RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Cities of Mandaluyong and Pasig

SESSION NO. 1 / WEEK NO. 1

MODULE NO.: THE PHILOSOPHY OF SELF

The Self from Various Perspectives

• Philosophy
• Eastern
1. Hinduism
2. Buddhism
3. Confucianism
• Western
1. Socrates
2. Plato
3. Aristotle
4. Rene Descartes
5. David Hume
6. John Locke
7. Sigmund Freud
• Sikolohiyang Pilipino

Overview

The self is sometimes understood as a unified being essentially integrated to our

consciousness or awareness. Various concepts and meanings of self have been
examined.
Various Philosophies from Western and Eastern philosophers have been proposed to
shed light for better understanding of one’s self.

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Study Guide

• Lecture

Group discussions on similarities/differences of self-representations and conceptualizations and the

various identified influences

Learning Outcomes

1. Evaluate the different Eastern and Western philosophical thoughts

2. Explain construction of the self-based on anthropological, sociological, and psychological perspectives
3. Review the individual, social, cultural dimensions that impact the development of the self
4. Develop a personal philosophy of the self

Topic Presentation

The Philosophy of self

❖ Philosophy of self refers to the conditions of identity that make

the individual distinct from all others.
❖ Self-knowledge Refers one’s knowledge and understanding
of one’s own learning’s, characters, motivations and capabilities.
❖ Self-activity is defined as an independent and self-determined action
of one person
❖ Self-independent of the senses refers to the inner self.
❖ Self-identity is the particular characteristics of the self that determines
individual’s uniqueness among others.
❖ Self-image is a mental picture of an individual and is quite
resistant to change through time regarding one’s
abilities, personality and role

THE EASTERN PHILOSOPHY OF SELF

• HINDU PHILOSOPHY OF SELF (1500B.C)

Hindu believe that the self is made up of two aspects: Atman (self-soul) means
essence, breath or soul. It means “real self” of the individual , the innermost
essence of the soul of the person.

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Hinduism considered Atman as eternal; imperishable, beyond times. It is deifferent

from the body or mind or consciousness and accept it as spiritual self-concept for
the Hindus (Dalal, 2010).
Atman is the true self that lies at the inner core of human identities and it is only
the inner core that is identical with God. The self-identity of a person can be
compared to that of onion with various layes. The outer layer of our identities
involve common sense of views of ourselves that we experience. The inner layer
involves the self-God within each of us and sees the underlying unity of the world
(Dalal,2010).
Brahman connotes the highest Universal Principle , the Ultimate Reality in the
universe. In major schools of Hindu philosophy, it is the material, efficient, formal
and final cause of all that exists. It is the pervasive, genderless, , infinite, eternal
truth and bliss which does not change, yet is cause of all changes. Brahman as a
metaphysical concept of the single bonding unity behind diversity in all that exists
in the universe (Lochtefeld,2002)

Buddhist Philosophy of Self ( 5th century B.C.E to the present)

Buddha’s teaching of self is to understand the nature of self which is a combination
of five aggregates of existence known as the FIVE SKANDHAS or the FIVE
HEAPS.
1. FORM – physical form
2. SENSATION – feelings, both emotional and physical and senses (5senses)
3. PERCEPTION – thinking including conceptualization, cognition, reasoning, recognition
4. MENTAL FORMATION – habits, prejudices and pre-disposition, human volition,
attention, faith, conscientiousness, pride, desire, vindictiveness, virtues and non
virtuous
5. CONSCIOUSNESS – awareness or sensitivity to an object but without
conceptualization

CONFUCIAN PHILOSOPHY (551 B.C – 479 B.C)

The human adult self, in Confucianism is defined as an achieved state of moral
excellence rather than a given human condition and there are several implications
to such an understanding.
For Confucianism, in other words, being a human is no different from being an
animal.
The true human condition is achieved in life, if it is indeed being achieved, through
the practice of the virtues. Virtue is behavior showing high moral standards.
What takes precedence in the writings of Confucius is that of personality –
personality as such is not seen as inherently existing but as something that is
formed through upbringing and environment. In that human being is seen as a
social being/social animal for some.

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Accordingly, every person is born with four beginnings, which do not encapsulate
a concept of self as yet but which together, (western framework of thinking may be
called as “PRE_SELF or POTENTIAL SELF”
HEART OF COMPASSION – leads to JEN
HEART OF RIGHTEOUSNESS – leads to Yi
HEART OF PROPRIETY – leads to LI
HEART OF WISDOM – leads to CHIH
JEN, Yi, LI, CHIH are perfection of virtues that exist in the human heart from
beginning as potentials. As self, would develop out of these and develop through
practice of corresponding virtues.
PERSONALITY, in Confucian perception, is an achieved state of MORAL
EXCELLENCE rather than a given human condition.
CONFUCIANISM – the self can never be static.
-To be human means to develop and to keep pursuing the
virtues. Conscious effort or decision
The dynamic has integrated into the nature of self and has become the self. It has
become an unconscious way of being (Hobson 2005).

THE WESTERN PHILOSOPHY

• Socrates: The First Moral Philosopher (470-399 B.C.E)

Socrates believes that to understand the self is “to know they self”
Plato -student “DIALOGUE”
SOCRATIC METHOD – through the dialogue between the soul and itself or
between a student and his teacher. Without this work on oneself, life is worthless
according to Socrates.

• Aristotle: Father of Western Philosophy (384-322 B.C.E)

The SELF is made up of the soul which is the core essence of a living being which
is not separated from the body. The SOUL is the one that acts within the body.
THREE KINDS OF SOUL (“psyche”):
The VEGETATIVE SOUL -it can grow and nourish itself
The SENSITIVE SOUL – it can experience sensations and move locally
The RATIONAL SOUL – unique part of human
- Its ability to receive forms of other things and to compare them using the nous
(intellect) and logos (reason) (Zalta 2016)

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For Aristotle, the soul is the form of living being. Because all beings are composites of
form and matter, the form of living beings is that which endows them with what is
specific to living beings

• Rene Descartes (1596-1650)

SELF – is a thinking person

“COGITO ERGO SUM” (I think therefore I am) He stressed that the mind is a
substance within the brain capable of thinking (affirming, doubting, judging etc)
The self then is regarded as the one that makes us aware to perceive the external
world. Descartes emphasized the notion of self which is made of consciousness that
forms our thinking and guides our behavior. It is the self that perceives the world.

• David Hume: Scottish Empiricist (1711-1776)

The SELF is nothing more than the mental perception which are available in our
memory. This PERCEPTION relies on our previous experiences that give meaning
based on the principles of cause and effect. We view things as distinct but they are
connected together by resemblance , contiguity or caution. All Perceptions of the mind
is divided into distinct kinds, the IMPRESSIONS and IDEAS.
IMPRESSIONS are the original form of all our ideas.
Hume said that the MIND is simple a bonded of perceptions and experiences linked
by the relations of cautions and resemblance.

• John Locke: English Empirical Philosopher (1632-1704)

The SELF can be understood by examining one’s mind, what constitute the mind.
Locke stressed that minds consist of MEMORY where our consciousness (thoughts,
experiences) resides. Locke suggests that the self (consciousness) is a thinking,
intelligent being, that has reason and reflection and continuous to define one’s
personal Identity. Thus, the self can be equated with one personal identity.
This CONSCIOUSNESS determines oneself that continues to grow and develop
through tough times that form our personal identity. MEMORY therefore is a necessary
condition of Personal Identity.

• Sigmund Freud: Drive Theory of Self (1856-1939)

Perhaps Freud's single most enduring and important idea was that the human
psyche (personality) has more than one aspect.
Freud's personality theory (1923) saw the psyche structured into three parts
(i.e., tripartite), the id, ego and superego, all developing at different stages in
our lives. These are systems, not parts of the brain, or in any way physical.

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instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and
hidden memories, the super-ego operates as a moral conscience, and the
ego is the realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the
super-ego.

The Id, which works on the PLEASURE PRINCIPLE,

is the seat of our, passion, desires, and other instinctual drives like our bodily needs,
want and impulses.
Ex. Sexual and aggressive drives
THE EGO seeks to please the Id drives in realistic way. It is also the ego that regulates
the action.
Ex. We can resist urges of stealing money from others but instead we work to earn
money.
The SUPER EGO, works on the morality principle, is the seat of what is right or wrong
– as it reflects the internalization of cultural rules set by the guidance and influence of
our parents.
The THREE LAYERS of the SELF interact with each other. The EGO meditate
between the ID and SUPEREGO and whichever dominates from the other 2 structures,
the ego will act in reality. This is how ourself determines our PERSONALITY.

• SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO : VIRGILIO ENRIQUEZ (1942-1994

The Philippines also has a home grown psycho-philosophical view of the self. This
view was developed by Virgilio Enriquez, who is considered as the Father of
Sikolohiyang Pilipino.
The Self in the Filipino is the Unity of the Self and others expressed in the Filipino word
KAPWA.
CONCEPT OF SELF and OTHERS – he proposed the idea that concept of self or (-
personhood, can be centered on the core values expressed in the word KAPWA).
KAPWA – is the concept of how every Filipino thinks, behaves, and relates with others.
Kapwa doesn’t only mean others but the shared inner self of a person.
Enriquez points out that when a Filipino says the word KAPWA (it shows the essence
of sharing, seeing and caring the others as one self. It is then, that the Filipino concept
of Self can be identified with the unity of his inner self. (Oneself) and outer self (others)
expressed in the word KAPWA.

• Filipino word MAGALANG is a concept that can describe a person’s oneself.

This concept was developed because of what others think of him.

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Guided Exercises / Learning

Activities/Assignment/Assessment

Quiz

References

Tomas, R., Sanchez T., Paragas, E., Perez, N., Marasigan, B., Miranda, M., Cortez, L.,
Montalbo, A., Espiritu, A.,. Understanding the Self.

SESSION NO. 4 / WEEK NO. 2

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MODULE NO.: Scientific self

1. The Human Reproduction

2. Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis
3. Sex Determination
4. Mechanics of Heredity
5. Coping Techniques for Genetic and Birth Abnormalities

Overview

THE SCIENTIFIC SELF

*Explain the scientific process of reproduction
* Explain the mechanics of heredity

Study Guide

• Video review
• Lecture
• Power point Presentation

Learning Outcomes

1. Do Home Activity #2

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Topic Presentation

Let’s start by looking into how each of us begun our existence in this world.
The union of the male sperm cell and female egg cell signals the beginning of human
life. This results to a fertilized egg called the ZYGOTE that contains equal number of
chromosomes from each parent.
Human fertilization begins with a woman’s menstrual cycle. This prepares a woman’s
body for fertilization.
EGG RELEASED FALLOPIAN TUBE
150-300 MILLION SPERM CELLS IN THE SEMEN MEET EGG
CELL
*SPERM have to complete this journey within 12-48 hrs of the egg being ovulated or
else it will die
85% sperm cells may not be structured to travel vs 15% sperm cells to complete the
journey
Chemical signals will guide the sperm cells through the cervical mucus and up in the
lining of the uterus.
The UTERUS also known as the WOMB- where the baby will develop after fertilization
1,000 sperm are left uterus Right fallopian tube
Left fallopian tube EGG CELL
*entire process may take about 20 minutes. At this point, there are only few dozen
sperm cells left that
*the remaining sperm begin to surround the egg cell and will race to be the first and
only sperm to actually fertilize the egg.
*GENES- The chromosomes that contain packets that are regarded as the carriers of
hereditary traits.
TWO MAJOR STAGES:
1. MITOSIS – cell divides by duplicating a chemically thought genes known as
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID/DNA forming new cells each with 23 pairs of chromosomes.
2. MEIOSIS – each of ½ sets of the pairs of chromosomes, one member of each pair from
the mother and the other from the father with total of 46 chromosomes contribute
to the mixture of hereditary traits.

*this is where CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES happen when in the process, a pair

of chromosomes exchange places causing individual differences and biologic
variations among the off spring of given parents

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*MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

BIOLOGY OF SEX
In the process of reproduction, both mother and father contributes equal number of
chromosomes. Thus, every normal individual has 23 pairs a total of 46 chromosomes.
SEX DETERMINATION
Female- XX baby girl= XX
Male- XY baby boy= XY
BIRTH DEFECTS – occur when part of chromosome is missing, switches in pairing
with another chromosome or extra chromosome.
MUTATION – changes in chromosomes. It may lead to death of embryo or
characteristic disease
MONGOLOID IDIOCY or DOWN SYNDROME – may be the effect of nondisjunction,
the chromatids fail to separate during meiosis, one chromosome has a pair by twos in
the center during meiosis, one chromosome has a pair the other, none (chromosome:
2 x 22 + 1 +XX or XY)

Gregor Mendel: Father of Genetics (1822-1884)

*published work on pea plants in 1865

=it was not widely known but was rediscovered in 1901. It was initially amused that
Mendillian inheritance only accounted for large (quantities) genes was not realized until
Ronald Aylmer Fisher’s (1918) paper, “The Correlation between Relatives on the
Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance “ Mendel’s overall contribution gave the scientist
a useful overview that traits were inheritable. His plea plant demonstration become the
foundation of the study of Mendelian traits. These traits can be traced on a single locus.

MECHANICS of HEREDITY
HEREDITY – transmission of genetic traits or characteristics of parents up to the 3rd
line of ancestry. The process begins from the moment of conception. Within the
chromosomes are GENES – which are the carriers of the traits manifested by an
individual.
TRAITS:

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a. DOMINANT TRAITS – are those that are phenotypically observable or which can be
seen
b. RECESSIVE TRAITS – are expressed less frequently. Each individual receives a pair of
each trait inherited from his or her parents, one from the mother and one from the
father, wherein one can be dominant and the other recessive.
The dominant gene which is more powerful will be seen while the recessive gene
which is characterized as weak although it is present will only be hidden.
The recessive traits may be displayed if the offspring inherits recessive traits from
both parents.

FACTORS THAT MAY AFFECT THE UNBORN CHILD

1. Maternal size, weight and nutritional state.
2. Anemia (iron deficiency)
3. Cigarette smoking and substance abuse
a. Early miscarriage and still birth
b. Placental abruption
c. Placenta previa
d. Preterm birth
e. Low birth weight
4. Uterine blood flow

HEREDITY and BEHAVIOR

BIOLOGY affects behavior also through the mechanisms of heredity regulated by
genetic principles.
NATURE VS NURTURE Controversy – that is how much of our behavior is due to
inherited factors and how much environmental factors-is a question that has plagued
scientists for years and is still unresolved (Tucker 2014)
Researchers in the field called BEHAVIORAL GENETICS STUDY, through
both family and twin studies, the way in which genetic factors affect behavioral traits.
In family studies, the focus is on the investigation of blood relatives to see how similar
they are with respect to some trait.

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Twin studies compare identical twins and fraternal twins for various similarities in
appearance and behavior to see which traits/behaviors are affected by genetic
makeup.
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES
Almost every cell in our body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46
chromosomes. Half of the chromosomes come from our mother, and the other half come
from our father. The first 22 pairs are called autosomes. The 23rd pair consists of the sex
chromosomes, X and Y.
FEMALE = XX
MALE= XY
All of the information that the body needs to grow and develop comes from the
chromosomes. Each chromosome contains thousands of genes, which make proteins that
direct the body’s development, growth, and chemical reactions.
Many types of chromosomal abnormalities exist, but they can be categorized as either
numerical or structural. Numerical abnormalities are whole chromosomes either missing
from or extra to the normal pair. Structural abnormalities are when part of an individual
chromosome is missing, extra, switched to another chromosome, or turned upside down.
Chromosomal abnormalities can occur as an accident when the egg or the sperm is formed or
during the early developmental stages of the fetus. The age of the mother and certain
environmental factors may play a role in the occurrence of genetic errors. Prenatal screening
and testing can be performed to examine the chromosomes of the fetus and detect some, but
not all, types of chromosomal abnormalities.
Chromosomal abnormalities can have many different effects, depending on the specific
abnormality. For example, an extra copy of chromosome 21 causes Down syndrome (trisomy
21). Chromosomal abnormalities can also cause miscarriage, disease, or problems in growth
or development.
The most common type of chromosomal abnormality is known as aneuploidy, an abnormal
chromosome number due to an extra or missing chromosome.Most people with aneuploidy
have trisomy (three copies of a chromosome) instead of monosomy (single copy of a
chromosome). Down syndrome is probably the most well-known example of a chromosomal
aneuploidy. Besides trisomy 21, the major chromosomal aneuploidies seen in live-born babies
are: trisomy 18; trisomy 13; 45, X (Turner syndrome); 47, XXY (Klinefelter syndrome); 47,
XYY; and 47, XXX.
Structural chromosomal abnormalities result from breakage and incorrect rejoining
of chromosomal segments. A range of structural chromosomal abnormalities result in
disease. Structural rearrangements are defined as balanced if the complete
chromosomal set is still present, though rearranged, and unbalanced if information is
additional or missing. Unbalanced rearrangements include deletions, duplications, or
insertions of a chromosomal segment. Ring chromosomes can result when a
chromosome undergoes two breaks and the broken ends fuse into a circular
chromosome. An isochromosome can form when an arm of the chromosome is
missing and the remaining arm duplicates.
Balanced rearrangements include inverted or translocated chromosomal regions.
Since the full complement of DNA material is still present, balanced chromosomal
rearrangements may go undetected because they may not result in disease. A disease

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can arise as a result of a balanced rearrangement if the breaks in the chromosomes

occur in a gene, resulting in an absent or nonfunctional protein, or if the fusion of
chromosomal segments results in a hybrid of two genes, producing a new protein
product whose function is damaging to the cell.
FAMILY COPING TECHNIQUES FOR GENETIC AND BIRTH ABNORMALITIES
*Simple tips for parents and families to help cope up with the child born with
birth defect:
1. Acknowledge yourself
2.Talk to your self
3. Do some research
4. Talk to your partner
5. Know about your body’s condition
6. Try to get local support
7. Discuss freely about the birth defects with your family members and friends
8. Prepare yourself financially
9. Ask the doctor about helping aids your child might need in order to be safe and
healthy, for example prosthetic limbs, heart stent or a wheel chair.

Assignment

Home Activity 2: Which among your parents did you get more of your genes? Why do
you say so? You may present your answer by pasting a picture of them with you and
explain.
PS: If parents may not be possible to identify try to relate it to the side of your family
mother/father’s side whom you think you got most of your genes and why?

References

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK115545/

Tomas, R., Sanchez T., Paragas, E., Perez, N., Marasigan, B., Miranda, M.,
Cortez, L., Montalbo, A., Espiritu, A.,. Understanding the Self.

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SESSION NO. 1 / WEEK NO. 1

MODULE NO.3: THE PHYSICAL SELF

Overview

Moreover, this part summarizes the contents and importance of the module.
This is needed to prepare the mental set-up and to motivate the students.

Study Guide

This part should include the following details:

1. Definition and Concept of Physical Self
2. Physical Development
3. Physical Attractiveness
4. Body Image and Self-esteem
5. Improving Body Image

Learning Outcomes

1. Understand the physical changes that takes place with the development of the primary
and secondary sex characteristics;
2. Enhance oneself to be physically attractive
3. Improve body image and enhances self-esteem

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Topic Presentation

DEFINITION OF PHYSICAL SELF

• It refers to the body, this marvelous container and complex, finely

tuned, machine with which we interface with our environment and
fellow beings. It is the concrete dimension, the tangible aspect of the
person that can be directly observed and examined.
• It is the individual's perception of themselves in areas of physical ability
and appearance. Physical ability includes concepts such as physical
strength and endurance, while appearance refers to attractiveness.
• Physical self includes physical development, attractiveness and
characteristics which are the defining features about a person.

CONCEPT OF PHYSICAL SELF

• Self-image - the idea one has of one's abilities, appearance, and
personality.
• Self-concept - an idea of the self-constructed from the beliefs one
holds about oneself and the responses of others.
• Self-esteem-is an individual's subjective evaluation of their own worth.
Self-esteem encompasses beliefs about oneself.

High self-esteem means that you believe in yourself and know

that you are a great addition to this world. You recognize that you might have
a few weaknesses, but you also have a lot of strengths which really shape up
who you are.
Low self-esteem is characterized by a lack of confidence and
feeling badly about oneself.

PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

• Age of puberty is the stage of physical transformation from childhood to

adulthood.

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• It signifies the beginning of the biological and physical “growth spurt”

and development characterized by the changes in weight and body
composition.
• Females gain more weight between 7-25 kilos during puberty and slow
down at the time of the first menstrual period and continue until late
adolescence.
• Male teens gain 7-30 kilos during puberty.
• As much as 25% of the final height is gained during puberty.

TWO IMPORTANT FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

• Primary Sex Characteristics- It is already present at the birth refers to
changes of the sexual organs that are directly concerned with
reproduction.
• Secondary Sex Characteristics-It refers to visible changes and
features that appear during puberty. The development of secondary
sex characteristics is usually earlier in girls than boys.

BOYS GIRLS

Body becomes muscular Enlargement of breasts

Growth of body hair, including underarm, Growth of body hair, most prominently
abdominal, chest hair and public hair underarm and public hair

Greater mass of thigh muscles in front of Greater development of thigh muscles at

the femur the back of the femur
Shoulders grow broader than hips Hips grow wider than the shoulder

Lower body fat percentage than Changed distribution in weight and fat: more
prepubescent or adult females or subcutaneous fat and fat deposits, mainly
prepubescent males, on average around the buttocks, thighs, and hips
Enlargement of larynx (Adam’s apple) and Voice become melodious
deepening of voice

PHYSICAL ATTRACTIVENESS
• It is a degree to which a person's physical features are considered
aesthetically pleasing or beautiful.
• It includes universal perceptions across cultures along with the
individual’s view of himself.
• It could be body movements, facial features, body proportions, voice,
smell and others such as clothing, perfume and style. There are also

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other factors influencing physical attractiveness like positive

characteristics, intelligence and traits.

Features most attractive to others across culture

1. Facial features - Men prefer women with feminine facial features while
women are more attracted to men with masculine features and display
a high degree of facial Symmetry.

2. Symmetry - Men tend to be more attracted to women who exhibit

symmetrical face and has youthful appearance.

3. Wait to hip ratio- Men become attractive to a women with low wait hip
ratio.

4. Body Scent- both male and female are attracted to the natural scent
of facially attractive individual.

5. Movements pattern - Women are more attractive when walked with

hip, swaying; men are more attractive when they moved considerable agility.

6. Body built- women on the average tend to be attracted to men with

broad shoulder, narrow waist and a V-shaped torso.

7. Weight- both male and female are attracted to an individual with

normal weight and found them healthier and more attractive.

8. Height- majority of women prefer men who are taller than them. On
the average, men tend to be attracted to women who are shorter than they
are.

9. Hair- most men are more attracted to long-haired women.

What makes a woman physically attractive?

1. Stay in shape -Maintaining a good, healthy, and well-toned body

-Get enough exercise
-Eat healthy

2. Maintain good hygiene- Proper way of taking yourself

3. Get enough sleep- at least six to eight hours of sleep every night.

Benefits of getting enough sleep

Decreases obesity
Avoid illness
Less stress
Better mood Regulation

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4. Smile- A woman who keeps smiling is more approachable, likeable, and

physically attractive.

5. Develop the right attitude- Show yourself in a way you expect other
people to see you. Be happy. Exercise Positivity.

6. Cultivate a sense of humor- Laughter is said to be the best medicine.

Laughter releases Serotonin which is the cause of our good moods.

Keeping men physically attractive

In the past it is said men are attractive to women if they are financially
stable and committed to the relationship. However, in the recent researches,
EFFORT has been driven into finding out what women find physically
attractive in men.

1. Get enough sleep- to keep Physically Attractive

-Adults between 18-64 ages require seven to nine hours of
sleep per night.
-Teenagers require eight to ten hours of sleep per night

*If you have a difficulty on acquiring a good sleep at night or have

medical condition such as insomnia or sleep apnea, consult a Doctor about
treatments of these conditions.

2. Maintain a clean haircut- consider getting a new haircut that can best
complement your facial features.

3. Keep your skin clear- Having a clear skin indicates that someone is
healthy and happy.

4. Dress appropriately to feel confident- Keep your clothes neat and

clean, wear clothes that will bring you comfort.

5. Be yourself- Being yourself also plays a key role on how other people
perceive you.

6. Maintain a good posture- Keep your posture by being aware of how

you sit and stand. Bad posture shows lack of confidence and makes you
less attractive to others.

7. Maintain good hygiene- Personal Hygiene is necessary to make you

Physically Attractive.

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There is no such definite/specific Standard on what makes us

Attractive or appealing. We only need to learn how to love ourselves, take
good care, and be true to our self. We cannot please everyone that
surrounds us. “Beauty is on the eyes of the beholder”.

BODY IMAGE AND SELF-ESTEEM

• It refers to how attractive you perceive yourself. It is one part of your

self-image that becomes the focus of your attention when you reach
the age of puberty where you undergo several changes as a result of
the development of secondary sex characteristics.
• Body image is a major factor in self-esteem.

Poor Body Image

• It comes from negative thoughts and feelings about your appearance.
• As your body changes, your image also changes which may not be all
physically attractive that can bring down your self-esteem.
• Negative views about one’s image are usually an effect of the society’s
beauty standards, or messages about the “ideal” body. (Eating
Disorder Hope, 2018)

Positive Body Image

• Having a positive body image means feeling pretty satisfied with the
way you look, appreciating your body for its capabilities, and accepting
its imperfections.

Body image is a major factor in self-esteem. Self-esteem is made up of

thoughts about your self-worth and how much you feel other people value
you.

• It is important because feeling good about you can affect your mental
health and how you behave and it is not fixed.
• Compliments from other people to counteract the negative thoughts
and feelings that oftentimes bother them.
• People with high self-esteem tend to be more realistic and have better
knowledge of themselves.

• By age 18, girls and boys are more satisfied with their bodies than they
were in their earlier teens. But not everyone’s body changes at the
same time or even at the same pace. It takes time for some people to
feel comfortable in their changing bodies.

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• Adolescent females tend to be more pre-occupied with body weight

and slimness than adolescent males. Adolescent males may want to
increase body mass.

- Women's greater interest in appearance is socially learned —

that it derives purely from social promotion and marketing of a feminine
image.

-The greater importance of physical appearance for women's

mate value is confirmed by the fact that their bodies have been more
extensively remodeled by sexual selection than is true of men.
(Psychology Today)

Developing a positive body image

• It can probably like and accept yourself the way you are, even if you
don’t fit some media ‘ideal”. This healthy attitude allows you to explore
other aspects of growing up, such as developing good friendships,
becoming more independent from your parents, and challenging
yourself physically and mentally.

• A positive, optimistic attitude can help people develop strong self-

esteem.
• Knowing what makes you happy and how to meet your goals can help
you feel capable, strong, and in control of your life. A positive attitude
and a healthy lifestyle are a great combination for building good self-
esteem.

TIPS FOR IMPROVING BODY IMAGE

1. Recognize that your body is your own, no matter what shape or

size it comes in. Try to focus on how strong and healthy your body is
and the things it can do, not what’s wrong with it or what you feel you
want to change about it.

2. Identify which aspects of your appearance you can realistically

change and which you can’t. Humans are imperfect. It is what
makes each of us unique and original.

3. If there are things about yourself that you want to change and
can, do this by making goals for yourself. If you want to get fit,
make a plan to exercise every day and eat healthy.

4. When you have negative comments coming from within, tell

yourself to stop. Appreciate that each person is more than just how
he or she looks on any given day.

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5. Try building your self-esteem by giving yourself three

compliments every day. While you’re at it, every evening list three
things in your day that really gave you pleasure.

Some people with physical disabilities or differences may feel they are not
seen for their true selves because of their bodies and what they can and can’t
do.

Assignment

Home Activity 3: Describe your physical self in your own words. Are you happy with
your own appearance? Why? If there is a part/parts of your body that you would like
to change what will it be and why? 150 words minimum

References

Tomas, R. et al.(2018). The Physical Self. In Understanding the Self (pp. 27-35).
Mutya Publishing House, Inc.

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SESSION NO. / WEEK NO.

MODULE NO. 4: THE SEXUAL SELF

Study Guide

1. Defining Sexual Concept

2. Sex and Sexuality in Adolescence
3. Sexual Sex Concept
4. Sex and Relationships
5. Sexually Transmitted Diseases
6. Methods of Contraception (natural and artificial)

Learning Outcomes

In this module, you will be able to:

1. Explain the nature, concept, and meaning of sexual self-concept;
2. Identify behavior towards understanding of one’s sexuality, and;
3. Demonstrate understanding and acceptance of one’s sexual concept.

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Topic Presentation

SEXUAL SELF CONCEPT

— Is characterized as a person’s evaluation of his or her own sexual

feelings and actions.
— It refers to the totality of oneself as a sexual being, including positive
and negative concepts and feelings.
— Sexual self-concept defined as an individual's evaluation of his or her
own sexual feelings and actions--is proposed as an important
predictor of contraceptive behavior among teenagers.
— Sexual self-concept is found to be associated with frequency of
contraceptive use and use at most recent intercourse.

SEX AND SEXUALITY IN

ADOLESCENT
• Sex is a primary category of Human Social Perception.
— At birth, each individual is classified by biological sex.

• Biological Sex is an identification of the individual if it is a girl or a boy.

• Judging a person as a male or female has been described as an

automatic social cognitive process that is effortless, unintended, and
involuntary.

Sex can be also defined using:

— Chromosomes
— Gonads
— Gonadal Hormones
— Internal Accessory Organs

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— External Genitalia

• Individuals with mixed sexual configurations using these different

biological criteria are known as intersexed or intersexual.

• Growth and Development are the continues process which acquire a

change on individual every moment.
• Development of Sexuality begins as early as in intrauterine life
following conception and continues through Infancy, Childhood,
Adolescence, Adulthood and till death.
— Infancy is defined as the first year of life after birth.
— Childhood it generally refers to children between the ages of 1 to 3
years of age.
— Adolescence is the period of life between the beginning of puberty and
adulthood.
— Adulthood propose as a new life stage between adolescence and
young adulthood lasting roughly from ages 18 to 25.

According to US National Library of Medicine (2015), Adolescence can

be broadly divided into three stages:
1. Early Stage
2. Middle Stage
3. Last Stage

SEX, GENDER, AND

SEXUAL ORIENTATION

Margarita Go-Singco Holmes, popularly known as Dr. Margie Holmes

is a popular Psychologist specializing in Sex Therapy in the Philippines

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In 2015, Dr. Margie Holmes gave primer on:

— Lesbian is a female homosexual; a female who experiences

romantic love or sexual attraction to other females.
— Gay of, relating to, or characterized by sexual or romantic
attraction to people of one’s same sex. Often used to refer to men
only.
— Bisexual sexually attracted not exclusively to people of one
particular gender, attracted to both men and women.
— Transgender people whose gender identity is different from the
gender they were thought to be at birth.
— Intersex a person born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that
doesn’t fit the boxes of “female” or “male”
— Queer attraction to people of many genders and don’t conform to
cultural norms around gender and/or sexuality.

In 2015, Margie Holmes, a Psychologist gave informative writing on LQBTQ

issues and definition. She differentiated Sex and Gender
— Sex: all about biological chromosomes, gonads and hormones (pure
science).
— Gender is psychological and cultural. (how a person views himself/
herself outside her science anatomy) studies include; gender identity,
gender roles, gender stereotypes. Under this umbrella are as follows:

• In Gender Expectation: Male falls to Female vice versa but here there are
a lot of lot of Sexual Orientation Forms these area follows:
— Heterosexual is an attraction and behavior towards opposite sex.
— Homosexual is attraction to the same sex
— Bisexual is an attraction to both male and female.
— Asexual is a person who do not have attraction towards any sex or
gender.
— Pansexual have the ability to attract to anyone regardless of sex
— Intersexed are those who falls outside the male and female
dichotomy.

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A. Gender Identity refers to intimate knowledge and experience of

the individual’s own gender. It is perceived as subjective and
based on self-identification. It is a personal conception of oneself
as male or female a blend both, or neither how individuals
perceive themselves and what they call themselves. Can be
different from sex assigned birth. Which is often confuse it was
often assumed that it is match on one’s biological sex. But it
proved that one’s biological sex may not always match on one’s
gender (Golden 2009)

In gender-binary / heteronormative paradigm (only male and female are the

only acceptable genders). Transgender and Transsexual are excluded to this.

Some Common Gender Definitions Include:

A. Trans-people are Persons identifies with the opposite

gender- those who identify themselves opposite to their sexual
assigned birth and eventually to their gender.
— BB Gandang Hari / Rustom Padilla legal identity has
changed his gender from male to female. (Under the rule
of court of Los Angeles)

B. Transexual are people who has opposite gender to their

biological sex.
— Gender Reassignment

C. Transgender covers a range of identities or behaviors. Often

used to describe non-traditional gender behaviors or
identities.
— Kevin Balot, first transgender who won and crowned as
the Miss International Queen 2012 held in Pattaya
Thailand.
— Jake Zyrus, (born Charmaine Clarice Relucio
Pempengco; May 10, 1992), who performed under the

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mononym Charice until his gender transition to male as

Filipino singer who rose to popularity through Youtube.

D. Intersex refers to a range of conditions where a person’s sex

is not strictly male or female (biologically) This may due to
underdeveloped primary sex characteristics.

• Gender Roles refers to societal roles relating to perceived sex.

• Gender Expressions is how gender is expressed; Outward

presentation. How she or he dress, wears make up etch. It may not
match to someone’s gender identity
1. Masculine present as a man
2. Feminine present in feminine way
3. Androgynous mixed of both masculine and feminine

Her study showed that Transphobia-Antagonism (dislike of or

prejudice against trans) towards transsexual and transgender is worse than
homophobia (dislike or prejudice against gay people).

GENDER IDENTITY

• Gender Identity is perceived as subjective and based on self-

identification. It is also defined as a personal conception of oneself as
male or female a blend of both or neither how individuals perceive
themselves and what they call themselves.

However, human experience shows proof that one’s biological sex may
not always mate one’s psychological gender

— Kevin Balot
— BB Gandang Hari
— Jake Zyrus
— Aiza Seguerra
— Geraldine Roman

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ASPECTS OF
SEXUALITY
There are several researchers today that focus on the aspects of
sexuality.

Aspects of Sexuality
— Sexual Pleasure emotional satisfaction that arises from the movement
of those organs.

— Sexual Satisfaction feeling fulfilled and satisfied with one’s sexual life.

— Sexual Desire a motivational state that generates increased attention to

sexual stimuli.

— Sexual Agency is the ability to act in a way that accomplishes your

goals.

In sexuality, when we say “sexual agency”, it is composed of complex

group of skills, rights and abilities:
According to Madsen (2014), sexual agency includes the following:
— The ability to define yourself sexually

— The ability to choose whether or not you want to experience

sexual activity

— The ability to choose how you want to engage in sexual activity.

SEXUAL SELF CONCEPT

— It is also known as sexual self-view

— Sexual self-concept is a multidimensional construct that refers to an
individual’s positive and negative perceptions and feelings about him or
herself as a sexual being.

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— A good indicator of what kind of relationship with tend to get into, and
how we tend to behave within relationships, with an emphasis on sexual
satisfaction.

Aspects of Sexual Concept

1. Sexual Self Esteem
• Is a feeling of self-worth and sexual situation.
• Tends to positively evaluates one’s own capacity

Sub Factors of Sexual Self Esteem

o Sexual Behavior
— Express their sexual self through their intimate relationships.
— How people from romantic relationships meet their needs of
attachment.

o Sexual Conduct
— Is a feeling of adequacy of behavior in sexual situations and
with partners.
— It is a set of characteristics that are ascribed to how normal and
how real men and women should act.

o Sexual Attractiveness
— Feelings of sexual appearance and desirability.

2. Sexual Anxiety
• The feelings of tension discomfort and anxiety about the sexual
aspects of one’s life.
• Sexuality are seen as shameful for women who are not married and
or not committed.
• Married and committed are expected to yell their partner sexual
desire.

3. Sexual Exploration

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• Includes initiation of adolescence and increases as part of the

normative development of adolescence and sexual identity.
• Knowing your sexual self is knowing your own pleasure and
satisfaction.
• According to study, the best way to know your own pleasure when
exploring it alone is by means of erotic thoughts. Fantasizing and
thinking of something that may help you feel arouse the feeling of sexual
pleasure and or desire.

4. Erotic Self Exploration

• First step to realize a healthy sex life by means of erotic self-

exploration.
• In order for you to give sexual pleasure together with your partner, you
must know your own sexual pleasure.
• Erotic self-exploration is believed to be part of sexual self-exploration
in which you are fantasizing or thinking something that may help you
obtain your sexual desire.
• Is exploring your body and or partner's body to gain and give
pleasure.
• Example of erotic self-exploration is the so-called touching exercise, it
persists throughout the sex life, with each successive exercise reveals
more of the priceless self-knowledge that is critical for building
healthy, lasting, inter and intra-personal sexual relation.
• Erotic self-exploration helps to learn to integrate the mental and
physical components of sex.

5. Sexual Self Efficacy

• One of the most important issue in terms of sexual health.

• It refers to your ability to effectively perform the task.
• Is the belief in one’s capabilities in the aptitude to overcome
challenges, adversities, and obstacles in one’s life. It is a predictor

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of health behavior and as the most important part of individual

behavioral change:
A. She is able to see herself as a person who can make
decisions about what happens to her sexually.
B. He knows how to say yes and no to sexual behavior and
relationships.
C. He knows how to ask for consent from a partner before
engaging in sexual behavior and how to demand that
others ask for consent.

SEX AND
RELATIONSHIPS
Concomitant to the discussions on sexual self is the views of the
individuals on sexual relationships and conduct.

Emerging Sex Trend

• Partner Swapping
— Sometimes called wife-swapping or partner, is a non-
monogamous behavior, in which both singles and partners in a
committed relationship engage in sexual activities with others,
may it be for recreational, or social purposes.

• Orgies
— Are type of parties where people engage in unrestrained
intimacies with each other.
— Can happen between strangers, or together with known people.

The Online Space

• Pornography
— Otherwise known as porn, it is the portrayal of sexual object
matter for the purpose of sexual arousal.

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— It can be presented in a variety of media which includes books,

magazines, photographs, sculpture, drawing, painting,
animation, sound recording, writing, film, video, and video
games.

• Primary Subjects of Present-Day Pornographic Depictions

— People who pose for still photographs.

— Pornographic Actors, or Porn Stars.

• Cyber Sex
— Also called Computer Sex, Internet Sex, Net Sex, and in colloquial
terms: Cyber, or Cybering.
— An encounter in which two or more people connect remotely via
either sent messages describing sexual experiences, videos
involving nudity and such that whose goal is to provide sexual
pleasure through the internet.
— Can occur within the context of existing or intimate
relationships: among lovers who are geographically separated, or
in a long-distance relationship, or; among complete strangers.

Education, Guidance and Support

Developing a sexual self-concept is an important developmental task of
adolescence. However, little empirical evidence describes this development,
nor how these changes are related in development in sexual behavior.
Over a four-year time frame, with the use of longitudinal group data from
adolescent women, researchers examined a reciprocal development in sexual
self-concept, among which include the following: sexual openness, sexual
esteem, and sexual anxiety. It has been found that there are notable
transactional effects between these dimensions, and behavior: sexual self-
concept involved during adolescence in a manner consistent with a less

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reserve, less anxiety, develops a greater personal comfort with sexuality and
sexual behavior.
Furthermore, it has been concluded that sexual self-concept results from
sexual behavior, and at the same time, it regulates the future behavior.

SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED
DISEASES

— Infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual
contact.
The causes of STDs are bacteria, parasites, and viruses.
— Anyone at any age can get an STI.
— During sex (vaginal, oral, or anal) or close intimate contact.

Common Types of STD

• Chlamydia

— The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the virus that causes

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), is transmitted by
blood and body fluids.

• Gonorrhoea
— Gonorrhea is one of the most common STDs in the United States
and can lead to infertility in men and women. It is both treatable
and preventable, though scientists have discovered a new strain of
gonorrhea that is resistant to all currently utilized antibiotics.

• Trichomoniasis

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— Trichomoniasis is the most common curable STI. Millions of people

are infected each year in the United States

• Genital Warts
— HPV is the most common STD and at least 50% of sexually active
people will get it at some time in their lives. The body usually
clears HPV on its own without causing any problems, but HPV
can lead to certain kinds of cancer.

• Genital Herpes
— Herpes is a common STD and a lot of people who have it don’t
even know. There is no cure for herpes, but there is treatment that
can lessen symptoms and decrease the likelihood of passing it on to
someone else.

• Pubic Lice
— Pubic or “crab” lice are parasitic insects that survive by feeding on
human blood. Pubic lice are different parasites than head or body lice
and are usually found in the pubic hair, but can also be found in
other course body hair like eyebrows, beard, chest or armpit hair.

• Scabies
— Scabies are parasites that infect the skin and cause really intense
itching. Scabies are transferred by skin-to-skin contact and can
occur anywhere on the body. This means that while scabies can
be passed through sexual contact, it is usually passed through non-
sexual skin-to-skin contact.

• Syphilis
— Syphilis is spread by contact with open sores (usually during sex).
If left untreated, it can cause serious health problems, including
brain and nervous system damage, blood infection and even

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death. If early action is taken, syphilis can be cured with

antibiotics.
— Syphilis prevalence is growing in the United States, particularly
among men who have sex with men.

Signs and Symptoms:

✓ Painful urination
✓ Lower abdominal pain
✓ Vaginal discharge in women
✓ Discharge from the penis in men
✓ Pain during sexual intercourse in women
✓ Bleeding between periods in women
✓ Testicular pain in men

Many STDs are said to be socially stigmatized. In other words, people

are judged or condemned for being infected with STDs. Other types of disease
may also carry some level of social stigma.

In my opinion, the only real cure for STD stigma is better sex education.
People need to learn how common these diseases are. They need to learn how
easily they're treated. Then, maybe, we can start working on
making screening more common. After all, one of the worst parts of STD stigma
is that doctors can suffer from it too.

Sometimes that makes it hard to get tested, even if you don't suffer from
STD stigma yourself.

UNDERSTANDING AND
SUPPORTING
SEXUALITY
Remember you can still contribute to an equal, supportive and non-
discriminatory society. Here are some tips to accepting any identity.

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• Try to educate people about the issues surrounding sexual identity

• Make sure your workplace is friendly and visibly supportive towards
sexuality and gender diverse young people.
• It is important to affirm to young people that gender and sexuality are
always diverse and that gender and sexuality differences are normal and
healthy.
• It may be helpful to reiterate young people that no one else can dictate
their gender and sexuality, and that they have the right to make their own
choices regarding their gender and sexuality.

GALLERY

Kevin Balot BB Gandanghari Jake Zyrus

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Aiza Seguerra Geraldine Roman

Assignment

Home Activity 4: Are you on that age or part of your life where you are comfortable
with your sexuality or sexual preference? How? Or Why?

How can you define yourself in the Sexual Self Concept? 150 words minimum

References

Tomas, R. et al.(2018). The Physical Self. In Understanding the Self (pp. 27-35).
Mutya Publishing House, Inc.

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