Lecture 03
Lecture 03
528 Mobile and Ubiquitous
Computing
Lecture 3: Android UI, WebView,
Android Activity Lifecycle
Emmanuel Agu
Android UI Design Example
GeoQuiz App
Reference: Android Nerd Ranch, pgs 1‐32
App presents questions to test user’s
knowledge of geography
User answers by pressing True or False
buttons
Question
How to get this book?
User responds
by clicking True
or False
GeoQuiz App
2 main files:
activity_quiz.xml: to format app screen
QuizActivity.java: To present question, accept True/False
response
AndroidManifest.xml also auto‐generated
GeoQuiz: Plan Out App Widgets
5 Widgets arranged hierarchically
GeoQuiz: activity_quiz.xml File listing
GeoQuiz: strings.xml File listing
Would like java code to respond to
True/False buttons being clicked
Responding to True/False Buttons in Java
2. In java create a ClickListener object, override onClick
method
typically done with anonymous inner class
Recall: Approach 1: Button that responds to Clicks
Reference: Head First Android
View
basic building block for Android UI
Android class that represents a rectangular area on the screen
Responsible for drawing and event handling
View is the super class for:
Textview, Imageview
Controls such as buttons, spinners, seek bars, etc.
ViewGroups which in turn is the super class for layouts
ViewGroups ‐ Layouts
Layouts:
invisible containers that store other Views
Subclasses of ViewGroup
Still a view but doesn't actually draw anything
A container for other views
Specifies options on how sub views (and view
groups) are arranged
Approach 2: Create a ClickListener object,
override onClick
First, get reference to Button in
our Java file. How?
Need reference
to Buttons
R.Java Constants
During compilation, XML resources (drawables, layouts,
strings, views with IDs, etc) are assigned constants
Sample R.Java file
Referring to Resources in Java File
Can refer to resources in Java file using these constants
Example
Constant assigned to
R.layout.main at runtime
In java file, R.java the constant corresponding to main.xml is
argument of setContentView
Pass in layout file as
constant assigned to
R.layout.main
Referencing Widgets by ID
Many widgets and containers appear only in XML. E.g. TextView
No need to be referenced in Java code
To reference a widget in Java code, you need its android:id
In java file, to reference/manipulate
In XML file, give the widget/view an ID view/widget use its ID to find it
i.e. assign android:id (call findviewbyID( ) )
Getting View References
findViewById is implemented
in base Activity class so it can
be called in our java file (e.g.
MainActivity.java)
Argument of findViewById is
constant of resource
A generic view is returned
(not subclasses e.g. buttons,
TextView), so needs to cast
QuizActivity.java: Getting References to
Buttons
To get reference to buttons in java code
Declaration
in XML
QuizActivity.java: Setting Listeners
Set listeners for True and False button
A toast
QuizActivity.java: Adding a Toast
To create a toast, call the method:
After creating toast, call toast.show( )
to display it
For example to add a toast to our
onClick( ) method:
QuizActivity.java: Adding a Toast
Code for adding a toast
import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.Menu;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.Toast;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_quiz);
mTrueButton = (Button)findViewById(R.id.true_button);
mTrueButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
Toast.makeText(QuizActivity.this,
R.string.incorrect_toast, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT)
.show();
}
});
mFalseButton = (Button)findViewById(R.id.false_button);
mFalseButton.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
Toast.makeText(QuizActivity.this,
R.string.correct_toast, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT)
.show();
} QuizActivity.java:
});
} Complete Listing
@Override
public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {
(Contd)
// Inflate the menu;
// this adds items to the action bar if it is present.
getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.activity_quiz, menu);
return true;
}
}
Used if app has an
Action bar menu
Android UI in Java
Checkbox
Has 2 states: checked and unchecked
Clicking on checkbox toggles between these 2 states
Used to indicate a choice (e.g. Add rush delivery)
Since Checkbox widget inherits from TextView, its properties
(e.g. android:textColor) can be used to format checkbox
XML code to create Checkbox:
Making Checkbox Responsive
2 ways to make Checkbox responsive:
1. Set android:onClick attribute or
2. Create a ClickListener object, override onClick method
In Java code, the following commands may be used
isChecked( ): to determine if checkbox has been checked
setChecked( ): to force checkbox into checked or unchecked state
toggle( ): to toggle current checkbox setting
Checkbox Example Java Code
Register listener
OnCheckedChangeListener
to be notified when checkbox
state changes
Callback, called
When checkbox
state changes
Checkbox Example Result
Important Android Packages
Android programs usually import packages at top. E.g.
Important packages
android* Android application
dalvik* Dalvik virtual machine support classes
java.* Core classes and generic utilities
(networking, security, math, etc)
org.apache.http: HTTP protocol support
Ref: Introduction to Android
Programming, Annuzzi, Darcey & Conder
Toggle Button
ToggleButton and Switches
Like CheckBox has 2 states
However, visually shows states on and off text
XML code to create ToggleButton
Can also set up an onCheckedChangeListener to be notified
when user changes ToggleButton state
Switch Widget
Android Switch widget shows state via small ON/OFF slider
Added in API level 14
Switch Widget
XML code for creating Switch
Available in Android Studio palette
SeekBar
a slider
Subclass of progress bar
implement a SeekBar.OnSeekBarChangeListener to respond
to user’s changes in setting
WebView Widget
WebView Widget
A View that displays web pages
Can be used for creating your own web browser
OR just display some online content inside your app
Uses WebKit rendering engine (lots of memory)
http://www.webkit.org/
Webkit used in many web browsers including Safari
Web pages in WebView same look same as in Safari
40
WebView
Android 4.4, API level 19 added Chromium as
alternative to WebKit
Chromium: http://www.chromium.org/Home
"Chromium WebView provides broad support
for HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript.
Supports most HTML5 features available in
Chrome.
Also has faster JavaScript Engine (V8)
41
https://developer.android.com/about/versions/kitkat.html
WebView Widget Functionality
Display Web page containing
HTML, CSS, Javascript
Navigation history of URLs to
support forward and backwards
zoom in and out
perform searches
Additional functionality:
Embed images in page
Search page for string
Deal with cookies 42
WebView Example
Simple app to view and navigate web pages
XML code (e.g in res/layout/main.xml)
43
WebView Activity
In onCreate, use loadURL to load website
If website contains Javascript, enable Javascript
44
loadUrl( )
loadUrl( ) Works with
http:// and https:// URLs
file// URLs pointing to local filesystem
file:/// android_asset/ URLs pointing to app’s assets (later)
content:// URLs pointing to content provider that is
streaming published content
WebView Example
Add permission to AndroidManifest.xml for app to use
Internet
Also change style so no title bar
46
Android App Components
Android App Components
Typical Java program starts from main( )
Android app: No need to write a main
Just define app components by creating sub‐classes of base
classes already defined in Android
4 main types of Android app components:
Activities (already seen this)
Services
Content providers
Broadcast receivers
Recall: Activities
Activity: main building block of Android UI
Analogous to a window or dialog box in a
desktop application
Apps
have at least 1 activity that deals with UI
Entry point of app similar to main( ) in C
typically have multiple activities
Example: A camera app
Activity 1: to focus, take photo, start activity 2
Activity 2: to present photo for viewing, save it
Recall: Activities
Each activity controls 1 or more screens
Activities independent of each other
Can be coupled by control or data
App Activities are sub‐class of Activity class
Example:
Fragments
Fragments enables 1 app to look different on phone vs tablet
An activity can contain multiple fragments that are organized
differently for phone vs tablet
Fragments are UI components that can be attached to different
Activities.
More later
Services
Activities are short‐lived, can be shut down anytime (e.g
when user presses back button)
Services keep running in background
Minimal need to interact with (independent of) any activity
Typically an activity will control a service ‐‐ start it, pause it,
get data from it
Similar to Linux/Unix CRON job
Example uses of services:
Periodically check device’s GPS location by contacting Android location
manager, and pass data to activity
Check for updates to RSS feed
App Services are sub‐class of Services class
Android Platform Services
Android Services can either be on:
Android Platform (local)
Google (remote)
Android platform services:
LocationManager: location‐based services.
ViewManager and WindowManager: Manage display and User Interface
AccessibilityManager: accessibility, support for physically impaired users
ClipboardManager: access to device’s clipboard, for cutting and pasting
content.
DownloadManager: manages HTTP downloads in the background
FragmentManager: manages the fragments of an activity.
AudioManager: provides access to audio and ringer controls.
Google Services (In Google Cloud)
Maps
Location‐based services
Game Services
Authorization APIs
Google Plus
Play Services
In‐app Billing
Google Cloud Messaging
Google Analytics
Google AdMob ads
Content Providers
Android apps can share data (e.g. contacts)
Content Provider:
Abstracts shareable data, makes it accessible through methods
Applications can access that shared data by calling methods for the
relevant content provider
Example: We can write an app that:
Retrieve’s contacts list from contacts content provider
Adds contacts to social networking (e.g. Facebook)
Shared data
Content Providers
Apps can also ADD to data through content provider.
E.g. Add contact
E.g. Our app can also share its data
App Content Providers are sub‐class of
ContentProvider class
Broadcast Receivers
The system, or applications, periodically broadcasts events
Example broadcasts:
Battery getting low
Screen turns off
Download completed
New email arrived
A broadcast receiver can listen for broadcasts, respond
Our app can also initiate broadcasts
Broadcast receivers
Typically don't interact with the UI
Commonly create a status bar notification to alert the user when
broadcast event occurs
App Broadcast Receivers are sub‐class of BroadcastReceiver
class
Quiz
Pedometer App
Component A: continously counts user’s steps even when user closes app,
does other things on phone (e.g. youtube, calls)
Component B: Displays user’s step count
Component C: texts user’s friends every day with their step totals
What should component A be declared as (Activity, service,
content provider, broadcast receiver)
What of component B?
Component C?
Android’s Process Model
Android’s Process Model
When user launches an app, Android forks a copy of
a process called zygote that receives
A copy of of the Virtual Machine (Dalvik)
A copy of Android framework classes (e.g. Activity and
Button)
A copy of user’s app classes loaded from their APK file
Any objects created by app or framework classes
Recall: Home, Back and Recents Button
Android Activity Stack
(Back vs Home Button)
Most recently
Android maintains activity stack created is at Top
Pressing Back button destroys the
Activity 1 interacting with
me
app’s activity and returns app to
whatever user was doing Pressing Back or
previously (e.g. HOME screen)
Activity 2 destroying A1 will
bring me to the top
Well designed app should NOT:
Crash if interrupted or user switches to other app
Consume valuable system resources when user is not actively using it.
Lose the user's state/progress (e.g state of chess game app) if they leave
your app and return to it at a later time.
Crash or lose the user's progress when the screen rotates between
landscape and portrait orientation.
E.g. Youtube video should continue at correct point after rotation
To ensure the above, appropriate callback methods must be
invoked appropriately
http://developer.android.com/training/basics/activity-lifecycle/starting.html
OnCreate( )
Initializes activity once created
The following operations are typically performed in
onCreate() method:
Inflate widgets and put them on the screen
(e.g. using layout files with setContentView( ) )
Getting references to inflated widgets ( using findViewbyId( ) )
Setting widget listeners to handle user interaction
Note: Android OS calls apps’ onCreate( ) method, NOT the
app
Activity State Diagram: Running App
A running app is one that the user is
currently using or interacting with
App is visible and in foreground
Activity State Diagram: Paused App
An app is paused if it is visible but no
longer in foreground
E.g. blocked by a pop‐up dialog box
App’s onPause( ) method is called to
transition from running to paused state
Paused
Running
Activity State Diagram: onPause( ) Method
Typical actions taken in onPause( ) method
Stop animations and CPU intensive tasks
Stop listening for GPS, broadcast information
Release handles to sensors (e.g GPS, camera)
Stop audio and video if appropriate
Paused
Running
Activity State Diagram: Resuming Paused App
A paused app resumes running if it becomes
fully visible and in foreground
E.g. pop‐up dialog box blocking it goes away
App’s onResume( ) method is called to
transition from paused to running state
Paused
Running
Activity State Diagram: Stopped App
An app is stopped if it no longer visible and
no longer in foreground
E.g. user starts using another app
App’s onStop( ) method is called to transition
from paused to stopped state
Running
onStop() Method
An activity is stopped when the user:
Receives phone call
Starts a new application
Activity 1 launches new Activity 2
Activity instance and variables of stopped
app are retained but no code is being
executed by the activity
If activity is stopped, in onStop( ) method,
well behaved apps should
save progress to enable seamless restart later
Release all resources and save information
(persistence)
Saving State
If activities are paused or stopped, their states (instance vars)
are retained
Even if activity is not in foreground
When activity is destroyed the Activity object is destroyed
can save information via onSaveInstanceState(Bundle outState)
method.
Write data to Bundle (a data structure)
Bundle given back when restarted
Activity State Diagram: Stopped App
A stopped app can go back into running
state if becomes visible and in foreground
App’s onRestart( ) and onResume( )
methods called to transition from stopped
to running state
Running
Activity State Diagram: Starting New App
To start new app, app is launched
App’s onCreate( ), onStart( ) and
onResume( ) methods are called
Afterwards new app is running
Simplified Lifecycle Diagram
ready to interact
with user
Activity Lifecycle
(Another Diagram)
http://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Activity.htm
l
Quiz
Whenever I watch YouTube video
on my phone, if I stop at 2:31, next
time I use the app, it restarts at
2:31.
How do you think this is
implemented?
In which Activity life cycle method
should code be put into?
How?
Logging Errors in Android
Logging Errors in Android
Android can log and display various levels of errors
Error logging is in Log class of android.util package
Turn on logging of different message types by calling
appropriate method
Before calling any logging
import android.util.Log;
QuizActivity.java
A good way to understand Android
lifecycle methods is to print debug
messages when they are called
E.g. print debug message from
onCreate method below
QuizActivity.java
Debug (d) messages have the form
TAG indicates source of message
Declare string for TAG
Can then print a message in onCreate( )
QuizActivity.java
Putting it all together
QuizActivity.java
Can overide more
lifecycle methods
Print debug
messages from
each method
Superclass calls
called in each
method
@Override asks
compiler to ensure
method exists in
super class
QuizActivity.java Debug Messages
Launching GeoQuiz app creates, starts and
resumes an activity
Pressing Back button destroys the activity
(calls onPause, onStop and onDestroy)
QuizActivity.java Debug Messages
Pressing Home button stops the activity
Rotating device (e.g. portrait to
landscape) kills current activity and
creates new activity in landscape mode
Rotating Device & Device Configuration
Rotation changes device configuration
Device configuration: screen
orientation/density/size, keyboard type,
dock mode, language, etc.
Apps can specify different resources to use
for different device configurations
E.g. use different app layouts for portrait vs
landscape screen orientation
Rotating Device & Device Configuration
How to use different app layouts for portrait
vs landscape screen orientation?
When device in landscape, uses resources in
res/layout‐land/
Copy XML layout file (activity_quiz.xml) from
res/layout to res/layout‐land/ and tailor it
When configuration changes, current activity
destroyed, onCreate (setContentView
(R.layout.activity_quiz) called again
Dead or Destroyed Activity
Dead, activity terminated (or never
started)
onDestroy( ) called to destroy a
stopped app
Two other states, Created and Started,
but they are transitory onCreate ‐>
onStart ‐> onResume
Activity Destruction
App may be destroyed
On its own by calling finish
If user presses back button to navigate away from app
Normal lifecycle methods handle this
onPause() ‐> onStop() ‐> onDestroy
If the system must destroy the activity (to recover resources or on an
orientation change) must be able to recreate Activity
If Activity destroyed with potential to be recreate later, system calls
onSaveInstanceState (Bundle outState) method
onSaveInstanceState
onRestoreInstanceState()
Systems write info about views to Bundle
other (app‐specific) information must be
saved by programmer
E.g. board state in a board game such
as mastermind
When Activity recreated Bundle sent to
onCreate and onRestoreInstanceState()
use either method to restore state data /
instance variables
Saving State on Activity Destruction
Saving Data Across Device Rotation
Since rotation causes activity to be destroyed
and new one created, values of variables lost
or reset
To stop lost or reset values, save them using
onSaveInstanceState before activity is
destroyed
System calls onSaveInstanceState before
onPause( ), onStop( ) and onDestroy( )
Saving Data Across Device Rotation
For example, if we want to save the value of
a variable mCurrentIndex during rotation
First, create a constant as a key for storing
data in the bundle
Then override onSaveInstanceState method
References
Busy Coder’s guide to Android version 4.4
CS 65/165 slides, Dartmouth College, Spring 2014
CS 371M slides, U of Texas Austin, Spring 2014