MODULE 4

TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS

EXAMPLE 1.

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

STEP 1: Find the equivalent trigonometric identity of the problem that is

easily be integrated.
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = (1 − cos 2𝑥)
2
STEP 2: Substitute the trigonometric identity of the function to the
problem.
1
∫ (1 − cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2
STEP 3: Perform the integral.
1
∫ (1 − cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2
 1 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1 2
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ cos 2𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
1 1
= 𝑥 − ∫ cos 2𝑥 (2) 𝑑𝑥
2 4
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟒

EXAMPLE 2.

∫ cos2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

STEP 1: Find the equivalent trigonometric identity of the problem that is

easily be integrated.
1
cos2 𝑥 = (1 + cos 2𝑥)
2
STEP 2: Substitute the trigonometric identity of the function to the
problem.
1
cos2 3𝑥 = [1 + cos 2(3𝑥)]
2
1
cos2 3𝑥 = (1 + cos 6𝑥)
2
1
∫ (1 + cos 6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2
STEP 3: Perform the integral.
1
∫ (1 + cos 6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cos 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1 6
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cos 6𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2 6
 1 1
= 𝑥 + ∫ cos 6𝑥 (6)𝑑𝑥
2 12
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒙+ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟏𝟐
EXAMPLE 3.

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

STEP 1: Expand the complex function.

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

STEP 2: Find the equivalent trigonometric identity of the problem that is

easily be integrated.
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = (1 − cos2 𝑥)
STEP 3: Substitute the trigonometric identity of the function to the problem.

∫(1 − cos2 𝑥) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

STEP 4: Perform the integral.

∫(1 − cos2 𝑥) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐿𝑒𝑡:
𝑢 = cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
− = 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= ∫(1 − 𝑢2 ) sin 𝑥 (− )
sin 𝑥

= ∫(1 − 𝑢2 )(−𝑑𝑢)

= ∫(−1 + 𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑢
 1
= −𝑢 + 𝑢3 + 𝐶
3
𝟏
= − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑 𝒙) + 𝑪
𝟑

EXAMPLE 4.

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

STEP 1: Expand the complex function.

∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 )(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)(cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

STEP 2: Find the equivalent trigonometric identity of the problem that is

easily be integrated.
1 = sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1 − sin2 𝑥
STEP 3: Substitute the trigonometric identity of the function to the
problem.

∫(1 − sin2 𝑥 )(1 − sin2 𝑥)(cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

∫(1 − sin2 𝑥)2 (cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

STEP 4: Perform the integral.

∫(1 − sin2 𝑥)2 (cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

𝐿𝑒𝑡
𝑢 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
 𝑑𝑢
= ∫(1 − 𝑢 2 )2 (cos 𝑥) ( )
cos 𝑥

= ∫(1 − 𝑢2 )2 𝑑𝑢

= ∫(1 − 2𝑢2 + 𝑢4 ) 𝑑𝑢

= ∫ 𝑑𝑢 − 2 ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑢4 𝑑𝑢

2 1
= 𝑢 − 𝑢3 + 𝑢5 + 𝐶
3 5
𝟐 𝟏
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟓 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟓
EXAMPLE 5.

∫ sin2 𝑥 cos3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

STEP 1: Expand the complex function.

∫ sin2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

STEP 2: Find the equivalent trigonometric identity of the problem that is

easily be integrated.
1 = sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 1 − sin2 𝑥
STEP 3: Substitute the trigonometric identity of the function to the
problem.

∫ sin2 𝑥(1 − sin2 𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

STEP 4: Perform the integral.

∫ sin2 𝑥(1 − sin2 𝑥) cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

 𝐿𝑒𝑡
𝑢 = sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 𝑢2 (1 − 𝑢2 ) cos 𝑥 ( )
cos 𝑥

= ∫ 𝑢2 (1 − 𝑢2 )𝑑𝑢

= ∫(𝑢2 − 𝑢4 ) 𝑑𝑢

1 1
= 𝑢3 − 𝑢5 + 𝐶
3 5
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟓 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑 𝟓
EXAMPLE 6.

∫ sin 3𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

STEP 1. Find the equivalent trigonometric identity of the problem that is

easily be integrated.
1
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = [cos(𝑥 − 𝑦) − cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)]
2
1
sin 3𝑥 sin 2𝑥 = [cos 𝑥 − cos 5𝑥]
2
STEP 2. Substitute the trigonometric identity of the function to the
problem.
1
∫ [cos 𝑥 − cos 5𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
2
STEP 3. Perform the integral.
1
∫ [cos 𝑥 − cos 5𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
2
1
= ∫ (cos 𝑥 − cos 5𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2
1 1 5
= ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ cos 5𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2 5
1 1
= sin 𝑥 − ∫ cos 5𝑥 (5 𝑑𝑥)
2 10
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟓𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟏𝟎
EXAMPLE 7.

∫ √1 − cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

STEP 1: Find the equivalent trigonometric identity of the problem that is

easily be integrated.
1
1 − cos 𝑥 = 2 sin2 𝑥
2
STEP 2: Substitute the trigonometric identity of the function to the
problem.

1
∫ √2 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

STEP 3: Simplify the function.

1
= √2 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
STEP 4: Perform the integral.
1
√2 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
 1 2
= √2 ∫ sin 𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1
= 2√2 ∫ sin 𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
𝟏
= −𝟐√𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐

FIND THE FOLLOWING SOLUTIONS OF THE INTEGRALS BELOW:

1. ∫ cos4 2𝑥 sin3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ sin4 3𝑥 cos2 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ sin3 3𝑥 cos5 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 7. ∫ sin 3𝑥 cos 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥
3. ∫ cos3 𝑑𝑥 8. ∫ cos 4𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
3
4. ∫ sin4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 9. ∫(1 + cos 3𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

1
5. ∫ sin2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 10. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1 − sin 2𝑥

Tangents, Secants, Cotangents, Cosecants

Example 8.

∫ tan4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ tan2 𝑥 tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 + tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥

= ∫ tan2 𝑥(sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
 = ∫(tan2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 − tan2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ tan2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐿𝑒𝑡
𝑢 = tan 𝑥 tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑢 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 𝑢2 sec 2 𝑥 ( 2 ) − ∫ (sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
sec 𝑥

= ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥

1
= 𝑢3 − tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
3
𝟏
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟑
Example 9.

∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝟑𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟒 𝟑𝒙

𝐿𝑒𝑡
𝑢 = 3𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑑𝑢
= ∫ tan3 𝑢 sec 4 𝑢 ( )
3
1
= ∫ sec 2 𝑢 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑢 sec 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3
 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 = tan2 𝑥 + 1
1
= ∫ sec 2 𝑢 tan3 𝑢(tan2 𝑢 + 1)𝑑𝑢
3
1
= ∫ (sec 2 𝑢 tan5 𝑢 + sec 2 𝑢 tan3 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
3
1 1
= ∫ sec 2 𝑢 tan5 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ sec 2 𝑢 tan3 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3 3
𝐿𝑒𝑡
𝑣 = tan 𝑢
𝑑𝑣 = sec 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑣
= 𝑑𝑢
sec 2 𝑢
1 𝑑𝑣 1 𝑑𝑣
= ∫ 𝑣 5 sec 2 𝑢 ( 2 ) + ∫ 𝑣 3 sec 2 𝑢 ( 2 )
3 sec 𝑢 3 𝑠𝑒𝑐
1 1
= ∫ 𝑣 5 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑣 3 𝑑𝑣
3 3
1 6 1 4
= 𝑣 + 𝑣 +𝐶
18 12
1 1
= tan6 𝑢 + tan4 𝑢 + 𝐶
18 12
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟔 𝟑𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟒 𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟏𝟖 𝟏𝟐

Example 10.

∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟑 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙

∫ cot 2𝑥 (cot 2 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

∫ cot 2𝑥 (csc 2 2𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥

𝐿𝑒𝑡
𝑢 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑢
= ∫ cot 𝑢 (csc 2 𝑢 − 1)( )
2
1
= ∫ cot 𝑢 (csc 2 𝑢 − 1)𝑑𝑢
2
𝐿𝑒𝑡
𝑣 = csc 𝑢
𝑑𝑣 = − cot 𝑢 csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑣
= 𝑑𝑢
− cot 𝑢 csc 𝑢
1 𝑑𝑣
= ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑢 ( 𝑣 2 − 1)( )
2 − cot 𝑢 csc 𝑢
1 𝑣2 − 1
= ∫− 𝑑𝑣
2 csc 𝑢
𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑣 = csc 𝑢
1 𝑣2 − 1
=− ∫ 𝑑𝑣
2 𝑣
1 1 1
= − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 + ∫ 𝑑𝑣
2 2 𝑣
1 1
= − 𝑣 2 + ln 𝑣 + 𝐶
4 2
1 1
= ln csc 𝑢 − csc 2 𝑢 + 𝐶
2 4
 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐧 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐𝒙 − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪
𝟐 𝟒

EVALUATE THE FOLLOWING INTEGRALS;

1. ∫ tan5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 5. ∫ cot 4 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ sec 4 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ csc 6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

3. ∫ tan2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 7. ∫ cot 3𝑥 csc 4 3𝑥

4. ∫ tan3 2𝑥 sec 3 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 8. ∫ cot 3 𝑥 csc 5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥