FUNDAMENTALS

OF PHARMACY
PRESCRIPTION PRACTICE PATH

Dr. Mark Anthony O. Ellana, RPh PharmD

PRESCRIPTION
for a Rewarding Career
 Should YOU
Be a Pharmacist?
DO YOU LIKE...
• Chemistry, Biology, and Math?
• To Help People?
• To Solve Problems and Puzzles?
ARE YOU...
• Dependable? Organized?
• Detail-Oriented?
• Able to Communicate Well with Others?
 If you answered

then you should become a

PHARMACIST
Is the art, science, and practice of
preparing, preserving, compounding,
and dispensing medical drugs
A well-rounded career
Outstanding career opportunities
Excellent earning potential
A vital part of the health care team
A trusted profession
PRACTICE
key skills
(1) Strong science foundation
We have background on many
science-related topics, from
medicinal chemistry and
biochemistry to pharmacology and
immunology.

(2) Ability to learn and memorize

large volumes of information
With thousands of drugs in the
market, pharmacists are expected to
know various types of drugs and
their brand names like the back of
their hand, and keep up with new
ones too.
(3) Attention to the finest of
detail
The smallest error could have a
significant effect on the patient
that is why it is to have serious
attention to even the smallest of
things, as people’s lives are in
your hands.

(4) Strong communication and

people skills
As a pharmacist, being able to
interact with people is extremely
important in this industry.
PATHWAYS
areas of practice for Pharmacists
CAREER PATHWAYS FOR PHARMACISTS

MANUFACTURING
COMPOUNDING
COMMUNITY INDUSTRY REGULATORY
DRUGSTORE BASED RESEARCH & DEVT
DRUG INFORMATION

NUCLEAR IMMUNIZATION
HOSPITAL SPECIA- ONCOLOGY DISEASE SPECIFIC
CLINICAL LIZATION POISON CONTROL - HYPERTENSION
VETERINARY - DIABETES

PHARMACOVIGILANCE
GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
ACADEME OTHERS - DOH/FDA
- MILITARY
 COMMUNITY
• 78% of the total drug establishments
• Pharmacists most accessible to the public.
• Processing of Prescription/Dispense OTC and
RX medicines
• Care and Counseling of patients
• Provide drug information to health professionals,
patients and the general public
• Participate in health-promotion programs.
• Extemporaneous preparation of medicines
• Responding to symptoms of minor ailments
 HOSPITAL
• has more opportunity to interact closely with the
prescriber and other members of the healthcare team, to
promote the rational use of drugs; and to gain greater
expertise
• can control hospital procurement of drugs to ensure the
supply of high-quality products
• serves as a member of Drug and Therapeutics Committee

*CLINICAL PHARMACISTS work with physicians and other

health care professionals and is in a position to influence
the selection of drugs and dosage regimens, to monitor
patient compliance and therapeutic response to drugs, and
to recognize and report adverse drug reactions;
 MANUFACTURING
Manufacturing is the mass production of drug
products that have been approved by the Food
and Drug Administration (FDA).
 COMPOUNDING
Compounding is the preparation, mixing,
assembling, altering, packaging, and labeling of a
drug, drug-delivery device, or device in
accordance with a prescription.

The preparations offered by these compounding

pharmacies can be nonsterile (ointments, creams,
liquids, or sterile (injections).
 REGULATORY AFFAIRS
• Drug Regulatory Affairs consists of the knowledge of
the regulations, guidelines, policies, and standards
governing the discovery, development, manufacturing,
governmental approval, commercial distribution,
advertising and promotion of medicinal products.”
 ACADEME
• Academic pharmacists engage in education,
pharmaceutical practice, and research in
schools of pharmacy.
• Undergraduate, postgraduate and continuing
education require the educators to have
expertise in the various pharmaceutical sciences
TESDA PHARMACY SERVICES NC3
TRAINER/ASSESSOR
• Must be a Pharmacist
• Must have at least 2 years
job/pharmacy industry experience
• Pass the Pharmacy Services
NC3
• Study and pass the Training
Methodology as Trainer/Assessor
• Pass Loading Requirements
IMMUNIZING PHARMACIST
Licensed and trained
pharmacist who shall administer
adult vaccines shall ensure
patient care – from assessment
of vaccination needs, patient
screening, vaccine
administration, counseling post
vaccination, until monitoring,
management and reporting of
adverse effects.
PHARMACY EDUCATION
At University of Makati – Institute of Pharmacy
Senior High School
+2 years – Associate of Applied Science in Pharmacy Technology
+2 years – Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy
Post-Graduate Degree
+1 year – Clinical Pharmacy
+2 years – Doctor of Pharmacy
+2 years – Master of Science in Pharmacy
+2 years - Doctor of Philosophy in Pharmacy
History o f Pharmacy
 Before the Dawn of History
From beginnings as remote and simple as these came the proud
profession of Pharmacy. Its development parallels that of man.
Ancient man learned from instinct, from observation of birds and
other animals. Cool water, a leaf, dirt, or mud was his first soothing
application. By trial, he learned which served him best. Eventually, he
applied his knowledge for the benefit of others.
 Pharmacy in Ancient Babylonia
Babylon, jewel of ancient Mesopotamia, often called the cradle
of civilization, provides the earliest known record of practice
of the art of the apothecary. Practitioners of healing of this era
(about 2600 B.C.) were priest, pharmacist and physician, all in
one. Medical texts on clay tablets record first the symptoms of
illness, the prescription and directions for compounding, then an
invocation to the gods.
 Pharmacy in Ancient China
Chinese Pharmacy, according to legend, stems from Shen Nung (about
2000 B.C.), emperor who sought out and investigated the medicinal
value of several hundred herbs. He tested many of them on himself and
written the first Pen T-Sao, or native herbal, recording 365 drugs.
Medicinal plants include podophyllum, rhubarb, ginseng, stramonium,
cinnamon bark, and ma huang or Ephedra.
 Days of the Papyrus Ebers
The best known and most important pharmaceutical record is the "Papyrus
Ebers" (1500 B.C.), a collection of 800 prescriptions, mentioning 700 drugs.
Pharmacy in ancient Egypt was conducted by two or more echelons: gatherers
and preparers of drugs, and "chiefs of fabrication," or head pharmacists.
They are thought to have worked in the "House of Life." In a setting such as this,
the "Papyrus Ebers" might have been dictated to a scribe by a head pharmacist
as he directed compounding activities in the drug room.
 Paracelsus –Father of Botany
Paracelsus or Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von
Hohenheim (about 300 B.C.), among the greatest early Greek philosophers and
natural scientists, is called the "father of botany." His observations and
writings dealing with the medical qualities and peculiarities of herbs are
unusually accurate, even in the light of present knowledge.
 The Royal Toxicologist –Mithridates VI
Mithridates VI, King of Pontus (about 100 B.C.), though he
battled Rome for a lifetime, found time to make not only the art
of poisoning, but also the art of preventing and counteracting
poisoning, subjects of intensive study. Unhesitatingly, he used
himself as well as his prisoners as "guinea pigs" on which to test
poisons and antidotes.
 Terra Sigillata –An Early “Trademarked” Drug
Man learned early of the prestigious advantage of trademarks as a
means of identification of source and of gaining customers'
confidence. One of the first therapeutic agents to bear such a mark
was Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth), a clay tablet originating on the
Mediterranean island of Lemnos before 500 B.C.
 Dioscorides –A Scientist Looks at Drugs

Pedanius Dioscorides (first century A.D.), the Greek doctor and

apothecary, who is considered the father of pharmacology, He
had the opportunity to travel extensively, seeking medicinal
substances from all over the Roman and Greek world. He gained
fame for writing his five-volume work De Materia Medica.
 Galen –Experimenter in Drug Compounding
Claudius Galen (130-200 A.D.) practiced and taught both
Pharmacy and Medicine in Rome; his principles of preparing and
compounding medicines ruled in the Western world for 1,500
years; and his name still is associated with that class of
pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means -
galenicals. He was the originator of the formula for a cold
cream, essentially similar to that known today.
 Damian and Cosmas –Pharmacy’s Patron Saints
Twinship of the health professions, Pharmacy and Medicine, is
nowhere more strikingly portrayed than by Damian, the apothecary,
and Cosmas, the physician. Twin brothers of Arabian descent, and
devout Christians, they offered the solace of religion as well as the
benefit of their knowledge to the sick who visited them. After
canonization, they became the patron saints of Pharmacy and
Medicine, and many miracles were attributed to them.
 The First Apothecary Shops
The Arabs separated the arts of apothecary and physician,
establishing in Bhagdad late in the eighth century the first
privately owned drug stores. They preserved much of the Greco-
Roman wisdom, added to it, developing with the aid of their natural
resources syrups, confections, conserves, distilled waters and
alcoholic liquids.
 Avicenna –The “Persian Galen”
the Persian, Ibn Sina (about 980-1037 A.D.), called Avicenna by
the Western world. Pharmacist, poet, physician, philosopher and
diplomat and the father of early modern medicine. His greatest
contribution was probably in the philosophy of medicine. He
created a system of medicine that today we would call “holistic”
and in which physical and psychological factors, drugs, and diet
were combined in treating patients.
 The First Official Pharmacopeia
The idea of a pharmacopoeia with official status, to be followed by
all apothecaries, originated in Florence. The Nuovo Receptario
was the first officially recognized pharmaceutical compilation or
pharmacopeia. Published in Florence in 1498, the book was developed
under the guidance of the powerful monk Savonarola and combined
knowledge from the medical society and the apothecary guild.
 The Marshall Apothecary
Christopher Marshall, an Irish immigrant, established his
apothecary shop in Philadelphia in 1729. This pioneer
pharmaceutical enterprise became a leading retail store, nucleus of
large-scale chemical manufacturing; a "practical" training school for
pharmacists; an important supply depot during the Revolution; and
finally, it was managed by granddaughter Elizabeth, America's
first woman pharmacist.
 First Hospital in Colonial America
Colonial America's first hospital was established in Philadelphia in 1751; the first
Hospital Pharmacy began operations there in 1752, temporarily set up in the Kinsey
house, which served until the first hospital building was completed. First Hospital
Pharmacist was Jonathan Roberts; but it was his successor, John Morgan,
whose practice as a hospital pharmacist (1755-56), and whose impact upon
Pharmacy and Medicine influenced changes that were to become of importance to
the development of professional pharmacy in North America. First as pharmacist,
later as physician, he advocated prescription writing and championed independent
practice of two professions.
 Scheele –Greatest of the Pharmacists-Chemists
During his few short years, Carl Wilhelm Scheele gave to the world
discoveries that have brought its people incalculable advantages. Yet he
never forgot that he was, first of all, a pharmacist. With rare genius, he
made thousands of experiments, discovered oxygen, chlorine, prussic
acid, tartaric acid, tungsten, molybdenum, glycerin, nitroglycerin,
and countless other organic compounds that enter into today's daily
life, industry, health, and comfort.
 Sertürner –First of the Alkaloid Chemists
Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertürner, to give the world
opium's chief narcotic principle, morphine; and to recognize
and prove the importance of a new class of organic
substances: alkaloids.
 Caventou and Pelletier
Two French pharmacists, Pierre-Joseph Pelletier and Joseph-
Bienaimé Caventou, isolated emetine (treatment of amebiasis
and induce vomiting) from ipecacuanha in 1817; strychnine
(pesticide) and brucine (relieve arthritis and traumatic pain)
from nux vomica in 1818; In 1820 Caventou and Pelletier
announced the methods for separation of quinine and cinchonine
(treat malaria) from the cinchona barks; prepared pure salts, had
them tested clinically, and set up manufacturing facilities.
 The American Pharmaceutical Association
Need for better intercommunication among pharmacists; standards for education
and apprenticeship; and quality control of imported drugs, led to calling of a
convention of representative pharmacists in the Hall of the Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy, October 6 to 8,1852. Under leadership of its first President, Daniel B.
Smith, and first Secretary, William Procter, Jr., the twenty delegates launched
The American Pharmaceutical Association; mapped its objectives; and opened
membership to "All pharmaceutists and druggists" of good character who
subscribed to its Constitution and to its Code of Ethics.
 The Father of American Pharmacy
William Procter, Jr., graduated from The Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy in 1837; operated a retail pharmacy; served the College
as Professor of Pharmacy for 20 years; was a leader in founding
The American Pharmaceutical Association; served that
organization as its first secretary; later, as its president; served 30
years on the U.S.P. Revision Committee; was for 22 years Editor
of the American Journal of Pharmacy.
 The Pharmacopeia Comes of Age
The first "United States Pharmacopoeia" (1820)
was the work of the medical profession. It was the
first book of drug standards from a professional
source to have achieved a nation's acceptance.
 Stanislas Limousin –Pharmacal Inventor
Stanislas Limousin (1831-1887) introduced to Pharmacy and Medicine
were the medicine dropper; the system of coloring poisons; and
wafer cachets. His greatest contributions, however, were the
development and perfection of apparatus for the inhalation and
therapeutic administration of oxygen; and invention of glass
ampoules
 The Era of Biologicals
In 1894, Behring and Roux announced the effectiveness of
diphtheria antitoxin, pharmaceutical scientists both in Europe
and in the United States rushed to put the new discovery into
production. Parke-Davis received U.S. Biological License No. 1.
New, improved biological products have continued to become
available, climaxed in 1955 by poliomyelitis vaccine.
 The Development of Chemotherapy
One of the successful researchers in the development of new chemical
compounds specifically created to fight disease-causing organisms in the body
was the French pharmacist, Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau (1872-1949),
who for 30 years headed chemical laboratories in the world-renowned Institut
Pasteur. His work led other investigators to broad fields of chemotherapeutic
research.
 Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Comes of Age
Pharmaceutical manufacturing as an industry apart from retail Pharmacy had its
beginnings about 1600; really got under way in the middle 1700's. It developed first
in Germany, then in England and in France. In America, it was the child of wars -
born in the Revolution; grew rapidly during and following the Civil War; became
independent of Europe during World War I; came of age during and following World
War II. Utilizing latest technical advances from every branch of science,
manufacturing Pharmacy economically develops and produces the latest and
greatest in drugs in immense quantities, so that everywhere physicians may
prescribe them and pharmacists dispense them for the benefit of all mankind.
 The Era of Antibiotics
Antibiotics are not new. Their actions probably were first observed by Pasteur in
1877. However, the second quarter of the 20th century marked the flowering
of the antibiotic era - a new and dramatic departure in the production of disease-
fighting drugs. Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin in 1929 went
undeveloped and Florey and Chain studied it in 1940. Under pressure of World
War II, the pharmaceutical manufacturers rapidly adapted mass production
methods to penicillin; Antibiotic discoveries came rapidly in the '40's.
 Pharmacy Today and Tomorrow
Pharmacy, with its heritage of 50 centuries of service to mankind, has
come to be recognized as one of the great professions. Like Medicine, it
has come through many revolutions, has learned many things, has had to
discard many of its older ways. Pharmacy's professional stature will
continue to grow in the future as this great heritage and tradition of
service is passed on from preceptor to apprentice, from teacher to
student, from father to son.
HISTORY OF PHARMACY
IN THE PHILIPPINES
FIRST UNIVERSITY THAT OFFERED
PHARMACY IN THE PHILIPPINES
• The University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Pharmacy is the
pharmaceutical school of the University of Santo Tomas the
oldest and the largest Catholic University in Manila ,
Philippines
• Being the oldest in the Philippines, the Faculty of Pharmacy
was founded in May 1871
• It was during the spanish regime, the degree in pharmacy
was six years.
• In 1901, when the american administration took over, the
curriculum was revised to four years.
• Then in 1916 the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy
was further revised to three years.
• It was until 1930 when a four-year curriculum was adapted.
• Finally in 1954, the curriculum was revised to five years.
• In 1984, the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy
curriculum was again reduced to four years with the
integration of some subjects.
FOUNDER OF BOTICA BOIE
Botica Boie
• Was the first and largest drug store in the Philippines during the
19th century and well into the 1960s.
• Botica Boie was founded in 1830 by a Spaniard named Dr.
Lorenzo Negrao in manila. The original name of the store is not
known, as the name "Botica Boie" was coined only in 1867.
• In 1850, two German pharmacists Heinrich Schmidt and Friedrich
Steck purchased the drug store from Dr. Negrao. In 1857, Steck
bought Schmidt's company share and assumed full ownership of
the store.
• A keen businessman, Steck also bought another rival drug store,
the Botica de Sta Cruz. Steck became a famous figure in Manila
during the latter years of the Spanish era. He was known as Don
Federico among the local people, who mistook him for a
Spaniard. To monopolize his trade, Steck also bought Botica Sto.
Cristo, which was located at 348 Calle Sto. Cristo in Binondo, and
Botica de Cebu.
LEON MARIA GUERERO
León María Guerrero y Leogardo
• A writer revolutionary leader, politician , the first licensed
pharmacist in the Philippines, and one of the most eminent
botanist in the country in his time.
• Being a scion of one of the most prominent families of
Manila during the last years of Spanish colonial period, he
was among the first students of the Ateneo de Manila
University when it was founded in 1859 and known as the
Ateneo Municipal de Manila. After completing his primary
and secondary education, he enrolled at the university of
Santo Tomas , where he graduated in 1875 with a degree
bachelor of science in pharmacy , specializing in botany
and zoology. The following year, he was licensed to practice
Pharmacy.
• Guerrero was appointed head of the military pharmacy in
Zamboanga City , Zamboanga Del Sur and at the marine
hospital in Kawit, Cavite . Later, he would manage the
popular Binondo Pharmacy in Manila.
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