GNED O3 REVIEWER

LESSON 6: Introduction to Statistics Data Gathering:

1. Direct or Interview Method- person to
Statistics- deals with the collection, person—ex. Personal & Telephonic
presentation, analysis, and interpretation of interview
data
2. Indirect or Questionnaire Method-
questionnaire is used to elicit the data
Major Areas:
needed on forms
1. Descriptive- collecting data to yield
observations 3. Registration Method- records from
2. Inferential- analysis of subset that leads to government—ex. Birth/Death rates,
predictions registered cars/ voters

Population- totality of the observation 4. Observation Method- behaviors of

Sample- subset of population individuals/ groups during the given
Variable- characteristics of objects or person situation
with different values or labels 5. Experimental Method- gather results of
ex: religion, marital status, names, gender performed experiments—ex. Laboratory
experiments
Types of Variables:
1. Qualitative Variable- categorical data –
color, occupation, political affiliation Different Forms to Present Data:
2. Quantitative Variable- numerical data – 1. Textual form- words, sentences,
paragraphs
a. Discrete- countable/ finite – 2. Tabular form- rows and columns
numbers, counting, enumeration 3. Graphical form- shows relationships in
b. Continuous- uncountable/ infinite – pictorial form
weight, height, granules
Graphical Presentation must be:
Levels of Measurements: 1. Accurate- highest degree accuracy
1. Nominal Scale- names or labels – ex. 2. Simple- basic design, straight forward
Gender, brands, phone no., civil status 3. Clear- easily read and understood
4. Attractive- professional appearance,
2. Ordinal Scale- observation with ordering/ stylish
ranking – stages, sizes, levels,
Types of Graphs:
3. Interval Scale- distance between two 1. Line- long period of time, comparison,
numbers, no 0 point – temperature, rates, movements, trends
clock 2. Bar- values are compared, represents
frequency of category
4. Ratio Scale- 0 is the origin, no negative – 3. Pie- show the percentage by parts of a
distance, weight, height whole
4. Pictograph- use to immediately suggest
the nature of data
 GNED O3 REVIEWER
LESSON 7: Frequency Distribution Table LESSON 8: Measures of Central Tendency

FDT- condensed version of array MCT- single number that represents the
- categorize data into intervals/ classes typical score of the data
Array- arrangement of values in order
Classes- mutual categories defining LL and Three Measures of Central Tendency
UL with equal intervals 1. Mean- average value of all the data
Class frequency- number of observations 2. Median- middle score for a set of data
Class mark- class midpoint arranged in ascending/ descending order
Cumulative frequency- sum of frequencies 3. Mode- most frequent score in data set
Relative frequency- percentage of
observations in a class UNGROUPED DATA FORMULAS

Steps in Making FDT: Mean

1. Make an array ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + … + 𝑥𝑛
Population 𝜇 = =
2. Determine the Range 𝑁 𝑁

R= Highest value- Lowest Value ∑ 𝑥𝑖 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + … + 𝑥𝑛

3. Determine the number of classes K
Sample 𝑥̅ = =
𝑛 𝑛
K= 1+3.322 Log N - (round off)
4. Determine the class size C
Median
C= R / K - (round off)
5. Determine the lower limit of the 1st class If n is ODD 𝑀𝑑 = 𝑋(𝑛+1)/2
6. Construct class intervals
𝑋𝑛/2 +𝑋(𝑛/2)+1
7. Determine the class frequencies If n is EVEN 𝑀𝑑 =
8. Determine the class mark 2
c= LL+UL / 2
9. Determine class boundary Mode
CB- LL - (-.5) UL - (+.5) - occurs most often in observation
10. Determine relative frequency
RF= frequency of the class x 100% Unimodal- one mode
N
Bimodal- two modes
Multimodal- 3+ modes
No mode- the mode does not exist
- no frequent data appear
- equal distribution of data
 GNED O3 REVIEWER
GROUPED DATA FORMULAS LESSON 9: Measures of Dispersion

∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖
Mean- 𝑋𝐺 = MOD- Identify how a set of values spreads
𝑛
or fluctuates
Three Measures of Dispersion
1. Range- difference between the highest
score and lowest score
2. Variance- mean absolute deviation
3. Standard Deviation- positive square root
of the variance
4. Coefficient of Variation- ratio of the SD
𝑛
( 2 )−≺𝐶𝐹𝑏 and mean that is expressed in percent
Median- 𝑀𝑑𝐺 = 𝐿𝐶𝐵𝑚𝑑 + 𝑐 [ ]
𝑓𝑚𝑑

Median class= n / 2 UNGROUPED DATA FORMULAS

- the result must be equal or greater than Range - R = |HV – LV|

Variance
∑ 𝑥𝑖 2 ∑ 𝑥𝑖
Population- 𝜎 2 = − 𝜇2 𝜇=
𝑁 𝑁

𝑥1 2 + 𝑥2 2 + 𝑥3 2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑁 2
= − 𝜇2
𝑁

∑(𝑥𝑖 −𝑥̅ )2 ∑ 𝑥𝑖
Sample- 𝑠 2 = 𝑥̅ =
𝑛−1 𝑛

(𝑥1 − 𝑥̅ )2 + (𝑥2 − 𝑥̅ )2 + (𝑥3 − 𝑥̅ )2 + ⋯ + (𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥̅ )2

=
𝑛−1
𝑓𝑚𝑜 −𝑓𝑏
Mode- 𝑀𝑜𝐺 = 𝐿𝐶𝐵𝑚𝑜 + 𝑐 [ ]
2𝑓𝑚𝑜 −𝑓𝑎 −𝑓𝑏 Standard Deviation
Modal Class- class with highest frequency Population- 𝜎 = √𝜎 2

Sample- 𝑠 = √𝑠 2

Coefficient of Variation
𝜎
Population- CV = 𝜇̅ 𝑥 100%

𝑆
Sample- CV = 𝑋̅ 𝑥 100%
 GNED O3 REVIEWER
GROUPED DATA FORMULAS
Range- 𝑅𝐺 = |ULHC − LLLC|
ULHC – Upper Limit of the Highest Class
LLLC – Lower Limit of the Lowest Class

2
2 𝑛 ∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 −(∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖 )2
Variance- 𝑠𝐺 = 𝑛(𝑛−1)

Coefficient of Variation-
Standard Deviation- 𝑠𝐺 = √𝑠𝐺 2
𝑠𝐺 2 ∑ 𝑓 𝑖 𝑥𝑖
CV = 𝑥 100% 𝑋𝐺 =
𝑥̅ 𝐺 𝑛