UNIT 05

Sun Moo n St ar s Ra d i o l umi n es c en ce Bi o l umi n es c en c e Woo d f l ame oi l f l a me

Gas Fl ame El e c t r i c l amp s Ph ot oc he mi c al r ea c t i on s Cr ac k er s l umi na nc e
i l l umi n at i o n l u mi no us f l ux c an de l a s l u men s d ay l i gh t a r t i f i c i a l l i g ht i ng
s pe ct r a l e ne r g y c ol o r t e mpe r a t u r e l u mi no us ef f i ca cy f l ux me t e r
Light is an ELECTROMAGNETIC Diagram showing the Spectral Distribution

RADIATION of a WAVE LENGTH that is VISIBLE

to the HUMAN EYE in a range about 380 or 400
nanometres to 760 or 780 nanometres

“In Physics the term light sometimes refers to

electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength,
whether visible or not”

1 nano = 1/100,00,00,000m (10,00,000Km)

Now imagine 380nm to 700 nm

Visible Light - VIBGYOR

 Sources of Light

Natural Lighting Artificial Lighting

 Sun, Moon, Stars, Radio luminescence(Radium), Bio
Nat u ra l L ig ht luminescence (Lighting Produced by Living Organisms)
Sun Light Moon Light
Radio luminescence Bio luminescence
Natural Color Spectrum - Rainbow
 Wood flame, oil flame, Gas Flame, Electric lamps,
Ar t if ic ia l L ig ht Photochemical reactions,Crackers
Wood Flame Oil Flame
Gas Flame Electric Lamp
Photochemical Reaction Crackers
Terms used in lighting
Luminous Flux (lumens)
illuminance (lux) =lumens/Sq m or
(Foot candles) = lumens/Sq ft
Luminance (candelas/Sq m)
Luminous Flux – Light Coming from the Source
Measured in “Lumens”

The amount of light being given off

by a “particular source”, in all
directions, is called luminous flux (or
“luminous power”) and is a measure
of the total perceived power of light.
It is measured in lumens.
Lumens are a useful metric for
comparing how bright a light source Lux Meter for
is (i.e. a 60W incandescent bulb is measuring
about 850 lumens & 100W illuminances in work
incandescent bulb is about 1600 areas
lumens)
Luminous Flux – Light Coming from the Source, Measured in “Lumens”
Ex: How to notify luminous flux of the luminaire on its product label?
illuminance – Light falling on surface
Measured in “lux” = lumens/Sq m or (Foot candles) = lumens/Sq ft

The amount of light falling on a surface is "illuminance", and is

measured in lux (metric unit = lumen/m2) or
foot-candles (English unit = lumen/ft2).

1 foot-candle equals 10.8 lux. This is the measurement you’ll

work with the most for optimizing visual comfort because
building regulations and standards use illuminance to specify
the minimum light levels for specific tasks and environments.
Luminance– Light reflected by surface, Measured in “Candles/Sq m”

Luminance is the light reflected off from surfaces and

measured in candelas per square meter (cd/m2),

Luminance is what we perceive when looking at a scene, or

when using a camera. The quality and intensity of the light
that reaches our eye does depend on the material properties
of the surfaces (colour, reflectance, texture).
 Classifications of Lighting

Direct Indirect Diffused Local Ambient

Lighting Lighting Lighting Lighting Lighting

Lighting provided Reflected/Indirect Diffused light Lighting Designed to Ambient light or we

from a source lighting is a light passes through a Provide a Relatively may call Available
without proceeding from remote diffusion High level of Light.
reflection from a light source and device or material Illumination over a The term usually
other surfaces. bouncing off a prior to reaching Small refers to sources of
remote surface the subject. area/Particular light that are
and reflecting object/Specific area
This light becomes already available na
onto an object. with a surrounding
less directional and turally
less contrast. area of lower
intensity from
spilled light
Direct Lighting

Lighting provided
from a source
without reflection
from other surfaces.
Indirect Lighting

Reflected light is a
light proceeding
from a light source
and bouncing off a
remote surface and
reflecting onto an
object.
 Diffused Lighting

Diffused light passes

through a remote diffusion
device or material prior to
reaching the subject.
This light becomes less
directional and less
contrast.
 Local
Lighting/Task
Lighting/Specific
Lighting

Lighting Designed to
Provide a Relatively
High level of
Illumination over a
Small area, with a
surrounding area of
lower intensity from
spilled light
 Ambient
Lighting

Ambient light or
we may call
Available Light.
The term usually
refers to sources
of light that are
already available
naturally
What is Luminaire ?

Luminaire – a complete lighting unit including Lamp

+ Fixture = luminaire

Lamp – lamp is the specific replaceable component

that produces light

Light – Light is an electro magnetic radiation of a

wave length that is visible to the Human eye in a
range about 380 or 400 nm
Types of Luminaire ?
Types of Luminaire ?

1. Surface Lights 2. Pendant Lights

Surface-mounted fixtures are visible and are Pendant fixtures hang down from the ceiling by
usually flush against the ceiling or wall. They are a cord, cable, or chain. They are usually found in
most commonly used in entryways, hallways, and dining rooms and kitchens, especially in home
bedrooms. with higher ceilings.
3. Recessed Lights 4. Track Lights
Recessed lighting is hidden away, usually in a Track lighting can provide a lot of flexible lighting options.
ceiling cavity, so you can’t see the light source There are multiple bulbs on one track, with multiple circuits
directly. This type of indirect lighting, usually in and voltages. You can choose to have them suspended from
the form of downlight/pot lights, can be used the ceiling like pendant lights or surface-mounted, can be
effectively in any room of the home. used effectively to lit up any specific object, frame, art or
feature wall.
5. Portable Lights
Portable lights are just what you would expect them to
be — portable. They are usually plugged into an electrical
outlet by their cord, however, battery-operated portable
fixtures are becoming more and more popular. Portable
lights are typically uses for desks and bedside tables. You
can sometimes achieve the look you are looking for by
adding some floor lamps to the area. The key to lighting
design is to have a variety of fixtures, color temperatures,
and styles.
6.Landscape lighting
We aren’t focusing on landscape (or outdoor) lighting in this
article, but you should know that they are a whole other
category in itself. Landscape lighting encompasses bullet
lights, flood lights, motion sensors, deck lighting, security
lighting, and well and wash lights. From landscape lighting to
security lighting, Hiller Electrical can handle all aspects of
outdoor lighting installation, maintenance, and repair.
Case study
Case study 2
Case study 3
Different types of luminaire
Different types of luminaire
Color temperature

WARM LIGHT:
Adds a warm, cozy feel to the room, best for
bedrooms and living rooms.

NEUTRAL LIGHT:
The whiter light is best for areas that require
energy and focus, such as the kitchens,
bathrooms, garages, and utility rooms.

COOL LIGHT:
This bright, blueish/whitish light is most similar
to noon on a sunny day. This type of lighting is
great for reading, projects, and other hobbies.
Cooler light is better for areas where you need
extra attention to detail, such as bathrooms
and kitchens.
Factors of Lighting design

• Size and space • Surface characteristics

• Occupant’s age and preference • Color appearance
• Ceiling height and shape • Lighting controls and distribution
• Color of walls and furniture • Source, task, and eye geometry
• Existing lights and electrical setups • Economics and energy efficiency
• Points of interest, art work, and highlight areas • Spatial perceptions
• Traffic patterns • Level of illumination (lux)
• Shadows and reflections • Psychological and physiological factors
• Daylight integrations • Electrical codes, documentation, and specifications
ORIENTATION

EAST: East-facing openings admit strong sunlight early in the morning and lose the
sun sometime before noon. BEDROOMS, KITCHENS, BREAKFAST AREAS, AREAS
USED EARLY IN THE DAY
WEST: West-facing windows receive the late afternoon sun, which is sometimes too
much direct daylight on summer afternoons, or in climates with many days of
strong sunlight. WESTERN EXPOSURE CAN CREATE UNCOMFORTABLE GLARE
AND HEAT IN SOME PARTS OF THE COUNTRY. SHADING DEVICES SUCH AS
OVERHANGS OR BLINDS CAN PREVENT PROBLEMS CAUSED BY THE HARSHNESS
OF DIRECT SUNLIGHT
NORTH: Openings facing north, which never admit direct sun, generally receive cool
but consistent light from the north sky. ARTISTS’ STUDIOS, DESIGNERS
WORKSHOPS, THEY SHOULD NOT HAVE A WIDE VARIATION OF ILLUMINATION
SOUTH: Good orientation, ideally facing south with appropriate shading, makes a
difference in winter and summer. FAMILY ROOMS, LIVING ROOMS, SEWING
ROOMS
WHEN LIGHT HITS A SURFACE: ANGLE OF INCIDENCE (a) IS EQUAL
TO ANGLE OF REFLECTION (b)

a b

DIFFUSED LIGHT: IS LIGHT REFLECTED THROUGH GLASS OR

PLASTIC. FROSTED BULB PROVIDES BETTER QUALITY LIGHT THAN
CLEAR BULB.

• GLARE: IF THERE IS LUMINANCE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 2 OBJECTS,

SURFACES, GLARE WILL OCCUR.

• TYPES OF GLARE:
Direct glare Glare resulting from an unshielded source
Disability glare Glare resulting in reduced visual performance
and visibility
Discomfort glare Glare producing discomfort but not
3 ASPECTS OF LIGHTING:

1. FUNCTION: QUALITY AND QUANTITY IS IMPORTANT

Ex: READING/WRITING, SHAVING, MAKE-UP

2. SAFETY: CERTAIN SPACES NEED MORE CARE

Ex: STAIRWAY, PATIO, DOORWAY, DRIVEWAY

3. BEAUTY: GOOD LIGHTING MAKES INTERIOR LAYOUT MORE BEAUTIFUL

 Several general design strategies can be used to update
the thinking on how lighting and energy are used.

1. Keep it Low. Contrary

to the older school of thinking,
working in adequate yet dim light
will not harm the eyes, anymore
than listening to music at lower
volumes will hurt the ears.
Brighter light is not necessarily
better.
Several general design strategies can be used to update
the thinking on how lighting and energy are used.

2. Uniform Overhead
Fixtures Cannot Provide the
Only Source of Light. This is
especially true for offices now that computers
are the focus of many peoples jobs.
Additional and appropriate lighting should
accompany each individual task in a work
area.
 Several general design strategies can be used to update
the thinking on how lighting and energy are used.

3. Make Lighting Specific. Tasks

need to be identified carefully and lighting
chosen for each based on the task itself. It is
important to take into consideration the task’s
size, importance, the duration of time it needs
to be performed, its priority in relation to other
tasks, general lighting in the area, and the
physical condition, age, and expectations of the
person performing the task.
 Several general design strategies can be used to update
the thinking on how lighting and energy are used.

4. Let the User Control Lighting Options Whenever

Practical. Because comfort factors will vary dramatically from task to task and
person to person, the best task light is one that gives the user the most control over
position and intensity. It is also important for the same person to be able to alter light
levels to match his or her changing needs over the course of the day or season.

5. Prepare for the Aging Population. As people’s eyes age, the

lenses grow larger and more rigid, requiring more effort for the eye muscles to focus at
close range.
As a result, low light makes it harder to see clearly, color identification is decreased, and
intolerance for both direct and reflected glare increases.
All these vision changes and their accompanying lighting needs will increase the
challenge for the designer as our population ages.
 Several general design strategies can be used to update
the thinking on how lighting and energy are used.

7. Consider the fixtures as a

design element. Select fixtures that
complement the over-all design objective.
They should be a compatible scale, color,
finish and geometry. Plan placement so that it
coordinates with the structure from every
view, and does not destroy the harmony of
the design.
Thank You…!