09/06/1437

CV255
Lecture #5#

Concrete
Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate
bonded together with a fluid cement which hardens over time.
Most use of the term "concrete" refers to Portland cement
concrete or to concretes made with other hydraulic cements.
However, road surfaces are also a type of concrete, "asphaltic
concrete", where the cement material is bitumen.
In Portland cement concrete, when the aggregate is mixed
together with the dry cement and water, they form a fluid mass
that is easily molded into shape. The cement reacts chemically
with the water and other ingredients to form a hard matrix
which binds all the materials together into a durable stone-like
material that has many uses.

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Concrete
Components of the Basic Concrete Mix
There are three basic ingredients in the concrete mix:
•Portland Cement
•Water
•Aggregates (rock and sand)
The cement and water form a paste that coats the aggregate
and sand in the mix. The paste hardens and binds the
aggregates and sand together.
Water is needed to chemically react with the cement
(hydration) and too provide workability with the concrete.
The amount of water in the mix compared with the amount of
cement is called the water/cement ratio. The lower the w/c
ratio, the stronger the concrete. (higher strength, less
permeability)

Concrete
Video #1#

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Concrete
Video #2#

Concrete
Video #2#

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Aggregate
Aggregate is commonly considered inert filler, which
accounts for 60 to 80 percent of the volume of concrete.
Aggregate is a necessary component that defines the
concrete’s thermal and elastic properties and dimensional
stability.
Physical and mineralogical properties of aggregate must be
known before mixing concrete to obtain a desirable mixture.
These properties include:
•Shape and texture
•Size gradation
•Moisture content
•Specific gravity
•Reactivity
•Soundness
•Bulk unit weight

Aggregate
Aggregate is classified according to

Weight Source Texture Shape Size

Natural

Artificial
Norma Weight

Heavy Weight

Light Weight

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Aggregate
Source

Natural Artificial

Sand, Gravel, Crushed rock such as granite •Broken brick

Quartz, Basalt, Sandstone •Air-cooled Slag
•Sintered fly ash
Igneous
Molten magma or lava

Sedimentary
Formed below the sea

Metamorphic
Formed under high temperature and pressure

Aggregate
Size
The largest maximum size of aggregate practicable to handle under a
given set of conditions should be used.
Using the largest possible maximum size will result in:
•Reduction of the cement content
•Reduction in water requirement
•Reduction in drying shrinkage
The maximum size that can be used may be limited by:
Thickness of section
•Spacing of reinforcement
•Mixing, handling and placing techniques
Not greater than:
•One-fifth the narrowest dimension of a concrete member
•Three-quarters the clear spacing between reinforcing bars and between
the reinforcing bars and forms
•One-third the depth of slabs

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Aggregate
Size

Coarse aggregate Fine Aggregate

Is usually greater than 4.75 mm Is less than 4.75 mm
(retained on a No. 4 sieve) (passing the No. 4 sieve)

Aggregate
Shape
From the standpoint of economy in cement requirement , rounded
aggregate are preferable to angular aggregate. on the other hand, the
additional cement required for angular aggregate is offset to some
extent by the higher strengths and sometimes by greater durability as a
result of the interlocking texture of the hardened concrete and higher
bond characteristic between aggregate and cement paste.
Excessively flaky aggregate makes very poor concrete.

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Aggregate
Texture

As surface smoothing increases, contact area decreases, hence a highly

polished particle have less bonding area with the matrix than a rough

particle of the same volume. Rough textured aggregate develops higher

bond strength in tension than smooth textures aggregate.

Aggregate
Properties
Property Significance

Grading Workability of fresh concrete; economy

Specific gravity of coarse and fine Determine amount of specific weight
aggregate
Unit weight of aggregate
Absorption for coarse aggregate Determine the % of absorption
Determination of clay and fine materials Determine amount of deleterious and
in aggregate fine material

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Aggregate
Specific gravity
It is the ratio between the specific gravity of materials to
specific gravity of water (1ton/m3).

Specific gravity of materials =

i. Weight a clean dry sample of aggregate (w).

ii. Bring a graduated cylinder, pour an amount of water in it and record
the volume of water (V1).
iii. Put the aggregate carefully in the cylinder and left the aggregate in
water for 24 hours.
iv. Record the new volume of water (V2).
v. The net volume of aggregate = V2-V1.

Aggregate
Bulk Density
i. Bring a standard container which has definite mass (w1) and volume (v1)
ii. Fill the container with dry aggregate by three layer.
iii. Compact each layer 25 times by using a standard rode .
iv. Weight the container after it is filled with aggregate (w2).
v. The mass of aggregate = w2-w1
vi. The volume of aggregate equal the volume of container.
vii. Calculate the unit weight.

Bulk Density=

Light Weight Norma Weight Heavy Weight

Percent of voids=

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Aggregate
Absorption of coarse aggregate
Some of the aggregate are porous and absorptive. Porosity and absorption of
aggregate will affect the water / cement ratio and hence the workability of
concrete. the porosity of aggregate will also affect the durability of concrete
when concrete is subjected to freezing and thawing or chemical aggressive
liquids.

Aggregate
Absorption of coarse aggregate
The water absorption is determined by Measuring the increase in weight of an
oven dry sample when immersed in water for 24 hours. Absorption capacity
is the total amount of moisture required to bring an aggregate from the oven
dry to Saturated and surface dry.

Absorption=

W1: Weight a suitable mass of clean and dry aggregate

W2: Weight the aggregate after 24h in water (saturated surface dry aggregate)

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Bending
5 P 1
3
20 mm 4 80 mm
2

260 mm 60 mm 300 mm 200 mm 20 mm

A steel beam of length 800 mm and cross section of 20 x 80 mm is

subjected to a lateral force P with a magnitude of 8.0 tons and it acts in the
mid span as shown.
Providing that the modulus of elasticity for steel is 2100 t/cm2 and the
maximum allowable stress is 1800 Kg/ cm2 determine the following:
•The stress and strain distributed at mid span
•The stresses developed at the marked points
•The maximum deflection of the beam
•Is the beam accepted from the design point of view

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