NAME:K.MURALI KRISHNAN REG NO:10412793 DEPARTMENT:ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING SUBJECT:ADVANCED COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS.

ASSIGNMENT-1 TOPIC: EVOLUTION OF INDIAN SPACE PROGRAM

pace activities in the country started during early 1960s with the scientific investigation of upper atmosphere and ionosphere over the magnetic equator that passes over Thumba near Thiruvananthapuram using small sounding rockets Realising the immense potential of space technology for national development, Dr.

Vikram Sarabhai, the visionary leader envisioned

that this powerful technology could play a meaningful role in national development and solving the problems of common man.

Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS), a few meters from the coastline, St Mary Magdalene Church

Thus, Indian Space programme born in the church beginning, space activities in the country, concentrated on achieving self reliance and developing capability to build and launch communication satellites for television broadcast, telecommunications and meteorological applications; remote sensing satellites for management of natural resources.

The objective of ISRO is to develop space technology and its application to various national tasks. Accordingly, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully operationalised two major satellite systems namely Indian National Satellites (INSAT) for communication services and Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites for management of natural resources; also, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) for launching IRS type of satellites and Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) for launching INSAT type of satellites. The Space Commission formulates the policies and oversees the implementation of the Indian space programme to promote the development and application of space science and technology for the socio-economic benefit of the country. DOS implements these programmes through, mainly Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), North Eastern-Space Applications Centre (NE-SAC) and Semi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL). The Antrix Corporation, established in 1992 as a government owned company, markets the space products and services

LAUNCH VEHICLES

Launch Vehicles are used to transport and put satellites or spacecrafts into space. In India, the launch vehicles development programme began in the early 1970s. The first experimental Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-3) was developed in 1980. An Augmented version of this, ASLV, was launched successfully in 1992. India has made tremendous strides in launch vehicle technology to achieve self-reliance in satellite launch vehicle programme with the operationalisation of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV). PSLV represents ISRO's first attempt to design and develop an operational vehicle that can be used to orbit application satellites. While SLV-3 secured for India a place in the community of space-faring nations, the ASLV provided the rites of passage into launch vehicle technology for ISRO. And with PSLV, a new world-class vehicle has arrived. PSLV has repeatedly proved its reliability and versatility by launching 48satellites / spacecrafts ( 22 Indian and 26 Foreign Satellites ) into a variety of orbits so far. ISRO also makes the Rohini series of sounding rockets used by the Indian and international scientific community to launch payloads to various altitudes for atmospheric research and other scientific investigations. These rockets are also used to qualify some of the critical systems used for advanced launch vehicles.
Landmark achievements in ISRO's Launch Vehicle Development

PSLV has 18 consecutively successful flights out of 19 launches PSLV used for launching a total of 26 satellites for foreign customers under commercial agreements,

demonstrating its multi-satellite launch capability

PSLV used to launch Space capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE-1), Chandrayaan-1 and ISRO's exclusive meteorological satellite, KALPANA-1, proving its versatility GSLV with four successful flights of seven launches can launch 2 to 2.5 tonne satellite into Geo-synchronous Transfer

Orbit (GTO) Successful testing of indigenously developed cryogenic upper stage on November 15, 2007.

ISRO's Launch Fleet at a Glance

ISRO developed two experimental satellite launch vehicles, SLV-3 and ASLV
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle(PSLV) commissioned in 1997

Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-Mk I) commissioned after second successful flight in May 2003 GSLV - MK II will use indigenously developed cryogenic Upper Stage
GSLV - MK III is under development

The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle,usually known by its abbreviation PSLV is the first operational launch vehicle of ISRO. PSLV
is capable of launching 1600 kg satellites in 620 km sun -synchronous polar orbit and 1050 kg satellite in geo -synchronous transfer orbit. In the standard configuration, it measures 44.4 m tall, with a lift off weight of 295 tonnes. PSLV has four stages using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately. The first stage is one of the largest solid propellant boosters in the world and carries 139 tonnes of propellant. A cluster of six strap-ons attached to the first stage motor, four of which are ignited on the ground and two are air-lit. The reliability rate of PSLV has been superb. There had been 18 continuously successful flights of PSLV, till July 2011 . With its variant configurations, PSLV has proved its multi-payload, multi-mission capability in a single launch and its geosynchronous launch capability. In the Chandrayaan -mission, another variant of PSLV with an extended version of strapon motors, PSOM-XL, the payload haul was enhanced to 1750 kg in 620 km SSPO. PSLV has rightfully earned the status of workhorse launch vehicle of ISRO.

Typical Parameters of PSLV

Lift-off weight 295 tonne Pay Load Height
1600 kg in to 620 km Polar Orbit, 1060 kg in to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) 44 metre

PSLV Milestones

PSLV-C17 launched GSAT - 12 on July 15, 2011 (Successful)

PSLV-C16 launched RESOURCESAT - 2, YOUTHSAT and X-SAT on April 20, 2011 (Successful) PSLV-C15 launched CARTOSAT-2B, ALSAT-2A, NLS 6.1 & 6.2 and STUDSAT on July 12, 2010 (Successful)

PSLV-C14 launched Oceansat - 2 and Six Nanosatellites on September 23, 2009 (Successful)

PSLV-C12 launched RISAT-2 and ANUSAT on April 20, 2009 (Successfully) PSLV-C11 launched CHANDRAYAAN -I, on October 22, 2008 (Successful)

PSLV-C9 launched CARTOSAT-2A , IMS-1 and Eight nano-satellites on April 28, 2008 (Successful) PSLV-C10 launched TECSAR on January 23, 2008 (Successful)

PSLV-C8 launched AGILE on April 23, 2007 (Successful)

PSLV-C7 launched CARTOSAT-2, SRE-1, LAPAN-TUBSAT and PEHUENSAT-1 on January 10, 2007 (Successful) PSLV-C6 launched CARTOSAT-1 and HAMSAT on May 5, 2005 (Successful)

PSLV-C5 launched RESOURCESAT-1(IRS-P6) on October 17, 2003 (Successful)

PSLV-C4 launched KALPANA-1(METSAT) on September 12, 2002 (Successful) PSLV-C3 launched TES on October 22, 2001 (Successful) PSLV-C2 launched OCEANSAT(IRS-P4) , KITSAT-3 and DLR-TUBSAT on May 26, 1999 (Successful)

PSLV-C1 launched IRS-1D on September 29, 1997 (Successful) PSLV-D3 launched IRS-P3 on March 21, 1996 (Successful) PSLV-D2 launched IRS-P2 on October 15, 1994 (Successful) PSLV-D1 launched IRS-1E on September 20, 1993 (Unsuccessful) Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle(GSLV)-Mark I&II ,is capable of placing INSATII class of satellites (2000 2,500 kg)
into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). GSLV is a three stage vehicle GSLV is 49 m tall, with 414 t lift off weight. It has a maximum diameter of 3.4 m at the payload fairing. First stage comprises S125 solid booster with f our liquid (L40) strapons. Second stage (GS2) is liquid engine and the third stage (GS3) is a cryo stage. The vehicle develops a lift off thrust of 6573 kn.

The first flight of GSLV took place from SHAR on April 18, 2001 by launching 1540 kg GSAT-1. It was followed by six more launches , GSLV-D2 on May 8, 2003 (GSAT-2 1825 kg), GSLV-F01 on September 20, 2004 (EDUSAT 1950 kg), GSLV-F02 on July 10, 2006, GSLV-F04 on September 2, 2007 (INSAT-4CR December 25, 2010. 2130 kg), GSLV-D3 on April 15, 2010 and GSLV-F06 on

GSLV Milestones

GSLV-F06 launched GSAT-5P on December 25, 2010 (Unsuccessful)

GSLV-D3 launched GSAT-4 on April 15, 2010 (Unsuccessful)

GSLV-F04 launched INSAT-4CR on September 2, 2007 (Successful) GSLV-F02 launched INSAT-4C on July 10, 2006 (Unsuccessful)

GSLV-F01 launched EDUSAT(GSAT-3) on September 20, 2004 (Successful) GSLV-D2 launched GSAT-2 on May 8, 2003 (Successful)

GSLV-D1 launched GSAT-1 on April 18, 2001 (Successful)

The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system which are placed in Geo-stationary orbits is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in Asia-Pacific region. Established in 1983 with commissioning of INSAT-1B, it initiated a major revolution in Indias communications sector and sustained the same later. INSAT space segment consists of 24 satellites out of which 9 are in service (INSAT-2E, INSAT-3A, INSAT-4B, INSAT-3C, INSAT-3E, KALPANA-1, INSAT-4A, INSAT-4CR and GSAT-8) The system with a total of nearly 175 transponders in the C, Extended C and Ku -bands.provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting, weather forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operations.
Launch Date

15.07.2011

GSAT-12 carries 12 Extended C-band transponder

Launch Date

21.05.2011

GSAT-8 is a high power communication satellite

Launch Date

25.12.2010

GSAT-5P was the fifth satellite in the GSAT series weighing 2310 kg

Launch Date

15.04.2010

GSAT-4 was an experimental satellite weighing 2220 kg

Launch Date

02.09.2007

INSAT-4CR was injected into the orbit by GSLV-F04 rocket from SDSC, SHAR.

Launch Date

12.03.2007

INSAT 4B Spacecraft is the second in the INSAT 4 series of spacecrafts and is configured with exclusive communication payload
Launch Date

10.07.2006

INSAT4C spacecraft is configured with exclusive Ku band;however, could not complete the mission.

Launch Date

22.12.2005

INSAT-4A, first in INSAT-4 Satellites series provides services in Ku and C-band frequency bands.

Launch Date

05.05.2005

HAMSAT is ISROs first theme based Micro Satellite meant for providing Satellite based Amateur Radio services

Launch Date

20.09.2004

GSAT 3, well known as EDUSAT is meant for distant class room education

Launch Date

28.09.2003

INSAT-3E, an exclusive communication satellite to further augment the communication services provided by the INSAT System.
Launch Date

08.05.2003

GSAT-2 is a 2000 kg class experimental communication satellite

Launch Date

10.04.2003

INSAT 3A is a multipurpose satellite for providing telecommunications, television broadcasting, meteorological and search and rescue services.
Launch Date

12.09.2002

Kalpana 1 is the first in the series of exclusive meteorological satellites built by ISRO.

Launch Date

24.01.2002

INSAT 3C to augment the existing INSAT capacity for communication and broadcasting

Launch Date

18.04.2001

GSAT-1 is envisaged as a technology demonstrator.

Launch Date

22.03.2000

INSAT 3B was the first of the five ISRO built satellites under INSAT 3 series.

Launch Date

03.04.1999

INSAT - 2E, the last of the INSAT -2 series of satellites built by ISRO

Launch Date

Jan 1998

Communication satellite, replacement for INSAT-2D.

Launch Date

04.06.1997

The spacecraft are similar to the earlier Insats but are 200 kg heavier at launch (2,100 kg)

Launch Date

07.12.1995

Power of four C-band transponders increased to improve communication facilities in remote areas

Launch Date

23.07.1993

Insat-2A, B of the Insat-2 series of satellites built by ISRO, are multi-purpose satellites for telecommunication

Launch Date

10.07.1992

First Multipurpose satellite built by India, Sucessfully Operationalised in August 1992.

Launch Date

12.06.1990

The specification for the Insat-1D is the same as the Insat-1B but with expanded battery and propellant capacities.

Launch Date

21.07.1988

The Insat-1C satellite was launched on 21 July 1988 from Kourou for location at 93.5 E to bring the Insat system up to full capacity.
Launch Date

30.08.1983

When Insat-1B was launched on 30 August 1983, it almost suffered the same fate as the Insat-1A.

Launch Date

10.04.1982

Insat-1 was a multi-purpose satellite system to provide two high power TV broadcast and twelve telecommunications national coverage transponders

EARTH OBSERVATION SATELLITE

Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite system was commissioned with the launch of IRS-1A, in 1988. With ten satellites in operation, IRS is the largest civilian remote sensing satellite constellation in the world providing imageries in a variety of spatial resolutions, spectral bands and swaths. The data is used for several applications covering agriculture, water resources, urban development, mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, drought and flood forecasting, ocean resources and disaster management.
Launch Date 20.04.2011

RESOURCESAT-2 the eighteenth Remote Sensing satellite built by ISRO

Launch Date 12.07.2010

Cartosat-2B to provide continuity of remote sensing data services to the users of multiple spot scene imageries.

Launch Date 23.09.2009

Oceansat-2 is to provide continuity of operational services of Oceansat (IRS-P4) with enhanced application potential.

Launch Date 20.04.2009

Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT-2) is capable of taking earth images in all weather.

Launch Date 28.04.2008

IMS-1, previously referred to as TWSat (Third World Satellite), is a low-cost microsatellite imaging mission of ISRO.

Launch Date 28.04.2008

CARTOSAT - 2A is the thirteenth satellite in the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite series (IRS).
Launch Date 10.01.2007

The 680 kg CARTOSAT-2, launched by PSLV-C7 on January 10, 2007, is the twelfth in the Indian Remote Sensing.
Launch Date 05.05.2005

CARTOSAT - 1 is the first India Remote Sensing Satellite capable of providing in-orbit stereo images.
Launch Date 17.10.2003

RESOURCESAT-1 is the tenth satellite of ISRO in IRS series, intended to not only continue the remote sensing
Launch Date 26.05.1999

The Technology Experiment Satellite (TES), weighing 1108 kg, was launched on October 22,2001.
Launch Date 26.05.1999

"IRS - P4 had an entirely different mission, and its primarily usage was to study the oceans.
Launch Date 29.09.1997

IRS - 1D was launched on September 29, 1997 by PSLV - C1. IRS - 1D, a follow on satellite

Launch Date 21.03.1996

Remote sensing of earth's natural resources Study of X-ray Astronomy Periodic calibration

Launch Date 28.12.1995

IRS-1C is India's second generation operational Remote Sensing Satellite.

Launch Date 15.10.1994

First Spacecraft successfully orbited onboard the second developmental flight of PSLV.

Launch Date 20.09.1993

The mission was not realised due to problems faced by Launch Vehicle. It was the first

Launch Date 29.08.1991

Improved features compared to its predecessor : gyro referencing for better orientation sensing

Launch Date 13.07.1988

Carried remote sensing payload of German space agency in addition to Gamma Ray

Launch Date 17.03.1988

The First Opetaional Remote Sensing Satellite of India.

Launch Date 17.04.1983

Experimental remote sensing satellite launched by SLV-3

Launch Date 20.11.1981

Second experimental remote sensing satellite similar to Bhaskara-1. Provided experience

Launch Date 31.05.1981

Experimental remote sensing satellite carrying Landmark Tracker payload

Launch Date 07.06.1979

The First Experimental Remote Sensing Satellite built

THE SATELLITES LAUNCHED BY ISRO.

Satellite Launch Date Launch Vehicle Type of Satellite

GSAT-12

15.07.2011

PSLV-C17

Geo-Stationary Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Experimental / Small Satellite

GSAT-8

21.05.2011

Ariane-5 VA-202

RESOURCESAT-2

20.04.2011

PSLV-C16

YOUTHSAT

20.04.2011

PSLV-C16

GSAT-5P

25.12.2010

GSLV-F06

Geo-Stationary Satellite Experimental / Small Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Experimental / Small Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Space Mission Earth Observation Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Experimental / Small Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Experimental / Small

STUDSAT

12.07.2010

PSLV-C15

CARTOSAT-2B

12.07.2010

PSLV-C15

GSAT-4

15.04.2010

GSLV-D3

Oceansat-2

23.09.2009

PSLV-C14

ANUSAT

20.04.2009

PSLV-C12

RISAT-2

20.04.2009

PSLV-C12

Chandrayaan-1

22.10.2008

PSLV-C11

CARTOSAT - 2A

28.04.2008

PSLV-C9

IMS-1

28.04.2008

PSLV-C9

INSAT-4B

12.03.2007

Ariane-5ECA

CARTOSAT - 2

10.01.2007

PSLV-C7

SRE - 1

10.01.2007

PSLV-C7

INSAT-4CR

02.09.2007

GSLV-F04

INSAT-4C

10.07.2006

GSLV-F02

INSAT-4A

22.12.2005

Ariane-5GS

HAMSAT

05.05.2005

PSLV-C6

Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Geo-Stationary

CARTOSAT-1

05.05.2005

PSLV-C6

EDUSAT (GSAT-3)

20.09.2004

GSLV-F01

Resourcesat-1(IRS-P6)

17.10.2003

PSLV-C5

INSAT-3A

10.04.2003

Ariane-5G

INSAT-3E

28.09.2003

Ariane-5G

GSAT-2

08.05.2003

GSLV-D2

KALPANA-1(METSAT)

12.09.2002

PSLV-C4

INSAT-3C

24.01.2002

Ariane-42L H10-3

Technology Experiment Satellite (TES)

22.10.2001

PSLV-C3

GSAT-1

18.04.2001

GSLV-D1

INSAT-3B

22.03.2000

Ariane-5G

Oceansat(IRS-P4)

26.05.1999

PSLV-C2

INSAT-2E

03.04.1999

Ariane-42P H10-3

INSAT-2DT

January 1998

Ariane-44L H10

IRS-1D

29.09.1997

PSLV-C1

INSAT-2D

04.06.1997

Ariane-44L

H10-3

Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Space Mission Earth Observation Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Space Mission Earth Observation Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Space Mission

IRS-P3

21.03.1996

PSLV-D3

IRS-1C

28.12.1995

Molniya

INSAT-2C

07.12.1995

Ariane-44L H10-3

IRS-P2

15.10.1994

PSLV-D2

Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-C2)

04.05.1994

ASLV

IRS-1E

20.09.1993

PSLV-D1

INSAT-2B

23.07.1993

Ariane-44L H10+

INSAT-2A

10.07.1992

Ariane-44L H10

Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-C)

20.05.1992

ASLV

IRS-1B

29.08.1991

Vostok

INSAT-1D

12.06.1990

Delta 4925

INSAT-1C

21.07.1988

Ariane-3

Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-2)

13.07.1988

ASLV

IRS-1A

17.03.1988

Vostok

Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-1) INSAT-1B

24.03.1987 30.08.1983

ASLV

Shuttle [PAM-

Geo-Stationary

D]

Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Geo-Stationary Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Experimental / Small Satellite Experimental / Small Satellite Earth Observation Satellite Experimental / Small Satellite

Rohini (RS-D2)

17.04.1983

SLV-3

INSAT-1A

10.04.1982

Delta 3910 PAM-D C-1 Intercosmos Ariane-1(V-3)

Bhaskara-II

20.11.1981

Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment (APPLE)

19.06.1981

Rohini (RS-D1)

31.05.1981

SLV-3

Rohini (RS-1)

18.07.1980

SLV-3

Rohini Technology Payload (RTP)

10.08.1979

SLV-3

Bhaskara-I

07.06.1979

C-1 Intercosmos C-1 Intercosmos

Aryabhata

19.04.1975

Forthcoming Satellites
Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT) is a microwave remote sensing satellite carrying a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) RISAT - 1 The satellite weighing around 1850 kg is slated for launch by PSLV-C19(XL) during 2011 into a 536 km orbit with 25 days repetitivity with an added advantage of 12 days inner cycle for Coarse Resolution ScanSAR mode. ISRO and French National Space Centre (CNES) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) in 2004-05 for the development and implementation of Megha-Tropiques (Megha meaning cloud in Sanskrit and Tropiques meaning tropic s in French). The launch of Megha-Tropiques is planned during 2011. MeghaTropiques Megha-Tropiques is aimed at understanding the life cycle of convective systems and to their role in the associated energy and moisture budget of the atmosphere in the tropical regions. The satellite will carry an Imaging Radiometer Microwave Analysis and Detection of Rain and Atmospheric Structures (MADRAS), a six channel Humidity Sounder (SAPHIR), a four channel Scanner for Radiation Budget Measurement (SCARAB) and GPS Radio Occultation System (GPS-ROS).

INSAT - 3D

INSAT-3D, an exclusive meteorological satellite, is configured with advanced meteorological payloads - a 6 Channel Imager, 19 Channel Sounder along with Data Relay Transponder and Satellite Aided Search & Rescue payloads. The spacecraft platform is adopted from the standard I-2K bus with a power handling capability of around 1100 W with a lift off mass of 2090 kg. The Satellite for ARGOS and ALTIKA (SARAL) is a joint ISRO - CNES mission, and will be launched during 2011-12, by PSLV-C20 into a sun-synchronous orbit with a local time of 6 pm descending node at an altitude of around 800 km.

SARAL

The Ka band altimeter, ALTIKA, provided by CNES consists of a Ka-band radar altimeter, operating at 35.75 GHz. A dual frequency total power type microwave radiometer (23.8 and 37 GHz) is embedded in the altimeter to correct tropospheric effects on the altimeter measurement. Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) on board enables precise determination of the orbit. A Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA) helps to calibrate the precise orbit determination system and the altimeter system several times throughout the mission. ASTROSAT is a national multiwavelength space borne astronomy observatory, which would enable simultaneous observations of the celestial bodies, cosmic sources in X-ray and UV spectral bands. The uniqueness of ASTROSAT lies in its wide spectral coverage extending over visible (3500-6000 ), UV (1300-3000 ), soft X and hard X ray regions (0.5-8 keV; 3-80 keV). The satellite would be launched by PSLV to an altitude of 650 km with 8o orbital inclination from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. GSAT-6 spacecraft is configured with five S-band beams to cover the Indian main land, each beam supporting one CxS-band forward link transponder and one SxCBand return link transponder. Thus, the 5 beams will have paired five transponders. The communication link operates through a Hub. The spacecraft employs the standard I-2k has with a power generation capability of around 3.1 KW. The spacecraft weighs 2200 kg at lift-off. The payload uses a high power S-Band TWTA and a new technology 6m unfurlable antenna. GSAT-7 is a multi-band satellite carrying payloads in UHF, S-band, C-band and Kuband. It is planned to be launched during 2011 onboard GSLV. The satellite weighs 2330 kg with a payload power of 2000W. The configuration of the satellite has been finalised and the design of new payload elements is completed. GSAT-9 will carry 12 Ku band transponders with India coverage beam and a GAGAN payload. The satellite is planned to be launched during 2013 by GSLV. -14 The platform system is based on I-2K satellite with a liftoff mass of 2330 kg and payload power of 2300W. GSAT-10 spacecraft, envisaged to augment the growing need of Ku and C-band transponders carries 12 Ku Band, 12 C Band and 12 Extended C Band transponders and GAGAN (GPS and GEO augmented navigation) payload. The spacecraft employs the standard I-3K structure with power handling capability of around 6 KW with a lift off mass of 3400 kg. Subsystem fabrication and testing is in progress to realise the spacecraft for launch during 2012. GSAT-11 is based on I-4K bus which is under advanced stage of development. The spacecraft can generate 10-12 KW of power and can support payload power of 8KW. The payload configuration is on-going. It consists of 16 spot beams covering entire country including Andaman & Nicobar islands. The communication link to the user-end terminals operate in Ku-band while the communication link to the hubs operate in Ka-band. The payload is configured to be operated as a high data throughput satellite, to be realised in orbit in 2013 time frame. GSAT-14 is intended to serve as a replacement for EDUSAT as the spacecraft is configured with 6 Ku and 6 Ext C band transponders providing India coverage beams. In addition, the spacecraft also carries Ka band beacons, which are planned to be used to carry out studies related to rain and atmospheric effects on Ka band satellite communication links in Indian region. The spacecraft weighs around 2050 kg and is planned to be launched by GSLV with indigenous cryogenic upper stage. Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS)-1, the first of the seven satellites of the IRNSS constellation, carries a Navigation payload and a C-band

ASTROSAT

GSAT-6

GSAT-7

GSAT-9

GSAT-10

GSAT-11

GSAT-14

IRNSS-1

ranging transponder. The spacecraft employs an optimised I-1K structure with a power handling capability of around 1600W and a lift off mass of 1380 kg, and is designed for a nominal mission life of 7 years. The first satellite of IRNSS constellation is planned to be launched onboard PSLV during 2012-13 while the full constellation is planned to be realised during 2014 time frame.
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Forthcoming Launches
PSLV-C18
The PSLV-C18 carrying Megha-Tropiques, an Indo-French venture to study the atmosphere in the tropical regions is planned be launched during the third quarter of 2011.

PSLV-C19
The PSLV-C19 carrying RISAT-1, microwave remote sensing satellite is expected be launched during the last quarter of 2011.
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Future Launch Vehicle

GSLV-Mk III
The GSLV Mk III is conceived and designed to make ISRO fully self reliant in launching heavier communication satellites of INSAT-4 class, which weigh 4500 to 5000 kg. The vehicle envisages multi-mission launch capability for GTO, LEO, Polar and intermediate circular orbits. GSLV Mk III is designed to be a three stage vehicle which is 42.4 m tall with a lift off mass of 630 tonnes. The booster stage comprises two identical S-200 large solid boosters with 200 tonne of solid propellants that are strapped on to the L-110 core liquid stage. The upper stage is the C25 cryogenic stage. The payload fairing measures 5 m in diameter with a payload volume of 100 cu m. The development work on GSLV MkIII is progressing for the first experimental launch during 2012.
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Reusable Launch Vehicle-Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD)

As a first step towards realizing a Two Stage To Orbit (TSTO) fully re-usable launch vehicle, a series of technology demonstration missions have been conceived. For this purpose a Winged Reusable Launch Vehicle technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD) has been configured. The RLV-TD will act as a flying test bed to evaluate various technologies viz., hypersonic flight, autonomous landing, powered cruise flight and hypersonic flight using air breathing propulsion. First in the series of demonstration trials is the hypersonic flight experiment (HEX).

Human Space Flight Mission Programme

A study for undertaking human space flight to carry human beings to low earth orbit and ensure their safe return has been made by the department. The department has initiated pre-project activities to study technical and managerial issues related to undertaking manned mission with an aim to build and demonstrate the countrys capability. The programme envisages the development of a fully autonomous orbital vehicle carrying 2 or 3 crew members to about 300 km low earth orbit and their safe return.

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Space Science Missions

Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE-II)
The main objective of SRE II is to realize a fully recoverable capsule and provide a platform to conduct microgravity experiments on Micro-biology, Agriculture, Powder Metallurgy, etc. SRE-2 is proposed to be launched onboard PSLV during 2011 -12.

Chandrayaan-2
Chandrayaan-2, Indias second mission to the Moon, will have an Orbiter and Lander-Rover module. ISRO will have the prime responsibility for the Orbiter and Rover; Roskosmos, Russia will be responsible for Lander. Chandrayaan-2 will be launched on Indias Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-MkII) around 2012-13 timeframe. The science goals of the mission are to further improve the understanding of the origin and evolution of the Moon using instruments onboard Orbiter and in -situ analysis of lunar samples using Lander and Rover. The following five payloads are selected for Orbiter. 1. Large Area Soft X-ray Spectrometer (CLASS) and Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM) for mapping the major elements present on the lunar surface. 2. L and S band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) for probing the first few tens of meters of lunar surface for the presence of different constituents including water ice. SAR is expected to provide further evidence confirming the presence of water ice below the shadowed regions of the moon. 3. Imaging IR Spectrometer (IIRS) for mapping of lunar surface over a wide wavelength range for the study of minerals, water molecules and hydroxyl present. Neutral Mass Spectrometer (ChACE-2) to carry out a detailed study of the lunar exosphere. 5. Terrain Mapping Camera-2 (TMC-2) for preparing a three-dimensional map essential for studying the lunar mineralogy and geology. Following two scientific payloads selected for Indian Rover would carry out elemental analysisof the lunar surface near the landing site 1. 2. Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS). Alpha Particle Induced X-ray Spectroscope (APIXS).

4.

Aditya-1
The First Indian space based Solar Coronagraph to study solar Corona in visible and near IR bands. Launch of the Aditya mission is planned during the next high solar activity period (2012-13) The main objectives is to study the Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) and

consequently the crucial physical parameters for space weather such as the coronal magnetic field structures, evolution of the coronal magnetic field etc. This will provide completely new information on the velocity fields and their variability in the inner corona having an important bearing on the unsolved problem of heating of the corona would be obtained.
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Satellite Navigation
GAGAN
The Ministry of Civil Aviation has decided to implement an indigenous Satellite-Based Regional GPS Augmentation System also known as Space-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) as part of the Satellite-Based Communications, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS)/Air Traffic Management (ATM) plan for civil aviation. The Indian SBAS system has been given an acronym GAGAN - GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation. A national plan for satellite navigation including implementation of Technology Demonstration System (TDS) over the Indian air space as a proof of concept has been prepared jointly by Airports Authority of India (AAI) and ISRO. TDS was successfully completed during 2007 by installing eight Indian Reference Stations (INRESs) at eight Indian airports and linked to the Master Control Center (MCC) located near Bangalore. The next major milestone in GAGAN is the conduct of PSAT (Preliminary System Acceptance Testing) which has been successfully completed in Dec 2010. The first GAGAN navigation payload is slated on GSAT-8 which was launched on May 21, 2011. The second GAGAN payload is scheduled to be launched on GSAT-10 in the first quarter of 2012. The third GAGAN payload is planned on another GEO satellite