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Measure of Central Tendency

The document discusses different measures of central tendency for ungrouped data including the mean, median, and mode. It provides definitions and examples of how to calculate each measure. The mean is the average value and is calculated by summing all values and dividing by the total number. The median is the middle value when data is arranged in order. The mode is the value that occurs most frequently. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating each measure for various data sets.

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113 views

Measure of Central Tendency

The document discusses different measures of central tendency for ungrouped data including the mean, median, and mode. It provides definitions and examples of how to calculate each measure. The mean is the average value and is calculated by summing all values and dividing by the total number. The median is the middle value when data is arranged in order. The mode is the value that occurs most frequently. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating each measure for various data sets.

Uploaded by

mariell quitoriano
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Measure of Central

Tendency
Ungrouped Data
INTRODUCTION
Any data set can be characterized by measuring its central tendency.
A measure of central tendency, commonly referred to as an
average, is a single value that represents a data set. Its purpose is to
locate the center of a data set. This chapter discusses three different
measures of central tendency: the mean, median, and the mode. We
will illustrate how to calculate each of these measures for
ungrouped and grouped data. Measure of central tendency both for
sample grouped and population grouped is also included in the
discussion.
POPULATION AND SAMPLE
MEAN
MEAN
•
PROPERTIES OF MEAN
• A set of data has only one mean.
• Mean can be applied fir interval and ratio data.
• All values in the data set are included in the computing the mean.
• The mean is very useful in comparing two or more data sets.
• Mean is affected by the extreme small or large values on a data set.
• The mean cannot be computed for the data in a frequency
distribution with an open-ended class.
MEAN FOR UNGROUPED DATA
• •
Example 2.1
Example 2.2
MEDIAN
The median is the midpoint of the data array. When the
data set is ordered whether ascending or descending, it is
called a data array. Median is an appropriate measure of
central tendency for data that are ordinal or above. But is
more valuable in an ordinal type of data.
PROPERTIES OF MEDIAN
• The median is unique, there is only one median for a set of data.
• The median is found by arranging the set of data from lowest to
highest (or highest to lowest) and getting the value of the middle
observation.
• Median is not affected by the extreme small or large values.
• Median can be computed for an-open ended frequency
distribution.
• Median can be applied for ordinal, interval and ratio data.
MEDIAN FOR UNGROUPED DATA
•
Example 2.3
Example 2.4
MODE
The mode is the value in a data set that appears most frequently.
Like the median and unlike the mean, extreme values in a data set do
not affect the mode. A data may not contain any mode if none of the
values is "most typical".
A data set that has only one value that occur the greatest frequency
is said to be unimodal. If the data has two values with the same
greatest frequency, both values are considered the mode and the
data set is bimodal. If a data set have more than two modes, and the
data set is said to be multimodal. There are some cases when a data
set values have the same number frequency, when this occur, the
data set is said to be no mode.
PROPERTIES OF MODE
• The mode is found by locating the most frequently occurring value.
• The mode is the easiest average to compute.
• There can be more than one mode or no mode in any given data
set.
• Mode is not affected by the extreme small or large values.
• Mode can be applied for nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio data.
Example 2.5

The following data represent the total unit sales for PSP 2000 from a sample of 10 Gaming
Centers for the month of August: 15, 17, 10, 12, 13, 10, 14, 10, 8 and 9. Find the mode.

Solution 2.5
The ordered array for these data is 8, 9, 10, 10, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17.
Because 10 appears 3 times, more times than the other value, therefore the mode is 10.
This data set is unimodal
Example 2.6

An operations manager in charge company’s manufacturing keeps track of the number of


LCD television in a day. Compute for the following data that represents the number of LCD
television manufactured for the past three weeks: 20, 18, 19, 25, 20, 21, 20, 25, 30, 29, 28,
29, 25, 25, 27, 26, 22 and 20. Find the mode of the given data set.

Solution 2.6
The ordered array for these data is 18, 19, 20, 20, 20, 20, 21, 22, 25, 25, 25, 25, 26, 27, 28,
29, 29, 30.
There are two modes 20 and 25, since each of these values occur four times. This data set
is bimodal
Example 2.7

Find the population mean of the ages of 9 middle-management employees of a certain


company. The ages are 53, 45, 59, 48, 54, 46, 51, 58, and 55.

Solution 2.7
The ordered array for these data is 45, 46, 48, 51, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59.
There is no mode since the data set has the same frequency.
RANGE
•
Example 2.8

Cheryl took 7 math test in one marking period. What is the range of her test scores?
89, 73, 84, 91, 87, 77, 94

Solution 2.8
Ordering the test scores from least to greatest, we get:
73, 77, 84, 87, 89, 91, 94

highest – lowest = 94 – 73 = 21

The range of these test is 21 points.


MIDRANGE
•
Example 2.12
TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION
Frequency distribution can assume many shapes. The
three most familiar shapes are symmetric, positively
skewed, and negatively skewed. In a symmetric
distribution, the data values are evenly distributed on both
sides of the mean. Also the distribution is unimodal and
the mean, median, and mode are similar and are at the
center of the distribution.
In a positively skewed or right-skewed distribution, most of the
values in the data fall to the left of the mean and group at the lower
end of the distribution; the tail is to the right. In addition, the mean
is to the right of the median, and the mode is to the left of the
median. On the contrary, in a negatively skewed or left-skewed
distribution is when the mass of the data values fall to the right of
the mean and group at the upper end of the distribution, with the
tail to the left. In addition, the mean is to the left of the median, and
the mode is to the right of the median. The figures below show the
pictorial representation of symmetric, positively skewed and
negatively skewed

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