aren’t enough eggs.
I got lots of great presents for my birthday.
They’ve got few friends.
There are lots of accidents on this road.
They’ve got a few good friends.
Podem fer servir a lot of en oracions negatives per
I’ve got lots of / plenty of books. emfatitzar una quantitat petita, però normalment no
There are too many books on the shelf. utilitzem lots of o plenty of d’aquesta manera.
I don’t eat a lot of meat.
Amb noms incomptables Quantitats excessives
There is / isn’t enough water. Fem servir too many i too much per parlar de
There’s a little ice cream. grans quantitats d’una manera negativa, és a dir,
que en són massa grans. Utilitzem too many amb
We’ve got lots of / plenty of time to relax.
noms comptables en plural i too much amb noms
I’ve got too much work. incomptables.
I think there are too many adverts on TV.
There’s too much salt in this soup. It tastes horrible.

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 enough, (a) few, (a) little, lots of, plenty of,
Grammar practice
too many, too much
Past simple and past perfect
4 Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
1 Underline the action in bold which happened first.
enough ​enough ​little ​plenty of ​
I saw the film that you’d recommended.
too many ​too much
1 We met a boy who had designed a really cool app.
2 He’d lost his keys so he couldn’t get in to his house. I’ve saved up my pocket money, and now I’ve got
3 I took the 9.07 train because I’d missed the 8.37.
enough money to buy those new boots!
1 There’s a mistake on my receipt. You’ve charged
4 Because we hadn’t brought a map, we got lost.
me  money.
5 The company had created the advert before they
2 The shops don’t close till 10 p.m. We’ve got
released the product.
time!
2 Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.
3 Why are you buying those shoes? You already
had / got / he’d / a shower, / he / dressed have pairs!
After he’d had a shower, he got dressed.
4 Shops are worried because consumers aren’t
1 went / tried / I / croissants / hadn’t / until / to France spending  money this year.
I  . 5 The quietest time of day is early morning, when
2 had / already / I / my train / arrived / left / there’s  traffic on the road.
at the station,
5 Choose the correct option.
By the time  .
3 didn’t take / my camera, / I / any photos / forgotten / Notes
so / had
I  . Lots of / Enough people say that there
are too (1) much / many advertisements
4 bought / she / the new umbrella / had / lost /
the old one / before these days. They argue that advertisers
have too (2) many / much influence
She .
on children, who have (3) little / a little
5 finished / had / arrived / when / Alex / lunch
power to understand advertising
They .
techniques. This is a common opinion,
3 Complete the sentences with the past simple or past but (4) a few / a little teachers disagree.
perfect form of the verbs in brackets. Martyn Hopkins, a primary school
The consumers claimed that the company  teacher, believes that children need
hadn’t advertised (not advertise) its products properly. (5) a little / plenty of opportunities to see
1 The company promoted the products that  advertisements so they can learn from
(be) less popular. them. ‘It’s the only way to understand
2 Customers who bought the cream quickly  how they work,’ says
(realize) that the company had exaggerated its benefits! Mr Hopkins. ‘If children
3 The shop  (not close) until the last only see (6) little/ a few
customer had left. adverts, they won’t have
4 The company told their customers about the problem (7) enough / lots of
with the toy after they (buy) it. experience to understand
5 Kelly (not read) the book before she saw them and make better
the film.
decisions about what
6 I repaired the bike my uncle (give) me to buy when they
a few years ago.
become adults.’

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 Unit 2

2.4 Expressions útils

Vocabulary reference
Descriure qualitats personals i talents
2.1 Verbs: la publicitat Preguntes
advertise (v)  /ˈædvətaɪz/ anunciar, fer propaganda (v.) What are your personal strengths?
appeal (v)  /əˈpiːl / recórrer (v.) Quins són els teus punts forts?
appear (v)  /əˈpɪə(r)/ aparèixer, sortir (v.) What relevant skills have you got for this job?
broadcast (v)  /ˈbrɔːdkɑːst/ emetre (v.) Quines habilitats relacionades amb aquest
claim (v)  /kleɪm/ afirmar (v.) treball posseeixes?
exaggerate (v)  /ɪɡˈzædʒəreɪt/ exagerar (v.) Have you got any relevant experience?
influence (v)  /ˈɪnfluəns/ influir (v.) Tens alguna experiència professional pertinent?
inform (v)  /ɪnˈfɔːm/ informar (v.)
Respostes
promote (v)  /prəˈməʊt/ promocionar (v.)
I consider myself to be … and I’m passionate about … .
recommend (v)  /ˌrekəˈmend/ recomanar (v.)
Em considero … i m’apassiona … .
2.3 De compres I’m also quite … and I like to think I’m … .
bargain (n, v)  /ˈbɑːɡən/ ganga (n.), negociar (v.) També sóc bastant … i m’agrada pensar que jo … .
bid (n, v)  /bɪd/ oferta (n.), fer una oferta (v.) I’m good at … and I’ve got a good eye for … .
browse (v)  /braʊz/ donar una ullada, mirar (v.) Sóc bo/na en … i tinc bon ull per … .
browser (n)  /ˈbraʊzə(r)/ curiós/osa (n.) My … teacher has been really impressed with my …
charge (n, v)  /tʃɑːdʒ/ cost, càrrec (n.); cobrar (v.) skills as well.
consume (v)  /kənˈsjuːm/ consumir (v.) El meu / La meva professor/a (també) ha quedat
consumer (n)  /kənˈsjuːmə(r)/ consumidor/a (n.) impressionat/ada amb les meves habilitats per/
amb … .
purchase (n, v)  /ˈpɜːtʃəs/ comprador/a (n.), comprar (v.)
I’ve picked up a lot of valuable experience at … .
refund (n, v)  /ˈriːfʌnd/, /rɪˈfʌnd/ reemborsament (n.),
reemborsar (v.) He adquirit molta experiència útil en … .
select (v)  /sɪˈlekt/ triar, seleccionar (v.) I do a lot of … .
selection (n)  /sɪˈlekʃn/ selecció (n.) Faig/Practico molt de … .
supplier (n)  /səˈplaɪə(r)/ proveïdor (n.)
supply (v)  /səˈplaɪ/ proveir (v.)

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 Vocabulary practice 3 Complete the text with the words in the box.

1 Find nine more advertising words in the wordsearch. appealed ​ bargain ​

bid ​consumer ​
Then complete the sentences with five of the words. influence ​promote ​purchase ​suppliers

E I N F L U E N C E

X A M C S A N Q M C Every sensible consumer knows how

advertisements (1)  us to buy things
A D V E R T I S E L we don’t need. But we don’t often think about their
G P O J A M N J T A effect on the advertising companies.
Some years ago, two marketing executives at a
G M P A Q T F P A I
well-known vacuum cleaner company thought
E O W E M W O S O M they had had a great idea. In a (2) 
to increase sales, they offered two free flights to
R T S P A S R A M C
the US or Europe with every (3)  of a
A P C R N L M C J A vacuum cleaner costing £100 or more. The offer
(4)  to lots of people; the small cost for
T B R O A D C A S T
two flights was a complete (5)  . In total,
E C J M N A O M P Q 200,000 vacuum cleaners were bought, which was
R E C O M M E N D T more than the (6)  actually had. The
company earned £30 million. Unfortunately, they
W S O T T P C A C W had to pay £50 million to the airlines! This disaster
A P P E A R M A S O is a lesson to everyone in the advertising industry:
you should never (7)  something with
We recommend this product because it works an offer that costs more than the product itself!
faster than the others.
1 Adverts a product’s positive qualities. 4 Translate the sentences into your own language.
2 It costs a lot of money to  an advert 1 I went back to the shop when I realized they had
during a popular TV programme. charged me too much money.
3 Companies  their products on TV, on
the radio and online.

4 Some products are designed to  more
2 I do a lot of reading, so I can recommend plenty of
attractive to younger age groups.
good books.
5 Some companies their products are

better than they really are.

2 Complete the table with the correct verbs.
3 When you said this shop was expensive, you
Verb Noun weren’t exaggerating!

bid bid
(1)  consumer

(2)  4 Before she became famous on TV, she’d only made

browser
a few adverts!
(3)  selection

(4)  supplier

5 Carol enjoys browsing the shops for bargains.

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 Unit 3

Pronoms reflexius, each other i one another

Grammar reference
Pronoms reflexius
La passiva – passat i present
Singular Plural
Present simple passive
I myself we ourselves
subject + am / is / are + past
participle you yourself you yourselves

This is / isn’t produced in he himself they themselves

food Spain. she herself
Interrogativa it itself
Is this cheese produced in Spain? Usos
How many soft drinks are consumed every year? Sovint fem servir un pronom reflexiu com a objecte del
verb quan el subjecte i l’objecte són la mateixa cosa o
Past simple passive
persona.
subject + was / were + past The body repairs itself.
participle (subject = the body; object = the body)
The was / wasn’t opened in L’anglès utilitza els pronoms reflexius molt menys
factory 2017. sovint que altres llengües romàniques. En molts casos,
Interrogativa no es fa servir pronom reflexiu en anglès, encara que
l’acció sigui una cosa que et fas a tu mateix/a.
Was the burger made with fresh ingredients?
brush your teeth (NO PAS brush yourself your teeth)
Where were the lunches prepared?
get dressed (NO PAS get yourself dressed)
Usos
Fem servir each other i one another per parlar d’accions
Sovint utilitzem la passiva quan no està clar o no és recíproques. A fa alguna cosa a B, i B li fa el mateix a A.
important qui fa l’acció. Pablo and Maite talk to each other.
According to police, the cakes were stolen from the
= Pablo talks to Maite and Maite talks to Pablo.
bakery last night. (We don’t know who stole them.)
More calories are burned during exercise. (It isn’t Each other i one another tenen el mateix significat,
important who burns them.) però normalment fem servir each other per a dues
persones i one another per a més de dues persones.
Tot i això, a vegades hi afegim el complement agent (la
persona o cosa que fa l’acció), quan utilitzem la passiva.
My friend and I always help each other in class.
Per introduir el complement agent, fem servir by. My friends and I always help one another in class.
Vitamins were discovered in 1912 by Casimir Funk.
(agent = Casimir Funk)
Nutrients are absorbed by the body. (agent = the body)

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 Reflexive pronouns, each other and
Grammar practice
one another
The passive – past and present
4 Choose the correct option.
1 Are the sentences in the active or passive? Write A or P.
Was sugar used as a preservative by the ancient Greeks? P 14:10
1 Potatoes weren’t eaten in Europe until 1536. Holly
2 My grandmother made this cake.
Did you go to that talk about healthy eating
3 The heart pumps blood around the body. yesterday? Georgia and I were talking to
4 Our head teacher banned mobile phones in our school. each other / ourselves about it afterwards.
5 The wheel was invented by the Ancient
Mesopotamians. Yes, I did. I really enjoyed (1) myself /
herself. What did you think?
6 Food is broken down into nutrients by our body.

2 Complete the sentences with the correct present or past Well, Georgia already eats all the right food
passive form of the verbs in brackets. and does a lot of sport – she prepares all
healthy meals for (2) herself / itself. But it
The animals are given (give) a balanced diet.
made me realize how unhealthy I am.
1 How many pizzas (consume)
every year? I think you take care of (3) yourself /
2 The song (perform) on live TV yourselves really well. But we could all do
last night. better! I’ve seen a cookery course that looks
good. It only uses organic food. Then we’ll be
3 Healthy meals  (not serve) at our able to cook healthy meals for (4) ourselves /
school last year. themselves! Are you interested?
4 Sugary drinks (not sell) in the
canteen. Yes! I’ll ask Mina, too. We can help
(5) one another / myself. I really want
5 The advert (ban) by the
to learn more about healthy eating.
government because it was too controversial.
6 Our school (open) in 1965. My sister has done the course, and she
3 Complete the questions in the passive to complete the said it was really interesting. She said
the trainer taught (6) himself / itself how
mini-dialogues. Use the answers to help you.
to choose healthy ingredients.
A How much junk food is consumed each year by teenagers?
B They consume too much! Sounds great!
1 A your bag of leather?
B No, it’s made of plastic! 5 Complete the sentences with the correct reflexive
2 A  you your exam results pronouns and each other / one another.
yesterday? We looked at each other and realized
B Yes, my teacher gave them to me. I passed all of them! we were wearing the same dress.

3 A you to the party? 1 Are you OK, Phil? Have you hurt  ?

B Yes, Zak invited us to the party! 2 I burned on the oven last night.

4 A Where those delicious cakes ? 3 There are so many people here! We’ll never
find if we get separated.
B They’re made in Germany.
4 He was feeling very sorry for .
5 A  preservatives to the food?
5 Jess doesn’t look after . She’s
B Yes, preservatives are added.
always eating junk food and doesn’t do exercise.
6 We made something to eat
while we were waiting.

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 Unit 3

3.4 Expressions útils

Vocabulary reference
Demanar informació i donar-la
3.1 Noms: nutrició Preguntes
additive (n)  /ˈædətɪv/ additiu (n.) I’d like some information about … .
amount (n)  /əˈmaʊnt/ quantitat (n.) M’agradaria més informació sobre … .
calorie (n)  /ˈkæləri/ caloria (n.) Could / Can you tell me a bit more about … ?
carbohydrate (n)  /ˌkɑːbəʊˈhaɪdreɪt/ hidrat de carboni (n.) Em podries / pots explicar una mica més sobre … ?
fat (n)  /fæt/ greix (n.) I’d like to know what … ?
fibre (n)  /ˈfaɪbə(r)/ fibra (n.) M’agradaria saber què … ?
mineral (n)  /ˈmɪnərəl/ mineral (n.) Could / Can you explain to me how it works /
nutrient (n)  /ˈnjuːtriənt/ nutrient (n.) what it involves?
preservative (n)  /prɪˈzɜːvətɪv/ conservant (n.) Em podries / pots explicar com funciona / què implica?
protein (n)  /ˈprəʊtiːn/ proteïna (n.) Is it possible to … ?
serving (n)  /ˈsɜːvɪŋ/ ració, porció (n.) És possible … ?
vitamin (n)  /ˈvɪtəmɪn/ vitamina (n.)
Respostes
3.3 Verbs: com funcionen les coses Yes, of course. Let me explain how it works.
absorb (v)  /əbˈsɔːb /, /əbˈzɔːb/ absorbir (v.) Sí, evidenment. Deixa’m explicar-te/explicar-li com
boost (v)  /buːst/ augmentar (v.) funciona.
consume (v)  /kənˈsjuːm/ consumir (v.) Some of them … , while others … .
crash (v)  /kræʃ/ fallar, espatllar-se (v.) Alguns/es … , mentre (que) d’altres … .
perform (v)  /pəˈfɔːm/ funcionar (v.) What they all do is … .
process (v)  /ˈprəʊses/ processar (v.) El que fan tots és … .
release (v)  /rɪˈliːs/ alliberar (v.) If you look at … , you’ll see … .
repair (v)  /rɪˈpeə(r)/ reparar (v.) Si mires … , veuràs … .
rest (v)  /rest/ descansar (v.) This not only … , but also … .
transport (v)  /trænˈspɔːt/ transportar (v.) No es tracta només de … , sinó també de … .
Have a look at … to see more details.
Fes / Feu un cop d’ull a … per veure-ho amb més detall.
One really important thing I should point out is that … .
Una qüestió molt importat que hauria d’assenyalar és … .
Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t. I’d like to explain … .
Sí, ho és. / No, no ho és. / M’agradaria explicar … .

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 Vocabulary practice 3 Match the definitions 1–7 to words A–H.
an amount of food we eat H
1 Complete the sentences with the words in the box.
1 these are added to food and can change
its colour and taste
amount ​ calories ​nutrients ​preservatives ​
proteins ​serving ​vitamins 2 to eat or drink something
3 units that tell you how much energy
A teenager needs between 2,200 and food produces
3,100 calories a day.
4 substances we need to stay alive
1 Many are found in fruit and
5 a substance, found in vegetables and fruit,
vegetables.
that helps food move through the body
2 A healthy daily  of ice cream is
6 to do an action
around one cup.
7 when the body or a part of the body stops
3 We should all reduce the  of
working properly
sugar in our food and drinks.
A nutrients
4 Organic food goes bad faster because it doesn’t
contain  . B fibre
5 helps muscle, bone, skin and C perform
blood production and is found in eggs, cheese, D additives
meat and fish. E consume
6 Food contains which come F crash
from carbohydrates, protein and fats.
G calories
2 Complete the text with the correct words. H serving

4 Translate the sentences into your own language.

Understanding 1 Nutrients are absorbed into the body.

12
3
sleep

Sleep has 2 It’s important to eat lots of fibre.
9 a big impact on our quality of life. It is well
known that unless we rest properly, we have less
energy and become6 unable to (1) p f m
everyday tasks. If we don’t get enough sleep, our 3 Fast food contains a lot of fats.
bodies can (2) c a h. So, how does sleep work?

When we fall asleep, our bodies enter a cycle that

repeats itself every 90 minutes or so. First is NREM
(non-rapid eye movement) sleep. Our breathing 4 Healthy food can boost your energy levels.
becomes slower, hormones are (3) r l d
and more blood is  t(4) n d to
the muscles. This allows our bodies to grow and any 5 A small amount of dark chocolate a day is good for
damage to be (5) r a d. you.
However, REM (rapid eye movement) sleep produces
the energy we need for the next day. During this part of
the cycle, the brain is actively (6) p c ss  g
6 Jackie is teaching herself how to paint.
things that have happened during the day; this

is the time during sleep when we dream.
Scientists believe that the REM phase really
12
(7) b o s the performance of the
3
brain as well as the body. 9
6
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 Unit 4

If I were you …
Grammar reference
If I were you, I’d get out I’d get out more often if
Primer i segon condicional
more often. I were you.
Primer condicional If I were Javier, I’d cut I’d cut down on my use
If / Unless + present will / won’t + infinitive down on my use of of electronic devices if
simple, electronic devices. I were Javier.

If they pass their exams, I’ll buy them a nice present. Ús

Fem servir la frase if I were you per donar consell.
will / won’t + infinitive if / unless + present simple
T’imagines en la situació d’una altra persona i dius el
You won’t feel good if you play video games all
que faries si estiguessis en aquella situació.
night.
If I were you, I’d try to calm down.
What will you do if Janine tells you a secret? I’d slow down a bit if I were Helena.
Segon condicional
Tercer condicional
If / Unless + past would / wouldn’t + infinitive
simple, Tercer condicional
If I had time, I would go running. If / Unless + past perfect, would / wouldn’t + have
would / wouldn’t + if / unless + past simple + past participle
infinitive If they had played in the they would have fallen
My friends wouldn’t if I was feeling sad. rain, in the mud.
leave me alone would / wouldn’t + have + if / unless + past
What would you do if your friend was depressed? past participle perfect
Construïm oracions condicionals amb una clàusula Lucy wouldn’t have bought if she had known it was
condicional (que comenci amb if o unless) i una the jumper too small.
clàusula de conseqüència. What would you have done if you had been in that
L’ordre de les dues clàusules no és important. No fa situation?
que variï el significat de tota l’oració. Normalment Usos
separem les dues clàusules amb una coma quan la
Fem servir el tercer condicional per parlar sobre una
condicional és la primera:
situació que era possible en el passat però que no es
If you wore yellow, you’d feel more cheerful. va produir.
Malgrat tot, no acostumem a posar coma quan If I’d trained harder, I would have won the race.
clàusula de conseqüència va en primer lloc: (It was possible for me to train harder, but I didn’t, so
You’d feel more cheerful if you wore yellow. I didn’t win the race.)
Unless + verb en afirmatiu vol dir el mateix que If + verb I would have bought that phone unless you’d
en negatiu. recommended this one.
Unless you work out, you won’t have any energy. = (It was possible for me to buy that phone, but I bought
If you don’t work out, you won’t have any energy. this one because you recommended it.)
Usos
Utilitzem el primer condicional per parlar de possibles
situacions futures.
If we lose our next match, we won’t win the cup.
(It’s possible that we’ll lose the match.)
Utilitzem el segon condicional per parlar de situacions
imaginàries o hipotètiques.
If you were an Olympic swimmer, what would you eat?
(You aren’t an Olympic swimmer so this is an
imaginary situation.)

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 Third conditional
Grammar practice
4 Choose the correct option.
First and second conditional
1 Are the sentences in the first or second conditional?
Write 1 or 2.
BILLY MONGER
What would you do if you were the Prime Minister? 2 In 2017, Billy Monger, a young British racing
1 He’ll be really happy if he finishes the race. driver, was racing at Donington Park. But on
that day, Billy didn’t finish. Instead, a series of
2 We won’t pass the exam unless we study hard.
terrible events changed his life forever.
3 If she had a hobby, she wouldn’t be so bored.
If Billy hadn’t been / wasn’t in the race, he
4 If you were in my situation, what would you do? (1) would have had / wouldn’t have had an
5 If I won the lottery, I would buy a new house. accident. If he (2) saw / had seen the car
in front of him, he (3) wouldn’t crashed /
2 Choose the correct option.
wouldn’t have crashed into it and lost both
What do / will we do if we don’t go out? his legs. But if Billy (4) had had / hadn’t had
1 Would you take / took up a sport if you had more time? a fantastic attitude to life, he
(5) won’t have made / wouldn’t have made
2 I wouldn’t /would eat raw fish unless I was very hungry.
such an amazing recovery.
3 If Dan got out more, he’d liven / livened up.
Perhaps if Billy (6) wouldn’t have become /
4 Jane won’t know / knows you’re upset unless you tell her. hadn’t become disabled, he
5 You’ll perform / would perform better if you do these (7) wouldn’t moved / would have moved
stretching exercises. abroad by now. But if his life
(8) would have turned out / had turned out
differently, he (9) hadn’t received /
wouldn’t have received a special award for
his bravery, and he (10) won’t have spent /
wouldn’t have spent time with his idol,
Lewis Hamilton.

5 Complete the sentences and questions with the

third conditional form of the verbs in brackets.
I would have listened (listen) if she’d opened
(open) up.
1 If you (eat)
those cakes,
3 Match the sentence halves 1–5 to A–F. you (have) an
If I had more money, … C allergic reaction?
1 You’ll make yourself ill … 2 He (play) in the
match if he
2 If you join in with us, …
(not sprain) his ankle.
3 If you warm up before exercising,
3 she
4 I’ll call you … (hurt) her back if
5 She would have a dog … she (not lift) those
A you’ll have a lot of fun. heavy weights?

B if you don’t slow down. 4 I (text) you if

I (know) your number.
C I would buy a new bike.
5 You (win) the race
D you won’t get injured.
if you (run) faster.
E if her parents let her.
F if we decide to go out.

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 Unit 4

4.4 Expressions útils

Vocabulary reference
Demanar i donar consell
4.1 Phrasal verbs: benestar Persona demanant consell
calm down (phr v)  /kɑːm daʊn/ calmar-se / I want to get better at … What would you do if
tranquil·litzar-se (v.) you were me? / What if … .
cheer up (phr v)  /tʃɪə(r) ʌp/ alegrar-se / Vull millorar … Què faries si fossis de mi?
animar-se (v.) Què tal si … ? / I si … ?
chill out (phr v)  /tʃɪl aʊt/ relaxar-se (v.) Would you suggest … ?
cut down (phr v)  /ˈkʌt daʊn/ reduir (v.) M’aconsellaries … ?
get out (phr v)  /ˈɡet aʊt/ sortir (v.) OK. I’ll do that … .
join in (phr v)  /dʒɔɪn ɪn/ participar en (v. prep.) D’acord. Jo ho faré … .
liven up (phr v)  /ˈlaɪvn ʌp/ animar (v.) That’s a good idea. Thank you.
open up (phr v)  /ˈəʊpən ʌp/ obrir-se, sincerar-se Bona idea. Gràcies.
(v. prep.)
Persona donant consell
set up (phr v)  /ˈset ʌp/ establir-se (v.)
You should / shouldn’t … / You ought to … .
slow down (phr v)  /ˈsləʊ daʊn/ reduir (la velocitat) /
alentir (v.) Hauries / no hauries de … / Deuries … .

stress (sb) out (phr v)  /ˈstres aʊt/ estressar-se (v. prep.) If I were you, I’d … .

take up (phr v)  /ˈteɪk ʌp/ començar (una activitat / Si fos de tu, jo … (+ condicional).
un nou passatemps) (v.) Why don’t you … ?
Per què no … ?
4.3 Mals i dolors Yes, that’s a good idea. / No, if I were you, I’d … .
aching muscles  /eɪkɪŋ ˈmʌslz/ músculs adolorits Sí, això és una bona idea. / No, si fos de tu, jo
allergic reaction  /əˈlɜːdʒɪk riˈækʃn/ reacció al·lèrgica (+futur) … .
broken leg  /ˈbrəʊkən ˈleɡɪd/ cama trencada Have you thought about … ?
bruised knee  /bruːzd niː/ blau/morat al genoll Has pensat en … ?
dislocated shoulder  /ˈdɪsləkeɪtɪd ˈʃəʊldə(r)/ espatlla dislocada No problem!
itchy skin  /ˈɪtʃi skɪn/ picor a la pell Cap problema!
sore back  /sɔː(r) bæk/ mal d’esquena
sprained wrist  /spreɪnd rɪst/ canell torçat
stiff neck  /stɪf nek/ torticoli
swollen ankle  /ˈswəʊlən ˈæŋkl/ turmell inflamat

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 Vocabulary practice 3 Complete the text with the words in the box.

1 Complete the mini-dialogues with the aching ​

back ​
chill ​
join ​
liven ​
set ​
slow ​stiff
correct phrasal verbs.

YOGACLASSES
A I’m really tired today!
B Have a nice cup of coffee! It’ll set
you up for the day.
1 A I’ve got basketball training, then Do you need to slow down? After a day of rushing from
band practice and finally judo class. one thing to the next, is it difficult to (1)  out?
B You really need to s down! Are you having trouble sleeping, headaches and a
2 A I don’t want to talk about my (2)  neck? Then it’s time to take up yoga.
problems.
Yoga is more than physical exercise: it’s a whole philosophy
B If you o up, maybe I’ll be able
that lets you control your body and mind. You can do it in the
to help.
morning when you are tired and need to (3)  up –
3 A Why don’t you j in with the
just 30 minutes of yoga will (4)  up the rest of the
game?
day for you – or you can do it at the end of the day when you
B I’m too tired. need to stretch those (5)  muscles.
4 A I’ve had a terrible day. I feel awful!
Yoga is a safe activity for all ages, and you can even practise it
B Oh no! You need to c up! Let’s with an injury. People with a sore (6)  have found
go out and watch a comedy. that yoga has helped them to feel much better, for example.
5 A Kelly, you need to c out this
Come and (7)  in one of our yoga sessions.
weekend. You worked so hard on
You won’t regret it!
the project.
B That sounds like a good idea.
4 Translate the sentences into your own language.
2 The phrases in bold are in the wrong 1 If you take up a new hobby or sport, you’ll feel better.
sentences. Put them in the correct

sentences.

It’s difficult to write at the moment
because I’ve got a(n) swollen ankle 2 Some allergic reactions cause itchy skin.
sprained wrist.
1 Rachel fell and hit her leg against a
table and now she’s got a(n) itchy skin 3 If Marta got out more, she would cheer up.
.

2 If I eat nuts, I’ll have a(n) broken leg 

.
4 I would have played tennis if I hadn’t had a dislocated shoulder.
3 Look at Juan Manuel’s allergic reaction 

. It’s much
bigger than his other one!
4 I need some cream because 5 You’ll feel tired tomorrow unless you go to bed soon.
I’ve got really bruised knee 
!
5 The X-ray showed I have a(n) sprained 6 I won’t play in the match unless my swollen ankle gets better.
wrist –

I won’t be able to walk for five weeks!

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 Unit 5

Preguntes sobre subjectes i objectes

Grammar reference
Preguntes sobre subjectes
Verbs amb -ing i to
Quan un verb en segueix un altre, hi ha dues formes que Partícula Verb Objecte
pot tenir el segon verb. Alguns verbs sempre van seguits interrogativa principal
d’una forma -ing: (subjecte)
I enjoyed listening to your speech. What upsets you?
Altres sempre van seguits d’un infinitiu amb to: Who is reading that book?
I’ve decided to start a petition. Who posted that comment?
Tot i això, alguns verbs poden anar seguits d’una forma Who has said that?
-ing o d’un infinitiu amb to i tenir un significat diferent en
funció de quina forma s’utilitzi. Aquests en són alguns Preguntes sobre l’objecte
exemples habituals: Partícula Auxiliar Subjecte Verb
interrogativa principal
forget Definició
(objecte)
I’ll never forget meeting oblidar-se de fer alguna
What does it do?
them. cosa en el passat
What is she reading?
I’ll forget to go to the oblidar alguna cosa que
meeting if I don’t write it havies de fer What did they post?
down. Who has he seen?
remember Usos
I remember reading about recordar-se d’una acció En preguntes sobre el subjecte, la partícula
the Luddites. en el passat interrogativa (what, who, etc.) fa referència al subjecte
del verb.
I remembered to bring the recordar alguna cosa
‘Who made the speech?’ ‘Sara.’
book about the Luddites. que havies de fer
(Who asks about Sara, the subject of the verb made.)
regret Construïm les preguntes sobre subjectes amb una
We regret asking Mia for penedir-se d’alguna partícula interrogativa i un verb principal. Fem servir el
help. cosa que es va fer en el verb de la mateixa manera que en una frase afirmativa.
passat No utilitzem l’auxiliar do / did en preguntes sobre
We regret to tell you that lamentar-se de dir que subjecte en què s’empren present i past simple.
there’s a problem. alguna cosa és veritat Who made the speech?
(NO PAS Who did make the speech?)
stop
En preguntes sobre l’objecte, la partícula interrogativa
They stopped eating meat deixar de fer alguna (what, who, etc.) fa referència a la persona o cosa que
two years ago. cosa per sempre rep l’acció, o objecte del verb.
They stopped to ask for interrompre una acció i ‘What did you talk about?’ ‘We talked about the sit-in.’
directions. fer una acció diferent (What asks about the sit-in, the object of the verb
talk about.)
try
Les preguntes d’objecte en present i past simple
Pippa tried speaking to fer un experiment per utilitzen l’auxiliar do / did i un verb principal en infinitiu
Sally about the problem. veure si funciona alguna sense to.
cosa Who do you know?
Pippa tried to make things fer un esforç per fer Alguns verbs es fan servir amb preposicions
better. alguna cosa difícil específiques (look at, talk to, comment on, etc.). Quan
fem servir aquests verbs en preguntes d’objecte,
normalment posem la preposició al final de tot.
What are you looking at?
What were they campaigning for?

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 Subject and object questions
Grammar practice
3 Are the questions subject or object questions? Write S or O.
Verbs with -ing and to
What do you do after school? O
1 Choose the correct option.
1 Who marched in the demonstration?
We regret informing / to inform you that the
2 What made the computer crash?
London train is cancelled. 
3 Who did you ask to sign the petition?
1 As we were walking down the road, we
stopped to look / stopped looking in a 4 What have you posted on Facebook?
shop window. 5 Who organized the march?
2 Oh no! I forgot bringing / to bring my keys!  4 Read the answers and complete the questions.
3 I remember going / to go to my grandma’s Where does Maria live? She lives in London.
house when I was little.  1 What is he ? He’s reading an email.
4 Please stop to make / making that noise. 2 What did they ? They said we can’t park here.
It’s so annoying! 
3 What has she ? She’s broken a glass.
5 Can you stop using / to use your phone
4 What subject did you at university?
in class?
I studied law.
6 My sister is trying finding / to find a job in
5 What did the people ? They complained
London, but she hasn’t had any success yet.
about the food in the restaurant.
2 Complete the text with the correct -ing or to
5 Put the words in the correct order to make questions.
form of the verbs in brackets.
went / party / to / the  Who went to the party?

I remember going (go) to lots of protests 1 sit-in / you / did /sit / the / in
as a teenager. And I was always trying Where ?
(1)  (get) people interested 2 talk / you / to / did
in different political causes. Once, I Who ?
invited a friend to a sit-in, but I forgot 3 happened / last / night
(2)  (tell) him that the
What ?
weather was going to be wet and windy
and it was in a very muddy field. I tried 4 signed / people / the / petition
(3)  (buy) him dinner How many ?
afterwards to say ‘sorry’, but it didn’t 5 leave / party / did / early / you / the
work! As I grew older and started Why ?
working, I stopped (4) 
(campaign) as much. I was still 6 Look at the underlined words in the answers. Then complete
the questions.
interested, but I didn’t have a lot
of free time. But I didn’t stop What are you annoyed about? I’m annoyed about the noise.
(5)  (care) about 1 the march? A group of
causes. I regret  (6) teenagers organized the march.
(say) my friend still hasn’t forgiven 2 you talk about? We talked
me for the muddy sit-in, but I’ll never about a lot of different issues.
regret (7)  (annoy) him 3 about? I’m reading about
and other friends about different a rally in Paris.
causes. It’s great to feel excited 4 the petition? George Williams
about things in life! wrote the petition.
5 Kelly always arrive late to
work? Because she goes to bed late.

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 Unit 5

5.4 Expressions útils

Vocabulary reference
Fer suggeriments
5.1 Noms: protesta How do you think … could be improved?
campaign (n)  /kæmˈpeɪn/ campanya (n.) Com creus que … podria millorar-se?
demonstration (n)  /ˌdemənˈstreɪʃn/ manifestació (n.) There could be … .
issue (n)  /ˈɪʃuː/ assumpte, qüestió (n.) Podria haver-hi … .
march (n)  /mɑːtʃ/ marxa (n.) That’s bound to be … . / People aren’t likely to … .
petition (n)  /pəˈtɪʃn/ petició (n.) De segur que … . / No és probable que la gent … .
protest (n)  /ˈprəʊtest/ protesta (n.) That’s true. It’d be brilliant if … .
rally (n)  /ˈræli/ míting, reunió (n.) Això és veritat. Seria genial si … .
rights (n)  /raɪts/ drets (n.) There’s no doubt that … would love that. But I’m
sit-in (n)  /ˈsɪt ɪn/ seguda (n.) not really sure … .
speech (n)  /spiːtʃ/ discurs, parlament (n.) No hi ha dubte que … això agradaria. Però no estic
strike (n)  /straɪk/ vaga (n.) del tot convençut/segur … .
struggle (n)  /ˈstrʌɡl/ lluita (n.) I think we should consider … .
Crec que hauriem de considerar … .
5.3 Adjectius: sentiments
Yes, that’s a great suggestion.
amazed (adj)  /əˈmeɪzd/ sorprès/esa (adj.)
Sí, és un bon suggeriment.
amazing (adj)  /əˈmeɪzɪŋ/ sorprenent (adj).
amused (adj)  /əˈmjuːzd/ entretingut/ada (adj.)
amusing (adj)  /əˈmjuːzɪŋ/ entretingut/ada, amè/ena (adj.)
annoyed (adj)  /əˈnɔɪd/ molest/a, irritat/ada (adj.)
annoying (adj)  /əˈnɔɪɪŋ/ molest/a, irritant (adj.)
bored (adj)  /bɔːd/ avorrit/ida (que està avorrit/ida)
(adj.)
boring (adj)  /ˈbɔːrɪŋ/ avorrit/ida (que avorreix) (adj.)
disappointed (adj)  /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪd/ defraudat/ada, decebut/uda (adj.)
disappointing (adj)  /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪŋ/ que defrauda, decebedor/a (adj.)
disgusted (adj)  /dɪsˈɡʌstɪd/ fastiguejat/ada (adj.)
disgusting (adj)  /dɪsˈgʌstɪŋ/ fastigós/osa (adj.)
frustrated (adj)  /frʌˈstreɪtɪd/ frustrat/ada (adj.)
frustrating (adj)  /frʌˈstreɪtɪŋ/ frustrant (adj.)
irritated (adj)  /ˈɪrɪteɪtɪd/ irritat/ada (adj.)
irritating (adj)  /ˈɪrɪteɪtɪŋ/ irritant (adj.)
shocked (adj)  /ʃɒkt/ escandalitzat/ada, estupefacte/a
(adj.)
shocking (adj)  /ˈʃɒkɪŋ/ escandalós/osa, impactant (adj.)
surprised (adj)  /səˈpraɪzd/ sorprès/esa (adj.)
surprising (adj)  /səˈpraɪzɪŋ/ sorprenent (adj.)

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 Vocabulary practice 4 Complete the sentences with the words in the box.

1 Circle eight protest words in the wordsnake. campaign ​

issue ​
petition ​
rally ​
rights ​
speech ​
struggle

tru g
jsh
sca h ss
hjs

gl
mpaig ar
njs hsm chgsgsstrike

ejh
syws
itinha
h gwrightsqpoerpetitionjskia
ec issu
e h s g d s pe

2 Complete the sentences with the words

from exercise 1.
We’re going on a march from Hyde Park to
Trafalgar Square. Over 20,000 people have supported our struggle
to protect wild animals living in the river.
1 Rosa Parks was the mother of the civil
movement in the USA. 1 Only 30 people signed the to stop the
government from building a new tunnel through
2 The main is that people just don’t
the mountain.
recycle their rubbish!
2 Emily’s was so long. I got really bored
3 Please sign my .
listening to it!
4 It can be a to get up in the
3 The camp has ignored basic human  – 
morning, especially when it’s cold outside.
people are living in terrible conditions.
5 Due to low pay, workers have agreed to go on
4 The government started an advertising  
.
to encourage people to vote.
6 Please support our to feed the
5 I’m reading a book about the of
homeless this Christmas.
climate change.
7 During the  - , 150
6 There was a big in Paris over government
people successfully stopped builders from
plans for the health service.
entering the site.
8 In my , I will talk about children’s 5 Translate the sentences into your own language.
right to education. 1 Did you remember to sign the petition?

3 Choose the correct option.

Jack is so annoyed / annoying. He always talks

about the same thing! 2 Who went to that really boring speech?
1 I was very amused / amusing by Pablo’s
funny present.
2 I get so frustrated / frustrating when I go to 3 Who did you go to the march with?
a march and only a few people are there!

3 The swimming pool is closed, which is

disappointed / disappointing.
4 I don’t regret getting involved in the campaign.
4 Elliott is very surprised / surprising. I never

know what he’s going to do next.

5 Eva gets really irritated / irritating when
people don’t take important issues seriously. 5 They forgot to mention the main issues.

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 Unit 6

Preguntes en estil indirecte

Grammar reference
Quan informem sobre una pregunta, canviem l’ordre de les
Discurs indirecte paraules per tal que reflecteixi l’estructura d’una oració
Quan informem sobre el que ha dit algú, podem fer servir afirmativa. En les preguntes en estil indirecte, no utilitzem
les seves mateixes paraules amb el discurs directe: l’auxiliar do / did.
‘The book is really terrifying,’ said Ben. També canviem els temps verbals i les referències a
D’altra banda, podem utilitzar el discurs indirecte. temps, llocs i persones de la mateixa manera que en les
Ben said that the book was really terrifying. afirmacions.
Quan passem una afirmació a discurs indirecte canviem el ‘Which comedians do you like?’ he asked her.
He asked her which comedians she liked.
temps verbal de manera que el situem un pas més enllà
en el passat. ‘Who wrote the sketch?’ he asked.
He asked who had written the sketch.
Discurs directe Discurs indirecte Quan informem sobre preguntes de sí/no, utilitzem if o
Temps verbals whether.
present simple past simple
‘Did you enjoy the act?’ He asked me.
He asked me if I’d enjoyed the act.
present continuous past continuous
‘Do you want to go to the theatre?’ she asked me.
past simple past perfect She asked me whether I wanted to go to the theatre.
present simple past perfect
Ordres i peticions en estil indirecte
can could
En ordres i peticions en estil indirecte, fem servir l’infinitiu
will / would would amb to.
am / is / are going to was / were going to ‘Please stand under the spotlight.’
He asked me to stand under the spotlight.
També canviem les paraules que fan referència a temps,
llocs i persones per tal que reflecteixin el punt de vista de
‘Don’t worry,’ she told me. She told me not to worry.
la persona que està informant sobre l’afirmació.
‘We’ll arrive tomorrow,’ they confirmed.
They confirmed that they would arrive the following day.
Discurs directe Discurs indirecte
Temps
yesterday the previous day
tomorrow the following day
next week the following week
Llocs
here there
Persones
I, me, mine, myself he / she, him / her, his / her(s),
himself / herself
we, us, our, ours, they, them, their, theirs,
ourselves themselves

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 Reported questions, requests and commands
Grammar practice
3 Write Q (question), R (request) or C (command)
Reported speech next to each sentence.
1 Choose the correct option. The comedian asked who had taken her
‘We go to Spain every year,’ he said. microphone. Q
He said that they have gone / went to Spain every year. 1 They told me to stop complaining. 
1 ‘I’ve lost my passport,’ she told me. 2 He asked who was on stage. 
She told me she had lost / has lost her passport. 3 They told us not to talk during the sketch.
2 ‘We’ll do it tomorrow,’ I said. 4 Mum asked us to go to the supermarket.
I said we would do it the following day / the previous day. 5 We asked the artist to show us her work.
3 ‘You’re going to love the museum,’ they said. 6 The teacher asked if we had finished.
They said we going / were going to love the museum. 4 Complete the reported questions, requests and
4 ‘I’ve just updated my travel blog,’ she said. commands with the words in the box.
She said she had just updated her / my travel blog.
asked ​
had ​
not ​tidy ​to ​whether
5 ‘We arrived yesterday,’ they said.
They said they had arrived the previous day / tomorrow. They asked us not to do that.
1 He told you stop talking!
2 Read Jessica’s review. Then complete the sentences
using reported speech. 2 The comedian asked us we had
heard of her.

England’s best day out! Reviewed 2 days ago 3 She me to give you a message.
4 Mum told us to our bedrooms.
I visited Hampton Court Palace yesterday with my family.
I haven’t written a review before, but I really want to say how 5 The scriptwriter asked who taken
much we enjoyed ourselves! his pen.
Hampton Court was the home of Henry VIII. He was the King 5 Complete the questions, requests and commands
of England from 1509 to 1547, and he had six wives. There in direct speech. Write one word in each space.
are lots of interactive features, so visitors can imagine what
She asked me to call her the following day.
life was like in the 1500s. It’s great for a winter’s day, but we
will visit again in the summer, so we can explore the gardens. ‘Please call me tomorrow.’
1 They asked me what subjects I studied.
Jessica, Brighton         
‘What subjects do you ?’

Jessica said that she had visited Hampton Court 2 He told me to write a sketch for his new show.
Palace the previous day with her family. ‘Write a sketch for new show.’
1 She added that she  a review 3 They asked me who had designed my dress.
before. ‘Who designed dress?’
2 She said that she really wanted to say how much  4 He asked if I’d seen their act the previous day.
enjoyed themselves.
‘Did you see their act ?’
3 She explained that Hampton Court Palace 
5 The man asked me how old I was.
the home of King Henry VIII.
‘How old you?’
4 She said that King Henry VIII
6 I asked Jason to buy the tickets.
six wives.
‘ you buy the tickets, please?’
5 She said that visitors  what
life was like in the 1500s.
6 She revealed that she and her family 
again in the summer.

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 Unit 6

6.4 Expressions útils

Vocabulary reference
Parlar sobre opinions
6.1 Verbs: informar Which people / things do you think should go in the
add (v)  /æd/ afegir (v.) time capsule? What do you think of … ?
admit (v)  /ədˈmɪt/ admetre (v.) Quines persones / coses creus que haurien de ficar-se a
agree (v)  /əˈɡriː/ estar d’acord (v.) la càpsula del temps? Què penses de … ?
announce (v)  /əˈnaʊns/ anunciar(v.) To be honest, I’m not a real fan of … . As far as I can tell,
boast (v)  /bəʊst/ presumir, he / she / it is … . What about … ?
vanagloriar-se (v.) Francament/Sincerament, no sóc partidari de … . Pel que
claim (v)  /kleɪm/ afirmar (v.) sé, ell/ella/ això és … . Què et sembla si … ?
complain (v)  /kəmˈpleɪn/ queixar-se (v.) Well, from my point of view, he / she / it’s … .
confirm (v)  /kənˈfɜːm/ confirmar (v.) According to … , he / she / it is … .
deny (v)  /dɪˈnaɪ/ negar (v.) Bé, des del meu punt de vista, ell / ella /
explain (v)  /ɪkˈspleɪn/ explicar (v.) això és … . Segons … , ell / ella / això és … .
insist (v)  /ɪnˈsɪst/ insistir (v.) In my opinion, he / she / it’s … . I reckon … should go in.
reveal (v)  /rɪˈviːl/ revel·lar (v.) En la meva opinió, ell / ella / això … . Crec / Considero
que … hauria d’incloure’s.
6.3 Noms: espectacle I totally agree with you. Apparently he / she / it … .
act (n)  /ækt/ acte, número (n.) Let’s include … .
amateur (n)  /ˈæmətə(r)/, /ˈæmətʃə(r)/ amateur (n.) Estic totalment d’acord amb tu. Sembla que ell / ella /
microphone (n)  /ˈmaɪkrəfəʊn/ micròfon (n.) això … . Incloguem … .
monologue (n)  /ˈmɒnəlɒɡ/ monòleg (n.)
newcomer (n)  /ˈnjuːkʌmə(r)/ nouvingut/uda (n.)
professional (n)  /prəˈfeʃənl/ professional (n.)
prop (n)  /prɒp/ attrezzo (n.)
scriptwriter (n)  /ˈskrɪptraɪtə(r)/ guionista (n.)
sketch (n)  /sketʃ/ esquetx (n.)
spotlight (n)  /ˈspɒtlaɪt/ focus, reflector (n.)
stage (n)  /steɪdʒ/ escenari (n.)
venue (n)  /ˈvenjuː/ escenari, recinte,
localització (n.)

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 Vocabulary practice
1 Choose the correct option.
How far is too far?
Sam boasted / complained that there hadn’t been
enough to eat.
Stand-up comedy is growing in popularity. And so
has the number of people complaining that jokes
1 The boys admitted / announced to their angry
and (1)  are too offensive. So,
parents that they had done the graffiti. (2)
should comedians and   be
2 Matt Damon has confirmed / denied to his fans allowed to say or write anything they like?
that he will star in the next series of the popular
TV series. Yes No
3 The woman agreed / claimed a thief had stolen ‘I don’t like cruel jokes, ‘Last week, I was
her phone. but freedom of speech is shocked to see a ‘funny’
important,’ (7) 
4 ‘I’ve lost my train ticket,’ I announced / explained (3)  about immigrants on
to the guard.
the comedian Andy TV,’ says writer Kay
5 When her teacher confronted the girl, she Kemp. Sociologist Ashworth. ‘Of course,
denied / insisted that she had copied her Dr Colin McGee says he the comedian
friend’s homework. (4)  (8) 
6 I agreed / claimed with my friend that the film with Kemp. He that he was racist. In my
was terrible. (5)  opinion, when
7 The man admitted / boasted that he had won that comedy allows broadcasters put
more races than anyone else. people to explore what is someone under a
socially acceptable. ‘If (9) 
2 Complete the words in the poster.
people don’t like a and give them a
comedian’s (10)  ,
The New Theatre presents
Lars Jorgensen Live!
(6)  , they give them the
they shouldn’t watch it.’ power to influence
people,’ she says.
If you only see one live stand-up a c t this year,
make sure it’s Jorgensen. Evening Regular
4 Translate the sentences into your own language.
This year’s best (1) n c r to the comedy 1 She boasted that she had worked as a scriptwriter
scene. Only 22 and already a true on an American drama series.
(2) p f l. The Daily Echo

A spectacular show! The brilliant (3) p s make
2 He told us not to stand in front of the spotlight.
it visually impressive as well as hilarious, not to mention
the wonderful New Theatre, which is the perfect comedy
(4) v e. hilarious.com
3 He explained that I needed to practise before going
The moment Jorgensen appeared on (5) s e, on stage.
I started laughing. His chicken (6) s e h
is possibly the funniest thing I’ve ever seen.
The Manchester Times
4 You can’t deny that it’s an amazing sculpture.

3 Complete the text with the words in the box.

act ​adds ​agrees  ​complaining ​denied ​ 5 He admitted that he had never heard of the act.
insists ​microphone ​monologue ​

scriptwriters ​sketches ​spotlight

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 Unit 7

Future continuous
Grammar reference
Future continuous
Futurs
Utilitzem diferents temps de futur per a diferents I / You / He / will be reading
funcions. She / It / won’t The Time
We / They Machine
will tonight.
Prediccions It’ll be a fun day. Will I / you / he / she / be reading
(basades en I think our team will win the match. it / we / they The Time
creences/ Machine
opinions) tonight?
Promeses I’ll email you tomorrow.  Yes, I / you / he / she / it / will.
I’ll make dinner tonight. No, we / they won’t.
Decisions I think I’ll have a coffee. Ús
espontànies I’ll open the window. Fem servir el future continuous per parlar d’accions que
s’estaran produint en un moment determinat del futur.
be going to
Sovint fem servir el future continuous amb les
Prediccions There isn’t any traffic so we aren’t
expressions in / at i this time … .
(basades en going to be late.
In 2025, we’ll be using driverless cars.
evidències There are lots of clouds in the sky. At 1.30, they’ll be having lunch.
externes) I think it’s going to rain.
This time next week, I’ll be travelling to New York.
Intencions We’re going to see our aunt.
Are you going to visit your cousin
next weekend?
Present simple
Esdeveniments The train leaves at 12.20.
programats The lesson doesn’t start until 2 p.m.
When does your karate class start?
Present continuous
Plans fixos de I’m having a party tonight.
futur She isn’t coming to school next week.
Is Kevin playing tennis later?

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 Future continuous
Grammar practice
4 Complete the sentences with the future
Future tenses continuous form of the verbs in brackets.
1 Match the functions 1–6 to the sentences A–G. Which headline will we be talking (talk)
a promise A about tomorrow?
1 a spontaneous decision 1 In a few years, we  (live) in a
2 a timetabled event more democratic society.
3 a fixed future plan 2 I (not get) involved with
those bad people.
4 a future intention
3 you (play) in the
5 a prediction based on external evidence
concert tomorrow night?
6 a prediction based on belief / opinion
4 Everyone  (read) about him
A I’ll look after your cat for you.  in their newsfeed soon!
B He’s going to go to university in September.  5 Unfortunately, the famous actor 
C Dad’s sure Leicester will win the Premier League.  (not appear) on our screens
D The train leaves at five o’clock.  next year.

E I think I’ll have a bath.  5 Complete the text with the future continuous
F We’re meeting our friends tonight.  form of the correct verbs in brackets.

G There’s so much traffic! This journey is going to take In September next year, I’ll be going (go / leave)
forever. to university. I (1) 
2 Choose the correct option. (live / study) in a student flat with four other
students, and I (2) 
Don’t worry. I’m not telling / won’t tell anyone.
(miss / study) chemistry. I wonder what we
1 We go / ’re going to the US in August. (3)  (do / move) in
2 What time does / do the bus arrive? the evenings. (4) 
3 You hate scandals. You aren’t going to like / liking this (we cook / we feel) meals for each other?
(5)  (we go out /
one.
we enjoy) together: to the cinema, or to parties?
4 I think people are going to / will know this is fake news. I wonder how my sister
5 I know! I’ll make / ’m making some pasta. (6)  (feel / think).
(7)  (she miss /
3 Complete the sentences using the correct future forms
she live) me? Or (8) 
in the box.
(she do / she use) my bedroom? And what
about my parents? I’m sure they
’re meeting ​does / take off ​ (9)  (study / think)
isn’t going to taste ​
’ll buy ​
’ll feed ​
will sell
about me every day. But they
(10)  (not feel /
I don’t think the band will sell many copies of their next
album. not miss) my loud music or mess!

1 What time  the plane  from

Rome?
2 We  in the square at
six o’clock.
3 This cake very nice. I forgot
to put sugar in it!
4 I  your hamster while you’re
on holiday.
5 What a beautiful bag! I think I  it.

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 Unit 7

7.4 Expressions útils

Vocabulary reference
Donar notícies i avisar
7.1 Noms: les notícies Can you give me some advice about … ?
bulletin (n)  /ˈbʊlətɪn/ butlletí, informatiu, Podries donar-me algun consell … ?
noticiari (n.) First of all, don’t panic / worry. Make sure you … .
clickbait (n)  /ˈklɪkbeɪt/ pescaclics (n.) En primer lloc, calma(‘t) / no (et) preocupis.
fake news (n)  /ˌfeɪk ˈnjuːz/ notícia enganyosa (n.) Assegura’t de … .
headline (n)  /ˈhedlaɪn/ titular (n.) Should I … ?
newsfeed (n)  /ˈnjuːzfiːd/ canal de notícies Hauria de … ?
(en línia) (n.) Always … , otherwise you might … . It’s essential not to … ,
notification (n)  /ˌnəʊtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/ notificació (n.) that’s the most important thing.
paywall (n)  /ˈpeɪwɔːl/ mur de pagament (n.) Sempre … , sinó … . És fonamental no … , és la cosa
producer (n)  /prəˈdjuːsə(r)/ productor/a (n.) més important.
publisher (n)  /ˈpʌblɪʃə(r)/ editor/a (n.) What if … ?
scandal (n)  /ˈskændl/ escàndol (n.) Què tal si … ?
scoop (n)  /skuːp/ exclusiva (n.) If you don’t / it doesn’t … , make sure you … .
sensationalism (n)  /senˈseɪʃənəlɪzəm/ sensacionalisme (n.) Si no … / això no … , assegura’t de … .
What do I do when … ?
7.3 Adjectius: utopia / distopia
Què faig quan … ?
authoritarian (adj)  /ɔːˌθɒrɪˈteəriən/ autoritari/ària (adj.)
Don’t … and don’t keep … , or it might start … .
democratic (adj)  /ˌdeməˈkrætɪk/ democràtic/a (adj.)
No … i deixa de … , o això començarà a … .
global (adj)  /ˈɡləʊbl/ global (adj.)
idealistic (adj)  /ˌaɪdiəˈlɪstɪk/ idealista (adj.)
immoral (adj)  /ɪˈmɒrəl/ immoral (adj.)
materialistic (adj)  /məˌtɪəriəˈlɪstɪk/ materialista (adj.)
radical (adj)  /ˈrædɪkl/ radical (adj.)
repressive (adj)  /rɪˈpresɪv/ repressiu/iva (adj.)
revolutionary (adj)  /ˌrevəˈluːʃənəri/ revolucionari/ària (adj.)
tolerant (adj)  /ˈtɒlərənt/ tolerant (adj.)

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 Vocabulary practice 4 Put the words in the correct order. The first letter is
in bold.
1 Complete the news words with a, e, i, o and u.
c l i c k b a i t News
1 p   y w   l l 5th October
2 n   w s f     d Is it a little idealistic (d i i c s t l i a e) to believe
3 s   n s   t   n   l   s m that one day, all societies will accept all people
4 n   t   f   c   t     n and be (1)  (r t l e o n a t) of
5 s c     p different cultures? Will every country be led by a
(2)  (c c d m o e t i a r)
6 p r   d   c   r
7 b  l l  t  n government?

2 Complete the sentences with five of the words from Unfortunately, there are too many rule-loving
(3)  (t a h o r r t o u n a a i i)
exercise 1.
leaders in the world. These leaders think only of
Ignore that advertisement! It’s only clickbait! how to make money – they are
1 (4)  (m e i c r i a a t l i s t). But
This website says it’s got the
the problem is a (5) 
on the actor, but I’ve
read the story somewhere else, too! (b g l o a l) one. We will need incredibly different
or (6)  (d r a i a l c) ideas to
I didn’t see the story in my  make our planet a fairer place for everyone. But
2
. one day, (7)  (r s e r e s i v p e)
3 governments will be a thing of the past.
Another  ? I think
all online news should be free!
5 Translate the sentences into your own language.
4 1 This newspaper uses sensationalism to get more
My smartwatch always gives me a 
when I get an email. readers.

5
The headlines are exaggerating
the truth. It’s  ! 2 What time does the bulletin start?

3 Choose the correct option.

The newspaper is using notification / clickbait
to attract readers and sell advertisements. 3 In the future, no one will be living under repressive
governments any more.
1 The paywalls / producers want to post the story
right now!
2 Taking money from the poor is a bulletin / scandal.
3 There’s a short news notification / bulletin at 5 p.m. 4 I won’t tell anyone about your scoop.
4 The publisher / fake news of a well-known Sunday
newspaper has resigned.
5 I totally believed the story, but it was scoop / 5 The publisher is going to speak to us this evening.
fake news.
6 The story was in the headlines / publishers for
a week!

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 Unit 8

Els determinants
Grammar reference
General Específic
Modals de deducció: modal + be
Articles a /an the
subjecte + verb modal + verb
– (no article)
principal
any, other,
It can’t be her birthday
another
today.
Demostratius this / that / these /
(= Estic segur/a que no és veritat)
those / (the) one(s)
It could / may / be her birthday
Possessius my / your / his /
might today.
her / its / our / their
(= És possible)
Partícules What Which
It must be her birthday interrogatives
today.
Usos
(= Estic segur/a que és veritat)
Fem servir determinants com els articles (a, an, the)
Ús
per identificar noms.
Utilitzem els verbs modals can’t, could, may, might
Alguns determinants fan referència a coses
i must per expressar diferents graus de certesa.
específiques:
the
this, that, these, those, (the) one(s)
my, your, his, her, its, our, their
Which
The curry was very spicy.
This burger is terrible.
Are those your shoes over there?
Which sandwich are you going to have?
Altres determinants, com a i some, fan referència a
coses en general:
a, an
any, other, another
What
I’d like a sandwich.
I didn’t want any water.
What are you going to buy?
En anglès fem servir un determinant quan parlem de la
feina d’una persona.
Elvis was a singer.
No sempre necessitem un determinant quan parlem
de coses en general. Per exemple, normalment no fem
servir determinants amb noms abstractes.
I don’t like fruit.
Trust is essential in relationships.

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 Determiners
Grammar practice
3 Complete the sentences with a / an, the or 
Modals of deduction: modal + be – (no article).
1 Choose the correct option. We saw an interesting film last night.
I can’t smell any food cooking. Dinner can’t be / 1 I’m allergic to milk.
might be ready.
2 How far away is library?
1 It’s Benji’s fourth birthday tomorrow. He can’t be /
3 How cold is it at North Pole?
must be very excited!
4 My grandfather was electrician.
2 He might be / must be Toby’s brother, but I’m
not sure. 5 Aggression is a problem in society.

3 Don’t choose a curry that’s too hot. That one 6 Let’s visit Tower of London.
can’t be / could be very spicy! 4 Complete the sentences with the determiners in
4 That T-shirt may be / must be Jenna’s. Though the box.
I think it belongs to Harriet.
its our ​
that ​
these ​
those ​those
5 Joe and his heavy metal band are practising in the
village hall. The noise could be / must be deafening! Look at those trainers over there. They’re really cool.
6 That can’t be / must be Alison. She’s in France at 1 The dolphin hurt body in the fishing net.
the moment.
2 My mum bought me jeans yesterday.
2 Complete the dialogue with the modals in the box. I think they look good on me.
3 I want to take a photo of bird, but it’s
can’t be ​can’t be ​might be ​
too far away.
might be ​must be ​must be
4 Look at books over there. They
look interesting.
14:10 5 I have one brother. We live together in London and
parents live in Tuscany.
Tom
5 Complete the text with the determiners in the box.
Did you hear about Sophie? She’s
lost her sense of smell! a ​
an ​
other ​
our ​our ​the ​their ​these ​–

Really? That can’t be very nice. You Our five basic senses are sight, hearing, taste,
can’t taste food if you can’t smell it.
touch and smell. But we have (1)
I suppose so. But there (1)  senses that are less talked about – (2)
some advantages. For example, she scientists believe we have about 21 senses!
can’t smell sweaty trainers! (3) senses are less obvious than
(4) five main ones. We have
I know what you mean. But it
(2)  (5) sense called perception that tells
dangerous. I mean, what if
there’s a fire and she doesn’t notice! Does she us where our bodies are in space. This allows us
know if her sense of smell will come back? to do things like scratch (6) noses.
We also have senses that tell us when we are
Her doctors have said it (3) 
hungry or thirsty. Some people’s senses combine
a temporary state. But they aren’t sure.
in (7) unusual way. This is called
Oh dear. That (4)  good. synaesthesia. (8) unusual sensory
If she doesn’t have a sense of smell, perception means that they can visualize sounds as
she will miss out on so many things. colours and associate things they see with smells.
Poor Sophie. She (5)  very upset.

Yes, I’m sure she is.

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 Unit 8

8.4 Expressions útils

Vocabulary reference
Donar instruccions detallades
8.1 Adjectius: els sentits Before you begin, remember to / make sure you … .
bitter (adj)  /ˈbɪtə(r)/ amarg/a (adj.) Abans que comencis, recorda’t … / assegura’t de … .
blurred (adj)  /blɜːd/ borrós/osa (adj.) The first thing you should do is … .
deafening (adj)  /ˈdefnɪŋ/ ensordidor/a (adj.) La primera cosa que has / hauries de fer és … .
perfumed (adj)  /ˈpɜːfjuːmd/ perfumat/ada (adj.) Once you’ve done that, … . The best way to … is to … .
rotten (adj)  /ˈrɒtn/ podrit/ida (adj.) Un cop / Quan tinguis / hagis fet això, … .
rough (adj)  /rʌf/ rugós/osa, aspre/a (adj.) La millor manera de … és … .
savoury (adj)  /ˈseɪvəri/ gustós/osa, salat/ada (adj.) The next thing is to … .
smooth (adj)  /smuːð/ suau (adj.) La següent cosa / El pas següent és … .
spicy (adj)  /ˈspaɪsi/ picant (adj.) After that, you should … .
sticky (adj)  /ˈstɪki/ llefardós/osa (adj.) Després d’això, hauries / has de … .
sweaty (adj)  /ˈsweti/ suat/ada (adj.) By now, you should have … .
vivid (adj)  /ˈvɪvɪd/ viu/viva, intens (adj.) En aquests moments, hauries d’haver … .
The last step is to … .
8.3 Noms abstractes
L’últim pas és … .
affection (n)  /əˈfekʃn/ afecte (n.)
aggression (n)  /əˈɡreʃn/ agressió (n.)
apprehension (n)  /ˌæprɪˈhenʃn/ aprensió (n.)
bravery (n)  /ˈbreɪvəri/ valentia (n.)
compassion (n)  /kəmˈpæʃn/ compassió (n.)
distress (n)  /dɪˈstres/ angoixa (n.)
envy (n)  /ˈenvi/ enveja (n.)
grief (n)  /ɡriːf/ pena (n.)
intelligence (n)  /ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/ intel·ligència (n.)
joy (n)  /dʒɔɪ/ joia, alegria (n.)
misery (n)  /ˈmɪzəri/ misèria (n.)
sympathy (n)  /ˈsɪmpəθi/ solidaritat, compassió (n.)

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 Vocabulary practice 3 Choose the correct option.

1 Complete the sentences with the adjectives in the box.

bitter ​deafening ​perfumed ​
restaurant review
rotten ​spicy ​sticky  ​vivid Hong Kong Kitchen

My brother and I visited Hong Kong Kitchen on

Thursday evening. While I was looking forward
to it, my brother had a feeling of affection /
apprehension. A friend of his had been before
and said the service was terrible. However,
I was excited by the thought of spicy pork with
(1) blurred / sticky white rice, as well as other
(2) deafening / savoury Chinese dishes like
sweet and sour pork. However, thirty minutes
later, I began to feel (3) grief / sympathy for my
brother’s friend. As I watched food arriving at
I have vivid memories of our holiday in France. other tables, I felt pure (4) envy / intelligence
towards those lucky customers – it was only after
1 After a day in the sun, you feel hot and 
another twenty minutes that our food arrived.
. To add to my (5) bravery / misery, the restaurant
2 Young children don’t enjoy  flavours. was terribly hot and (6) sweaty / vivid, and the
3 There’s a terrible smell of  eggs! music was (7) deafening / rough. When I asked
the waiter to turn it down, his reaction was one of
4 There’s nothing better than a really  (8) aggression / compassion – not friendly at all!
curry!
Although the food – when it finally arrived – was a
5 Turn the volume down! The TV is  ! perfect combination of (9) perfumed / rotten rice
6 My clothes always smell  when I take and delicious pork, I had lost my appetite. I won’t
them out of the washing machine. be going there again!

2 Complete the nouns in the sentences. food 6/10  atmosphere 2/10  service 2/10
Real bra v ery is facing your fears.
1 He didn’t show much sym y when 4 Translate the sentences into your own language.
I failed my exam. 1 They must be impressed by your bravery.
2 E is wanting what someone else has.
3 Do you think in igence is something you
can develop?
2 Don’t feel sympathy for those terrible people!
4 We need to show more com sion for

homeless people.

5 Animals may show aggres when they
are frightened. 3 Dogs feel affection towards their owners.


4 Don’t eat those eggs! They might be rotten.


5 Be careful of the curry. It could be very spicy.

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 Unit 9

Grammar reference
Repàs dels temps verbals
Present simple Hàbits o certeses generals. He works in the library.
Esdeveniments futurs programats. The train arrives at 3 p.m.
Present continuous Accions que s’estan produint ara mateix. He isn’t working.
Plans de futur. I’m meeting Tom next week.
Past simple Accions acabades en el passat. She closed her book and went to bed.

Past continuous Una acció en curs en el passat. It was raining and the wind was blowing.
Past perfect Una acció que va passar abans que altra He had found a job before he finished his
en el passat. degree.
used to Una situació o hàbit en el passat. She used to study biology.
Present perfect Una acció que es va produir en el passat, I’ve taken up rock climbing.
però que continua en el present.
Futur + will Prediccions It’ll be a good party.
Futur + be going to Intencions futures He’s going to work for his aunt.
Future continuous Accions en curs en el futur. This time tomorrow, I’ll be celebrating the
end of exams.

Repàs
Afirmacions en estil indirecte Chloe admitted that she had made a mistake.
Vegeu Unit 6 Grammar Reference, pàg. 120
Peticions en estil indirecte Rob asked if I could answer the phone.
Vegeu Unit 6 Grammar Reference, pàg. 120
Tercer condicional If I hadn’t missed the bus, I wouldn’t have been late.
Vegeu Unit 4 Grammar Reference, pàg. 112
Els determinants The researcher found a good example.
Vegeu Unit 8 Grammar Reference, pàg. 128
Pronoms reflexius I want to work for myself.
Vegeu Unit 3 Grammar Reference, pàg. 108
Preguntes sobre subjectes i objectes Who interviewed you?
Vegeu Unit 5 Grammar Reference, pàg. 116 Who did they interview?
Verbs + -ing / to She remembers going to the interview.
Vegeu Unit 5 Grammar Reference, pàg. 116 She remembered to go to the interview.

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 Grammar practice 2 Choose the correct option.
I was browsing online when / while I found this interesting book.
Tense revision
1 We were getting really worried, but our train finally arriving / arrived.
1 Match the missing verb forms 1–8 to
2 We relaxed / were relaxing on the beach when we heard a
the sentences A–G.
strange noise.
I think I H a writer.
3 While I travelled / was travelling in the United States, I visited the
1 This time next week, across Statue of Liberty.
the Atlantic ocean.
4 I was just starting / started to enjoy my holiday when I had to go home.
2 The flood villagers without
5 They swam / were swimming in the lake when it started to rain.
homes.
6 Jake was listening to music while / when I was cooking.
3 Jack live in Warsaw, but he
moved recently. Revision
4 They any homework last 3 Rewrite the sentences with the words in brackets in the correct order.
night.
(not / jeans / her / told / I / wear / to) to the interview.
5 We the film the week before.
I told her not to wear jeans to the interview.
6 Mina to apply for a new job.
1 (in / subjects / did / which / specialize / you) when you were my age?
7 Mark visit the Grand Canyon

next year.
2 If (I / you / helped / wouldn’t / passed / hadn’t / have / me, ) the exam.
A I’ll be flying

B is going to
3 (you / told / who / about) the gap year scheme?
C ’d seen

D didn’t have
4 While we were on our walk, (a / we / to / drink / stopped / have) in a café.
E used to

F has left
5 Mr Bryson asked (my / essay / was / me / where).
G wants

H will become
4 Complete the sentences with the words in the box.

herself ​
not ​those ​to ​which ​who

I told the girls not to put their feet on the table.

1 Kelly made a cake.
2 job are you applying for?
3 Oh no, I forgot  lock the front door this morning!
4 invited you to the party?
5 Are your shoes over there?

5 Correct the underlined mistakes.

I remember to take taking my keys with me, but I’ve forgotten where
I put them.
1 What did happen at the interview?
2 I regret to give him my password.
3 I wouldn’t use that cup if I’d known it was yours.
4 Would you like other cup of coffee?
5 Which course did you for apply ?

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 Unit 9

9.4 Expressions útils

Vocabulary reference
Comparar i contrastar
9.1 Verbs i preposicions: l’educació I know you’d like to … , but I think you should … .
aim for  /eɪm fɔː(r)/ aspirar a It’s way more … than … .
apply for  /əˈplaɪ fɔː(r)/ sol·licitar, demanar (feina) Sé que t’agradaria … , però crec que hauries … .
benefit from  /ˈbenɪfɪt frɒm/ beneficiar-se de És molt més … que … .
comment on  /ˈkɒment ɒn/ fer comentaris sobre But there’s never been a better time to … . /
concentrate on  /ˈkɒnsntreɪt ɒn/ concentrar-se en It’s by far the best time to … because … .
decide on  /dɪˈsaɪd ɒn/ decidir sobre Però mai ha hagut un millor moment per … /
graduate from  /ˈɡrædʒuət frɒm/ graduar-se de És, sens dubte, el millor moment per … perquè … .
participate in  /pɑːˈtɪsɪpeɪt ɪn/ participar en That’s true. But I think the most important thing is to …
prepare for  /prɪˈpeə(r) fɔː(r)/ preparar-se per because … .
search for  /sɜːtʃ fɔː(r)/ buscar Això és veritat. Però, crec que la qüestió més
important és … perquè … .
specialize in (v)  /ˈspeʃəlaɪz ɪn/ especialitzar-se en (v.)
OK, but I think it’s much more … to … .
succeed in  /səkˈsiːd ɪn/ tenir èxit en
D’acord, però, crec que és més … per … .
9.3 Adjectius: professions True, but more and more … are … . And anyway, …
academic (adj)  /ˌækəˈdemɪk/ acadèmic/a (adj.) is just as … as … .
badly / well paid (adj)  mal / ben pagat/ada (adj.) Cert, però cada vegada més … De qualsevol manera, …
/ˈbædli/, /wel peɪd/ és tant … com … .
challenging (adj)  estimulant, desafiador/a
/ˈtʃælɪndʒɪŋ/ (adj.)
motivating (adj)  /ˈməʊtɪveɪtɪŋ/ motivant (adj.)
repetitive (adj)  /rɪˈpetətɪv/ repetitiu/iva (adj.)
rewarding (adj)  /rɪˈwɔːdɪŋ/ gratificador/a (adj.)
skilled / unskilled (adj)  qualificat/ada /
/skɪld/, /ˌʌnˈskɪld/ no qualificat/ada (adj.)
unsocial (adj)  /ʌnˈsəʊʃl/ antisocial (adj.)
varied (adj)  /ˈveərid/ variat/ada (adj.)
vocational (adj)  /vəʊˈkeɪʃənl/ vocacional (adj.)

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 Vocabulary practice 3 Complete the text with the words in the box.

1 Complete the mini-dialogues with the words in academic ​badly paid ​challenging ​motivating ​

the box. repetitive ​rewarding ​unsocial ​well-paid

apply ​approve ​comment ​concentrate ​
decide ​graduate ​participate ​prepare Home | Long-term | Short-term |About us

1 A My sister will graduate from medical school this

summer. What will my parents think if I say I want GAP YEARS
to be a writer?
When you take a gap year, you’ll leave your
Well, my grandparents didn’t (1)
B  of
my dad’s career until his first book sold 2 million
academic studies behind you. Perhaps you’ll travel
copies. to beautiful and sunny destinations. However,
a gap year can be (1)  and sometimes
2 A I want to study English Literature at university.
difficult. It’s unlikely that you’ll find a
What are you going to (2) for? (2)  job on a gap year. You’ll probably
B I’m not sure. But I need to (3) on
be (3)  , do a series of (4) 
a course soon!
jobs, and work (5)  hours. However,
3 A I’d really like to get your opinion on my history working abroad can be very (6)  . It’s
essay. Will you read and (4) on it? a chance to make new friends, discover different
B Sure. I’ve got time this afternoon, so I can cultures and visit places you’ve never been to
(5) on it then. before. Being far from home can make you see
4 A Are you going to (6) in the protest your life in a different way, and is therefore very
march on Saturday? (7)  : when you return home at the end
Yes, I am. I need to (7)
B  for it. of the year, you’ll be ready to begin your future.
I’m planning to make some posters.

2 Complete each sentence with the correct adjective 4 Translate the sentences into your own language.
in brackets. 1 I’m going to start revising now to prepare for the
Should I get a(n) well-paid job that will allow me to exams.
save for the future? (well-paid / badly paid)
1 Clara is fed up of working jobs, so she
is going to university to train as a psychologist. 2 I’d like to have a rewarding career. I don’t mind if
(skilled / unskilled) my job isn’t well paid.
2 My last job was very . Every day
was the same. (varied / repetitive)

3 My job is very . I rarely talk to anybody.
3 My sister graduated from Bristol University in 2014.
(social / unsocial)

4 The training was – it made us want

to do better at our jobs. (motivating / boring)
4 Maria doesn’t want to work in unskilled jobs, so she
5 This task is very , but it’s good because
is going to university next year.
it’s making me use my problem-solving skills. (easy /
challenging)

5 Vocational careers, such as teaching, can be both
challenging and rewarding.

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 Irregular verbs list

Infinitive Past simple Past participle

be /biː/ was / were /wɒz /, /wɜː(r)/ been /biːn/
beat /biːt/ beat /biːt/ beaten /biːtn/
become /bɪˈkʌm/ became /bɪˈkeɪm/ become /bɪˈkʌm/
begin /bɪˈɡɪn/ began /bɪˈɡæn/ begun /bɪˈɡʌn/
bite /baɪt/ bit /bɪt/ bitten /bɪtn/
blow /bləʊ/ blew /bluː/ blown /bləʊn/
break /breɪk/ broke /brəʊk/ broken /ˈbrəʊkən/
bring /brɪŋ/ brought /brɔːt/ brought /brɔːt/
build /bɪld/ built /bɪlt/ built /bɪlt/
burst /bɜːst/ burst /bɜːst/ burst /bɜːst/
buy /baɪ/ bought /bɔːt/ bought /bɔːt/
can /kæn/ could /kəd/
catch /kætʃ/ caught /kɔːt/ caught /kɔːt/
choose /tʃuːz/ chose /tʃəʊz/ chosen /tʃəʊzn/
come /kʌm/ came /keɪm/ come /kʌm/
cost /kɒst/ cost /kɒst/ cost /kɒst/
cut /kʌt/ cut /kʌt/ cut /kʌt/
do /duː/ did /dɪd/ done /dʌn/
draw /drɔː/ drew /druː/ drawn /drɔːn/
drink /drɪŋk/ drank /dræŋk/ drunk /drʌŋk/
drive /draɪv/ drove /drəʊv/ driven /ˈdrɪvn/
eat /iːt/ ate /eɪt/, /et/ eaten /ˈiːtn/
fall /fɔːl/ fell /fel/ fallen /ˈfɔːlən/
feed /fiːd/ fed /fed/ fed /fed/
feel /fiːl/ felt /felt/ felt /felt/
fight /faɪt/ fought /fɔːt/ fought /fɔːt/
find /faɪnd/ found /faʊnd/ found /faʊnd/
flee /fliː/ flee /fliː/ flee /fliː/
fly /flaɪ/ flew /fluː/ flown /fləʊn/
forget /fəˈɡet/ forgot /fəˈɡɒt/ forgotten /fəˈɡɒtn/
forgive /fəˈɡɪv/ forgave /fəˈɡeɪv/ forgiven /fəˈɡɪvn/
freeze /friːz/ froze /frəʊz/ frozen /ˈfrəʊzn/
get /ɡet/ got /ɡɒt/ got /ɡɒt/
give /ɡɪv/ gave /ɡeɪv/ given /ˈɡɪvn/
go /ɡəʊ/ went /went/ gone / been /ɡɒn/, /biːn/
grow /ɡrəʊ/ grew /ɡruː/ grown /ɡrəʊn/
hang /hæŋ/ hung /hʌŋ/ hung /hʌŋ/
have /hæv/ had /hæd/ had /hæd/
hear /hɪə(r)/ heard /hɜːd/ heard /hɜːd/
hide /haɪd/ hid /hɪd/ hidden /ˈhɪdn/
hit /hɪt/ hit /hɪt/ hit /hɪt/
hold /həʊld/ held /held/ held /held/
hurt /hɜːt/ hurt /hɜːt/ hurt /hɜːt/
keep /kiːp/ kept /kept/ kept /kept/

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Infinitive Past simple Past participle
know /nəʊ/ knew /njuː/ known /nəʊn/
lead /liːd/ led /led/ led /led/
learn /lɜːn/ learnt / learned /lɜːnt /, /lɜːnd/ learnt / learned /lɜːnt/, /lɜːnd/
leave /liːv/ left /left/ left /left/
lend /lend/ lent /lent/ lent /lent/
let /let/ let /let/ let /let/
lose /luːz/ lost /lɒst/ lost /lɒst/
make /meɪk/ made /meɪd/ made /meɪd/
meet /miːt/ met /met/ met /met/
mow /məʊ/ mowed /məʊd/ mown / mowed /məʊn/, /məʊd/
pay /peɪ/ paid /peɪd/ paid /peɪd/
put /pʊt/ put /pʊt/ put /pʊt/
read /riːd/ read /red/ read /red/
ride /raɪd/ rode /rəʊd/ ridden /ˈrɪdn/
ring /rɪŋ/ rang /ræŋ/ rung /rʌŋ/
run /rʌn/ ran /ræn/ run /rʌn/
say /seɪ/ said /sed/ said /sed/
see /siː/ saw /sɔː/ seen /siːn/
sell /sel/ sold /səʊld/ sold /səʊld/
send /send/ sent /sent/ sent /sent/
set /set/ set /set/ set /set/
shake /ʃeɪk/ shook /ʃʊk/ shaken /ʃeɪkən/
show /ʃəʊ/ showed /ʃəʊd/ shown /ʃəʊn/
shut /ʃʌt/ shut /ʃʌt/ shut /ʃʌt/
sing /sɪŋ/ sang /sæŋ/ sung /sʌŋ/
sit /sɪt/ sat /sæt/ sat /sæt/
sleep /sliːp/ slept /slept/ slept /slept/
slide /slaɪd/ slide /slɪd/ slide /slɪd/
speak /spiːk/ spoke /spəʊk/ spoken /ˈspəʊkən/
spell /spel/ spelt / spelled /spelt/, /speld/ spelt / spelled /spelt/, /speld/
spend /spend/ spent /spent/ spent /spent/
spread /spred/ spread /spred/ spread /spred/
steal /stiːl/ stole /stəʊl/ stolen /ˈstəʊlən/
swim /swɪm/ swam /swæm/ swum /swʌm/
take /teɪk/ took /tʊk/ taken /ˈteɪkən/
teach /tiːtʃ/ taught /tɔːt/ taught /tɔːt/
tell /tel/ told /təʊld/ told /təʊld/
think /θɪŋk/ thought /θɔːt/ thought /θɔːt/
throw /θrəʊ/ threw /θruː/ thrown /θrəʊn/
understand /ˌʌndəˈstænd/ understood /ˌʌndəˈstʊd/ understood /ˌʌndəˈstʊd/
wake /weɪk/ woke /wəʊk/ woken /ˈwəʊkən/
wear /weə(r)/ wore /wɔː(r)/ worn /wɔːn/
win /wɪn/ won /wʌn/ won /wʌn/
write /raɪt/ wrote /rəʊt/ written /ˈrɪtn/

137