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Hyperbolic Geometry-Airra G. Palma

This document provides an overview of hyperbolic geometry. It begins with a review of Euclidean geometry and its five postulates. It then explains that hyperbolic geometry rejects the fifth postulate and instead assumes there are multiple parallel lines through a given point not on a given line. The document discusses the discoveries of Gauss, Bolyai, and Lobachevsky in developing hyperbolic geometry. It presents the characteristic postulate of hyperbolic geometry and provides examples of models for visualizing hyperbolic space, including the Poincare disk and half-plane models and the Klein-Beltrami model.

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245 views27 pages

Hyperbolic Geometry-Airra G. Palma

This document provides an overview of hyperbolic geometry. It begins with a review of Euclidean geometry and its five postulates. It then explains that hyperbolic geometry rejects the fifth postulate and instead assumes there are multiple parallel lines through a given point not on a given line. The document discusses the discoveries of Gauss, Bolyai, and Lobachevsky in developing hyperbolic geometry. It presents the characteristic postulate of hyperbolic geometry and provides examples of models for visualizing hyperbolic space, including the Poincare disk and half-plane models and the Klein-Beltrami model.

Uploaded by

Karen Gardose
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hyperbolic

Geometry

Presented by:
Airra Palma
MAED-MATHEMATICS
(Saturday Class)
Review of
Euclidean Geometry
What is Euclidean
Geometry?

 300 BC, Euclid of Alexandria wrote The


Elements of geometry.
 It has 5 postulates.
 Postulates are the assumptions used to
define what we now call Euclidean
Geometry.
What are the 5 Postulates?
1. A straight line can be drawn from any point to any
point.
2. A finite straight line can be produced continuously in a
straight line.
3. A circle may be described with any point as center and
any distance as radius.
4. All right angles are equal to one another.
5. If a transversal falls on two lines in such a way that the
interior angles on that side of the transversal are less
than two right angles, then the lines meet on that side
on which the angles are less than two right angles.
Euclidean Vs. Non-Euclidean

EUCLIDEAN HYPERBOLIC ELLIPTIC


Through a point Given a line and a Given a line
not on the line, point not on it, and a point
there exist a there is more than not on it, no
unique line one line going lines parallel to
parallel to the through the given the given line
given line. point that is parallel can be drawn
to the given line. through the
point.
Euclidean Vs. Non-Euclidean

EUCLIDEAN HYPERBOLIC ELLIPTIC


The sum of the The sum of the The sum of the
angles of any angles of any angles of any
triangle is always triangle is always triangle is
equal to 180˚ less than 180˚ always greater
than 180˚
What is Non Euclidean
Geometry?

 Any geometry that is different from Euclidean


geometry
 The two most common non-Euclidean
geometries are spherical geometry and
hyperbolic geometry
Who Discovered
Hyperbolic
Geometry?
•`The first to really realize and
understand the problem of parallels

• He actually began working on the fifth


postulate when only 15 years old

•He tried to prove the parallels postulate


from the other four

•In 1817 he believed that the fifth


postulate was independent of the other
four postulates

•Looked into the consequences of a


geometry where more than one line can
be drawn through given point parallel to a
given line
Carl Friedrich Gauss •Never published his worked, but kept it a
(1777-1855) secret
•In the early 1820’s, Bolyai explored
what he called “imaginary geometry”
(now known as hyperbolic geometry),
the geometry of curved spaces on a
saddle-shaped planed, where the
angles of a triangle did NOT add up to
180̊ and apparently parallel lines were
NOT actually parallel.

Janos (or Johann) Bolyai


(1802-1860)
• Also published his own work on
non-Euclidean geometry in 1829

• Replaced the fifth postulate


with Lobachevsky’s Parallel
Postulate: there exists two lines
parallel to a given line through a
point not on the line

Nikolai Ivanovich
Lobachevsky
(1793-1856)
Example of
negative space
curvature:
What is Hyperbolic
Geometry?
 Hyperbolic Geometry is a geometry for
which we accept the first four axioms of
Euclidean geometry but negate the fifth
postulate, i.e., we assume that there exists a
line and a point not on the line with at least
two parallels to the given line passing
through the given point.
 It has a negative curvature (movement is
different depending on your direction)
Recall from Chapter 1

5th Postulate of Euclid

“If a transversal falls on two lines in such a way that the


interior angles on one side of the transversal are less
than two right angles, then the lines meet on that side
on which the angles are less than two right angles.”
Recall from Chapter 1

AD and BC meet to the right if the sum of the measures


of DAB and ABC is less than 180 degrees.

A
D

C
B
Figure 9.1
Recall from Chapter 1

5th Postulate of Euclid


“If a transversal falls on two lines in such a way that the
interior angles on one side of the transversal are less
than two right angles, then the lines meet on that side
on which the angles are less than two right angles.”

Playfairs Axiom

“Through a point not on a given line, exactly one line


can be drawn in the plane parallel to the given line.”
Characteristic Postulate of
Hyperbolic Geometry
Through a given point C, not on a given line AB, passes
more than one line in the plane not intersecting the
given line.

D
C

A B

Figure 9.2
Hyperbolic Parallel
Postulate

“ Given a line and a point not on it, there is


more than one line going through the
given point that is parallel to the given
line.”
THEOREM
Through a point C, not on the given line AB, pass an infinite number of
lines not intersecting the given line

PROOF:
 Let CF be PERPENDICULAR from C D
C
 Assume CG intersect AB.
 Consider the triangle CFG.
E
 This means that CE must also
intersect FG, by the axiom of Pasch.
 Pasch’s Axiom says that CE enters
triangle CFG through the opposite
side FG. Therefore CE intersects AB.
 CE intersects AB contradicts the
assumption that it is parallel to AB. A F B G
Figure 9.3
 Therefore, CG cannot intersect AB.
Models
for
Hyperbolic
Geometry
1. The Poincaré Disk Model

- also called the conformal disk


model.
- it is named after Henri
Poincaré.
- it is a model for hyperbolic
geometry in which a line is
represented as an arc of a circle
whose ends are perpendicular to
the disk’s boundary (and
diameters are also permitted)
- two arcs which do not meet
correspond to parallel rays, arcs
which meet orthogonally
correspond to perpendicular Poincaré Disk Model
lines, and arcs which meet on the
boundary are a pair of limit rays.
Hyperbolic man takes a walk

Objects near the


edge of the
Poincaré disk
are larger than
they appear.
Some geodesics in the Geodesics are
Poincaré disk arcs of circles
which meet the
edge of the disk
at 90°.

Geodesics which
pass through the
center of the
disk appear
straight.
2. The Poincaré Upper-Half
Plane Model

- The Poincaré Upper-Half


Plane Model is named after
Henri Poincaré
- This model is conformal
- In this model, hyperbolic space
is mapped to the upper half of
the plane. The model includes all
points (x,y) where y>0.
Poincaré Upper-
Half Plane Model
3. The Beltrami-Klein Model

- also known as the


projective disk model.
- it is named after Eugenio
Beltrami and Felix Klein.
- it has the advantage that
lines in the model resemble
Euclidean lines; however, it
has the drawback that it is not
angle preserving. KLEIN-BELTRAMI
MODEL
Physical Models of
Hyperbolic
Geometry
In Nature In Art

Marine Flatworm with Coral Reaf Hyperbolic Tessellations


Hyperbolic Ruffles

In Handicraft In Architecture

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