EST

I – Literacy Test II

Date 03 June 2022
Test Center: Test Center 12333
Room Number B5208
Student’s Name Ahmed Mahmoud Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf
National ID 12345678901234
EST ID ab12cd34ef56gh78ij90xw12

Duration: 65 minutes
52 Multiple Choice Questions

Instructions:
- Place your answer on the answer sheet. Mark only one answer for each of the multiple
choice questions.
- Avoid guessing. Your answers should reflect your overall understanding of the
subject matter.
 The following edited passage is an the room. It was on the day when Joe
excerpt from Vanity Fair by William 45 Sedley made his second appearance.
Makepeace Thackeray on Joe Sedley’s
attempt to court Rebecca. Amelia hastened after her friend to
know the cause of this display of
Poor Joe's panic lasted for two or three feeling, and the good-natured girl came
days; during which he did not visit the back without her companion, rather
house, nor during that period did Miss 50 affected too. "You know, her father was
Rebecca ever mention his name. She our drawing-master, Mamma, at
5 was all respectful gratitude to Mrs. Chiswick, and used to do all the best
Sedley; delighted beyond measure at the parts of our drawings."
Bazaars; and in a whirl of wonder at the
theatre, whither the good-natured lady "My love! I'm sure I always heard Miss
took her. One day, Amelia had a 55 Pinkerton say that he did not touch
10 headache, and could not go upon some them—he only mounted them." "It was
social gathering to which the two young called mounting, Mamma. Rebecca
people were invited: nothing could remembers the drawing, and her father
induce her friend to go without her. working at it, and the thought of it came
"What! You who have shown the poor 60 upon her rather suddenly—and so, you
15 orphan what happiness and love are for know, she—"
the first time in her life—quit YOU?
Never!" and the green eyes looked up to "The poor child is all heart," said Mrs.
Heaven and filled with tears; and Mrs. Sedley.
Sedley could not but own that her
20 daughter's friend had a charming kind "I wish she could stay with us another
heart of her own. 65 week," said Amelia.

As for Mr. Sedley's jokes, Rebecca "She's devilish like Miss Cutler that I
laughed at them with a cordiality and used to meet at Dumdum, only fairer.
perseverance which not a little pleased She's married now to Lance, the
25 and softened that good-natured Artillery Surgeon. Do you know,
gentleman. Nor was it with the chiefs of 70 Ma'am, that once Quintin, of the 14th,
the family alone that Miss Sharp found bet me—"
favour. She interested Mrs. Blenkinsop
by evincing the deepest sympathy in the "O Joseph, we know that story," said
30 raspberry-jam preserving, which Amelia, laughing. "Never mind about
operation was then going on in the telling that; but persuade Mamma to
Housekeeper's room; she persisted in 75 write to Sir Something Crawley for
calling Sambo "Sir," and "Mr. Sambo," leave of absence for poor dear Rebecca:
to the delight of that attendant; and she here she comes, her eyes red with
35 apologised to the lady's maid for giving weeping."
her trouble in venturing to ring the bell,
with such sweetness and humility, that "I'm better, now," said the girl, with the
the Servants' Hall was almost as 80 sweetest smile possible, taking good-
charmed with her as the Drawing Room. natured Mrs. Sedley's extended hand
and kissing it respectfully. "How kind
40 Once, in looking over some drawings you all are to me! All," she added, with
which Amelia had sent from school, a laugh, "except you, Mr. Joseph."
Rebecca suddenly came upon one which
caused her to burst into tears and leave

2
 85 "Me!" said Joseph, meditating an instant 1. In lines 114-123, the tone is best
departure. "Gracious Heavens! Good described as
Gad! Miss Sharp!” A. tense and unforgiving.
B. unsettling and disparaging.
"Yes; how could you be so cruel as to C. caring and persistent.
make me eat that horrid pepper-dish at D. innocent and unexpected.
90 dinner, the first day I ever saw you?
You are not so good to me as dear 2. Which of the following best
Amelia." describes the relationship
between Joe Sedley and
"He doesn't know you so well," cried Rebecca?
Amelia. A. There is animosity between
them.
95 "I defy anybody not to be good to you, B. They are dear friends.
my dear," said her mother. C. There remains tension
between them.
"The curry was capital; indeed it was," D. They are strangers.
said Joe, quite gravely. "Perhaps there
was NOT enough citron juice in it—no, 3. Which choice best provides
100 there was NOT." evidence for the answer to the
previous question?
"And the chilis?" A. Lines 1-4 (“Poor … name.”)
B. Lines 44-45 (“It …
"By Jove, how they made you cry out!" appearance.”)
said Joe, caught by the ridicule of the C. Lines 84-87 (“'except …
circumstance, and exploding in a fit of sharp!'”)
105 laughter which ended quite suddenly, as D. Lines 93-94 (“'He …
usual. Amelia.”)
4. As used in line 13, “induce”
"I shall take care how I let YOU choose
most nearly means
for me another time," said Rebecca, as
they went down again to dinner. "I A. generate.
110 didn't think men were fond of putting B. instigate.
poor harmless girls to pain." C. persuade.
D. foster.
"By Gad, Miss Rebecca, I wouldn't hurt 5. According to the passage, why
you for the world." did Rebecca cry in lines 40-44?
"No," said she, "I KNOW you A. She knew that Joe Sedley
115 wouldn't"; and then she gave him ever was coming to visit.
so gentle a pressure with her little hand, B. She is prone to random
and drew it back quite frightened, and bursts of emotion.
looked first for one instant in his face, C. She recalled her father after
and then down at the carpet-rods; and I seeing his art.
120 am not prepared to say that Joe's heart D. She would be leaving
did not thump at this little involuntary, Amelia that week.
timid, gentle motion of regard on the
part of the simple girl.

3
6. Rebecca’s relationship with her 10. In lines 115-119, what can best
father is best similar to be deduced from Rebecca’s
reaction?
A. a bird who has fallen out of
the nest and is saved by its A. Rebecca was worried about
mother. Joe Sedley’s reaction to her
B. an orphaned tailor who has forwardness.
sentimentally kept his late B. Rebecca forgot she was
father’s equipment. speaking to Joe Sedley.
C. an apple that has fallen early C. Rebecca was embarrassed in
from a tree. the presence of Mrs. Sedley
D. an orphan who has never and Amelia.
known his or her parents. D. Rebecca did not like to
entertain Joe Sedley.
7. As used in line 95, “defy” most
nearly means
A. escape.
B. challenge.
C. violate.
D. frustrate.
8. Which of the following best
describes Rebecca’s character?
A. good-natured and appeals to
all
B. condescending and over-
bearing
C. emotional and constantly
distraught
D. stubborn and unwavering in
her determination
9. Which choice best provides
evidence for the answer to the
previous question?
A. Lines 28-39 (“She …
Room.”)
B. Lines 40-44 (“Once …
room.”)
C. Lines 56-61 (“'It … she—'”)
D. Lines 107-111 (“'I … pain.'”)

4
 The following passage is taken from The the department of transportation. But the
American Railway by Thomas Clarke et 45 joint use of each other's cars makes it
al. on the movement of locomotives in necessary that there should be at least
1888. enough similarity in their construction
and their coupling appliances to permit
We come next to the superintendent of their indiscriminate use upon all roads.
machinery, whose duty it is to provide 50 And conventions of master car-builders
and maintain locomotives and cars of all have recommended certain forms and
kinds to handle the company's traffic. His dimensions as standards, which are now
5 department is subdivided between a in general use.
master mechanic, in charge of
locomotives and machine-shops, and a There is much convenience in this, but
master car-builder, in charge of car- 55 one disadvantage. It requires almost
shops. unanimous action to introduce any
change of form or of construction,
10 The master mechanic selects and however advantageous it may be. And to
immediately controls all engine-runners secure unanimous action in such matters
and firemen, and keeps performance 60 is almost as hard as it would be to secure
sheets of all locomotives, showing miles unanimity in a change in the spelling of
run, cars hauled, wages paid, coal and oil English words. Still there is progress,
15 consumed, and other details giving results though slow, toward several desirable
accomplished by different runners and reforms, the most important of which is
firemen, and by different types of engine, 65 the adoption of a standard automatic
or on different divisions or roads. coupler.
Runners and firemen accomplishing the
20 best results are often remunerated with Having shown how the property of all
premiums. kinds is kept in efficient condition, we
next come to its operation. This is called
The master car-builder has charge of the 70 "conducting transportation," and the
shops where cars are built and repaired, officer in charge is usually called the
and of the car-inspectors who are superintendent of transportation. All
25 stationed at central and junction points to train-despatchers, conductors, train-men,
prevent defective cars being put into the and telegraph operators are under his
trains. 75 immediate control. He makes all
schedules and provides all extra and
Formerly each railroad used its own cars irregular service that the traffic
exclusively, and through freights were department makes requisition for, himself
30 transferred at every junction point. This calling upon the superintendent of
involved such delay and expense that 80 machinery for the necessary locomotives,
railroads now generally permit all loaded switching engines, and cars. It is his
cars to go through to destination without especial province to handle all trains as
transfer, and allow each other a certain swiftly as possible, and to see that there
35 sum for the use of cars. Usually this is are no collisions. It is impossible to detail
about three-quarters of a cent for each 85 fully the safeguards and precautions used
mile which the car travels on a foreign to this end, but the general principles
road. This involves a great scattering of observed are as follows.
cars, and an extensive organization to
40 keep record of their whereabouts and of First, a general time-table or schedule is
the accounts between the companies for carefully made out for all regular trains
mileage. This organization will be 90 upon each division, showing on one sheet
referred to more fully in connection with the time of each train at each station.

5
 This schedule is all that is needed so long 12. According to the passage, which
as all trains are able to keep on time, and of the following is a drawback to
there are no extras. Trouble begins when having standards that rarely
95 regular trains cannot keep on schedule, or change?
when extra trains have to be sent out, not A. Change can only be made if
provided for on the schedule. A diagram, everyone agrees to it even if it
or graphic representation of this schedule, is beneficial.
upon a board or large sheet of paper, is an B. Reform only takes place
100 important feature of the office regulating during certain times.
train-movements. Twenty-four vertical Therefore, it is rare.
lines divide the board into equal spaces C. Change is immediate, leading
representing the twenty-four hours of the to many faults.
day, numbered from midnight to D. There is a lack of unanimity in
105 midnight. Horizontal lines at the scheduling of trains.
proportionate distances from the top
represent the stations in their order 13. Which choice best provides
between the termini, represented by the evidence for the answer to the
top and bottom lines of the diagram. The previous question?
110 course of every train can now be plotted A. Lines 50-53 (“And … use.”)
on this diagram in an oblique line joining B. Lines 55-58 (“It … be.”)
the points on each station line C. Lines 62-66 (“Still …
corresponding to the time the train arrives coupler.”)
at and leaves that station. D. Lines 94-97 (“Trouble …
schedule.”)
14. The passage is most likely written
from the point of view of
A. a president of a railroad
company, since the author is
familiar with the technical
details of operation.
B. a 20th century historian, since
A. Number of Engines the author walks the reader
B. Passengers
C. Freight
through the past.
D. Gravel or Construction C. a museum tour guide, since
E. Switching
F. Total
the passage presents a table.
Report of Performance, 1888 D. a locomotive enthusiast, since
Source: Thomas Clarke the passage is filled with fan
jargon.
11. Which of the following is most 15. As used in line 22, “charge” most
likely a “premium” as mentioned nearly means
in line 21? A. payment.
A. a gift B. assault.
B. a salary bonus C. responsibility.
C. extra hours of paid work D. allegation.
D. a certificate of
acknowledgement

6
16. The passage resembles which of 21. According to the graphic, the
the following structures? locomotives in 1888 carried more
A. compare and contrast (Refer to the back of the test
B. problem and solution booklet)
C. descriptive A. passengers than goods.
D. sequence B. material for construction than
passengers.
17. As used in line 93, “keep” most
C. gravel than goods.
nearly means
D. items on a switching train than
A. save. passengers.
B. delay.
C. obey.
D. remain.
18. The purpose of the final paragraph
is to
A. provide an example of a train
collision.
B. refute the importance of a
time-table.
C. highlight the responsibilities
of a superintendent.
D. conclude the aforementioned
main ideas.
19. According to the passage, what is
an essential element of keeping
trains on track?
A. a list of extra locomotives
B. a visual representation
C. follow-up on moving trains
D. a detailed schedule
20. Which choice best provides
evidence for the answer to the
previous question?
A. Lines 84-87 (“It … follows.”)
B. Lines 92-94 (“This …
extras.”)
C. Lines 94-97 (“Trouble …
schedule.”)
D. Lines 97-101 (“A … train-
movements.”)

7
 The first edited passage is from Animals plates and spines, and huge-headed
of the Past by Frederic Lucas on the Triceratops, had evidently carried
reason animals become extinct. The specialization to an extreme, while in turn
second edited passage is taken from Our the carnivorous forms must have required
Vanishing Wildlife by William T. 45 an abundant supply of slow and easily
Hornaday on the abuse of nature. captured prey.

Passage 1 Coming down to a more recent epoch,

when the big Titanotheres flourished, it is
It is often asked "why do animals become easy to see from a glance at their large,
extinct?" but the question is one to which 50 simple teeth that these beasts needed an
it is impossible to give a comprehensive ample provision of coarse vegetation, and
and satisfactory reply; this chapter does as they seem never to have spread far
5 not pretend to do so, but merely presents beyond their birthplace, climatic change,
a few aspects of this complicated, many- modifying even a comparatively limited
sided problem. 55 area, would suffice to sweep them out of
existence. To use the epitaph proposed by
In very many cases it may be said that Professor Marsh for the tombstone of one
actual extermination has not taken place, of the Dinosaurs, many a beast might say,
10 but that in the course of development one "I, and my race perished of over
species has passed into another; species 60 specialization." To revert to the horse it
may have been lost, but the race, just as will be remembered that this very fate is
in the growth of a tree, the twigs and believed to have overtaken those almost
branches of the sapling disappear, while horses the European Hippotheres; they
15 the tree, as a whole, grows onward and reached a point where no further progress
upward. This is what we see in the horse, 65 was possible, and fell by the wayside.
which is the living representative of an
unbroken line reaching back to the little Passage 2
Eocene Hyracothere. So in a general way
20 it may be said that much of what at first For educated, civilized Man to
glance we might term extinction is really exterminate a valuable wild species of
the replacement of one set of animals by living things is a crime. It is a crime
another better adapted to surrounding against his own children, and posterity.
conditions.
70 No man has a right, either moral or legal,
25 Again, there are many cases of animals, to destroy or squander an inheritance of
and particularly of large animals, so his children that he holds for them in
peculiar in their make up, so very trust. And man, the wasteful and greedy
obviously adapted to their own special spendthrift that he is, has not created even
surroundings that it requires little 75 the humblest of the species of birds,
30 imagination to see that it would have mammals and fishes that adorn and
been a difficult matter for them to have enrich this earth. With all his wisdom,
responded to even a slight change in the man has not evolved and placed here so
world about them. Such great and much as a ground-squirrel, a sparrow or a
necessarily sluggish brutes as 80 clam. It is true that he has juggled with
35 Brontosaurus and Diplodocus, with their the wild horse, sheep, and the goats and
tons of flesh, small heads, and feeble produced some hardy breeds that can
teeth, were obviously reared in easy withstand his abuse without going down
circumstances, and unfitted to succeed in before it; but as for species, he has not yet
any strenuous struggle for existence. 85 created and placed here even so much as
40 Stegosaurus, with his bizarre array of a protozoan.

8
 The wild things of this earth are not ours, 22. The purpose of the first paragraph
to do with as we please. They have been of Passage 1 is to
given to us in trust, and we must account A. introduce the premise of the
90 for them to the generations which will passage.
come after us and audit our accounts. B. refute a common
misconception.
But man, the shameless destroyer of C. speculate the importance of
Nature's gifts, blithely and persistently the question proposed.
exterminates one species after another. D. highlight the different aspects
95 From ten per cent (or more) of the human of extinction.
race, the high moral instinct which is
honest without compulsion is absent. The 23. As used in line 31 “matter” most
things that seemingly decent citizens,— nearly means
men posing as gentlemen,—will do to A. material.
100 wild game when they secure great B. consequence.
chances to slaughter, are appalling. I C. content.
could fill a book of this size with cases in D. situation.
point.
24. Which of the following best
To-day the women of England, Europe explains the author’s stance on
105 and elsewhere are directly promoting the Man in Passage 2?
extermination of scores of beautiful A. Man, like animals, faces
species of wild birds by the devilish extinction.
persistence with which they buy and wear B. Man is a victim of nature’s
feather ornaments made of their plumage. perils.
110 They are just as mean and cruel as the C. Man is purposefully cruel to
truck-driver who drives a horse with a nature.
sore shoulder and beats him on the street. D. Man unintentionally destroys
But they do it! And appeals to them to do all that surrounds it.
otherwise they laugh to scorn, saying, "I
115 will wear what is fashionable, when I 25. Which choice best provides
please and where I please!" evidence for the answer to the
previous question?
To-day, the thing that stares me in the A. Lines 70-73 (“No … trust.”)
face every waking hour, like a grisly B. Lines 77-80 (“With … clam.”)
spectre with bloody fang and claw, is the C. Lines 92-94 (“But …
120 extermination of species. To me, that is a another.”)
horrible thing. It is wholesale murder, no D. Lines 117-120 (“To-day…
less. It is capital crime, and a black species.”)
disgrace to the races of civilized
mankind. I say "civilized mankind,"
125 because savages don't do it!

9
26. Which choice best states the 30. Which choice best provides
relationship between the two evidence for the answer to the
passages? previous question?
A. Passage 1 attacks the stance A. Lines 1-4 (“It … reply;”)
taken in Passage 2. B. Lines 8-11 (“In … another;”)
B. Passage 1 provides scientific C. Lines 19-24 (“So …
evidence for the information conditions.”)
presented in Passage 2. D. Line 33-39 (“Such …
C. Passage 1 argues for the existence.”)
failure of Man supported in 31. While the author of Passage 1
Passage 2. discusses extinction of nature as
D. Passage 1 demonstrates the related to nature, the author of
historical context mentioned Passage 2 discusses the extinction
in Passage 2. of nature as related to
27. As used in line 100, “secure” most A. man-kind.
nearly means B. certain species.
A. fasten. C. the royal class.
B. ensure. D. fashion.
C. protect. 32. When mentioning “Ecocene
D. connect. Hyracothere” in line 19, which of
28. Which of the following statements the following does the author
of the author’s stance in Passage 2 assume?
is true?
A. The reader is familiar with the
A. The author provides subjective term as a high school student.
and objective evidence that B. The reader is an avid reader of
fails to support his claim. animal literature.
B. The author provides objective C. The reader is unfamiliar with
evidence to support his claim. the term and so the author
C. The author provides little proceeds to explain it.
evidence to support his claim. D. The reader is familiar with the
D. The author provides no term and is a professional in
substantial evidence for his the field.
position.
29. Which of the following does the
author of Passage 1 state as a
reason for extinction?
A. Extinction is the inevitable
development of new species.
B. Animals naturally replace
other animals with time due to
the food chain.
C. When animals adapt to their
surroundings, they replace
other animals leading to their
extinction.
D. Extinction does not exist and
is only a myth.

10
 The following edited passage is taken 45 new tax. The consequence is that he
from The Federalist Papers by Alexander permits the bashaws or governors of
Hamilton on the general power of provinces to pillage the people without
taxation. mercy; and, in turn, squeezes out of them
the sums of which he stands in need, to
It has been already observed that the 50 satisfy his own exigencies and those of
federal government ought to possess the the state. In America, from a similar
power of providing for the support of the cause, the government of the Union has
national forces; in which proposition was gradually dwindled into a state of decay,
5 intended to be included the expense of nearly approaching annihilation. Who can
raising troops, of building and equipping 55 doubt, that the happiness of the people in
fleets, and all other expenses in any way both countries would be promoted by
connected with military arrangements and competent authorities in the proper hands,
operations. But these are not the only to provide the revenues which the
10 objects to which the jurisdiction of the necessities of the public might require?
Union, in respect to revenue, must
necessarily be empowered to extend. It 60 The present Confederation, feeble as it is
must embrace a provision for the support intended to repose in the United States,
of the national civil list; for the payment an unlimited power of providing for the
15 of the national debts contracted, or that pecuniary wants of the Union. But
may be contracted; and, in general, for all proceeding upon an erroneous principle,
those matters which will call for 65 it has been done in such a manner as to
disbursements out of the national have entirely frustrated the intention.
treasury. The conclusion is, that there Congress, by the articles which compose
20 must be interwoven, in the frame of the that compact (as has already been stated),
government, a general power of taxation, are authorized to ascertain and call for
in one shape or another. 70 any sums of money necessary, in their
judgment, to the service of the United
Money is, with propriety, considered as States; and their requisitions, if
the vital principle of the body politic; as conformable to the rule of apportionment,
25 that which sustains its life and motion, are in every constitutional sense
and enables it to perform its most 75 obligatory upon the States. These have no
essential functions. A complete power, right to question the propriety of the
therefore, to procure a regular and demand; no discretion beyond that of
adequate supply of it, as far as the devising the ways and means of
30 resources of the community will permit, furnishing the sums demanded. But
may be regarded as an indispensable 80 though this be strictly and truly the case;
ingredient in every constitution. From a though the assumption of such a right
deficiency in this particular, one of two would be an infringement of the articles
evils must ensue; either the people must of Union; though it may seldom or never
35 be subjected to continual plunder, as a have been avowedly claimed, yet in
substitute for a more eligible mode of 85 practice it has been constantly exercised,
supplying the public wants, or the and would continue to be so, as long as
government must sink into a fatal the revenues of the Confederacy should
atrophy, and, in a short course of time, remain dependent on the intermediate
40 perish. agency of its members. What the
90 consequences of this system have been, is
In the Ottoman or Turkish Empire, the within the knowledge of every man the
sovereign, though in other respects least conversant in our public affairs, and
absolute master of the lives and fortunes has been amply unfolded in different
of his subjects, has no right to impose a parts of these inquiries. It is this which

11
 95 has chiefly contributed to reducing us to a 36. As used in line 25, “sustains”
situation, which affords ample cause both most nearly means
of mortification to ourselves, and of A. bears.
triumph to our enemies. B. comforts.
C. validates.
What remedy can there be for this D. maintains.
100 situation, but a change of the system
which has produced in it a change of the 37. Which of the following is true
fallacious and delusive system of quotas about taxation in the U.S.?
and requisitions? What substitute can A. The government has the right
there be imagined for this ignis fatuus in to pillage its people.
105 finance, but that of permitting the B. The government does not have
national government to raise its own the right to apply new taxes.
revenues by the ordinary methods of C. The government has the right
taxation authorized in every well-ordered to rest a rate for taxation
constitution of civil government? according to what they deem
best suits the needs of the
33. The main idea of the passage is to country.
A. discuss the history of taxation. D. The government deals with
B. refute the necessity of taxation many consequences when
in all government systems. taxing people wrongly.
C. debate the importance of 38. Which choice best provides
taxation within the U.S. evidence for the answer to the
government. previous question?
D. explain the drawbacks of
taxation. A. Lines 41-45 (“In … tax.”)
B. Lines 45-48 (“The …
34. Which of the following is the mercy;”)
author’s position on taxation? C. Lines 67-72 (“Congress …
A. The author argues against States;”)
taxation for the people. D. Lines 89-94 (“What …
B. The author demands lower inquiries.”)
taxation on the wealthy. 39. Throughout the passage, the
C. The author states that taxation author never takes the opportunity
is only a recent phenomenon. to
D. The author believes taxation is
an integral part of the A. provide a definition.
government. B. mention the limitations.
C. give historical context.
35. Which choice best provides D. mention another point of view.
evidence for the answer to the
previous question? 40. As used in line 60, “feeble” most
nearly means
A. Lines 1-4 (“It … forces;”)
B. Lines 9-12 (“But … extend.”) A. ineffective.
C. Lines 19-22 (“The … B. cowardly.
another.”) C. decrepit.
D. Lines 32-34 (“From … D. dim.
ensue;”)

12
41. What reasoning does the author
use in regards to the presence of
taxation?
A. The evils of taxation far
outweigh the benefits.
B. Taxation is a necessary
component of keeping the
government from collapsing
entirely.
C. Imposing new taxes is against
the law.
D. Taxation and stealing people’s
money are parallel.
42. What is the relationship between
the final paragraph and the rest of
the passage?
A. The final paragraph touches
on ideas built up in the rest of
the passage through rhetorical
questions.
B. The final paragraph asks the
reader questions that are
irrelevant to the rest of the
passage.
C. The final paragraph initiates a
new point of view separate
from the rest of the passage.
D. The final paragraph provides
evidence to support the rest of
the passage.

13
 The following edited passage is taken jaws, which are simply elongated and
from Our Common Insects By A.S. 45 adapted for piercing and sucking.
Packard on the early stages of the Among the so-called haustellate insects
humble bee. the mouth-parts vary so much in
different groups, and such different
Another puzzle for the adaptation organs separately or combined perform
specialists to solve is how to account for 50 the function of sucking, that the term
the change from the caterpillar with its haustellate loses its significance and
powerful jaws, to the butterfly with its even misleads the student. For example,
5 sucking or haustellate mouth-parts. We in the house fly the tongue (Fig. 210 l,
shall best approach the solution of this the mandibles, m, and maxillæ, mp, are
difficult problem by a study of a wide 55 useless), a fleshy prolongation of the
range of facts, but a few of which can be labium or second maxillæ, is the sucker,
noticed here. The older entomologists while the mandibles and maxillæ are
10 divided insects into haustellate or used as lancets by the horse fly (Fig.
suctorial, and mandibulate or biting 211, m, mandibles, mx, maxillæ). The
insects, the butterfly being an example 60 maxillæ in the butterfly are united to
of one, and the beetle serving to form the sucking tube, while in the bee
illustrate the other category. But we the end of the labium (Fig. 212) is
15 shall find in studying the different specially adapted for lapping, not
groups that these are relative and not sucking, the nectar of flowers. But even
absolute terms. 65 in the butterfly, or more specifically the
moth, there is a good deal of
We find mandibulate insects with misapprehension about the structure of
enormous jaws, like the Dytiscus, or the so-called "tongue." The mouth-parts
20 Chrysopa larva or ant lion, perforated, of the caterpillar exist in the moth.
as in the former, or enclosing, as in the
latter two insects, the maxillæ (b), 70 The mandibles of the caterpillar occur in
which slide backward and forward the head of the moth as two small
within the hollowed mandibles (a, Fig. tubercles. They are aborted in the adult.
25 209, jaws of the ant lion), along which While the maxillæ are as a rule greatly
the blood of their victims flows. They developed in the moth, in the caterpillar
suck the blood, and do not tear the flesh 75 they are minute and almost useless. The
of their prey. labium or second maxillæ, so large in
the moth, serves simply as a spinneret in
The enormous mandibles of the adult the caterpillar. But we find a great
30 Corydalus are too large for use and, as amount of variation in the tongue or
Walsh observed, are converted in the 80 sucker of moths, and in the silk moths
male into simple clasping organs. And the maxillæ are rudimentary, and there
to omit a number of instances, in the is no tongue, these organs being but
suctorial Hemiptera or bugs we have little more developed than in the
35 different grades of structure in the caterpillar.
mouth-parts. In the biting lice
85 Figure 213, B, shows the minute blade-
(Mallophaga) the mouth is mandibulate;
like maxilla of the magnificent Luna
in the Thrips it is mandibulate, the jaws
moth, an approximation to the originally
being free, and the maxillæ bearing
blade-like form in beetles and
40 palpi, while the Pediculi are suctorial,
Neuroptera. The maxillæ in this insect
and the true bugs are eminently so. But
90 are minute, rudimentary, and of no
in the bed bug it is easy to see that the
service to the creature, which does not
beak is made up of the two pairs of
take food. In other moths of the same

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 family we have found the maxillæ 45. As used in line 91, “service”
longer, and touching at their tips, though most nearly means
95 too widely separate at base to form a A. work.
sucking tube, while in others the B. use.
maxillæ are curved, and meet to form a C. ritual.
true tube.
D. resource.
46. Which of the following best
summarizes the final paragraph?
A. Some maxillae are long
while others are curved.
B. Some moths have maxillae
that are curved.
C. The Luna moth has a blade-
like maxilla.
D. The maxillae differ between
different kinds of moths.
47. The overall text structure mostly
resembles
A. a narrative.
B. an encyclopedia.
Head of Humble Bee C. a magazine.
Source: A.S. Packard D. a newspaper.
48. Which of the following is a
43. Which point does the author use characteristic of haustellate
to suggest that the work of insects?
newer entomologists differs A. They have enormous jaws.
from that of the older B. They are diverse in organ
generation? structures.
A. definitions related to insects C. The maxillae play a huge
B. the development of butterfly role.
parts D. The tubercles are removed in
C. the division of insects into adulthood.
groups 49. Which choice best provides
D. the understanding of evidence for the answer to the
metamorphosis previous question?
44. Which choice best provides A. Lines 18-26 (“We …
evidence for the answer to the flows.”)
previous question? B. Lines 46-52 (“Among …
A. Lines 5-9 (“We … here.”) student.”)
B. Lines 9-14 (“The … C. Lines 59-64 (“The …
category.”) flowers.”)
C. Lines 18-26 (“We … D. Lines 70-72 (“The …
flows.”) tubercles.”)
D. Lines 29-32 (“The …
organs.”)

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50. As used in line 93, “found” most
nearly means
A. discovered.
B. recovered.
C. obtained.
D. considered.
51. The tone of the passage is best
described as
A. objective and informative.
B. subjective and ambiguous.
C. patronizing and judgmental.
D. sarcastic and ironic.
52. The graphic represents which of
the figures mentioned in the
passage?
A. Figure 209
B. Figure 210
C. Figure 211
D. Figure 212

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