COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL SCIENCE AND

VETERINARY MEDICINE SCHOOL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND

VETERINARY MEDICINE

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, ANIMAL SCIENCE AND

VETERINARY MEDICINE SCHOOL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND
VETERINARY MEDICINE

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices(KAP) regarding Humane Dog

Population Management (HDPM) in Rabies Control in Nyagatare district, Rwanda.

By:
Adrien MANISHIMWE
Registration Number: 218005090
Principal Supervisor: Pie NTAMPAKA (BVM, MVSc)
Academic Year 2022-2023
COMPONENT OF Research methodology
Lecturer: Dr.Richard Gashuru, PHD

CHAPTER.I. INTRODUCTION
I.1Background................................................................................. 1
I.2 .Problem statement and Justification............................................ 2
I.3. Aims and objectives........................................................................ 3
I.4.The specific objectives.....................................................................4
I.5. Research questions...........................................................................5
I.5. Hypothesis..........................................................................................6
CHAPTER II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
II. 1. The study area and population
II.2. Study design and targeted population
II.3. Sampling method and sample size determination
II.4. Data collection
II.5.Data Analysis

CHAPTER III. Expected outcomes for this study

III.1.Expected outcomes or importance of this study

References

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

HDPM: Humane Dog Population Management

CDC: Centre for Disease Control and prevention
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the united nations.
GARC: Global Alliance for Rabies Control
RBC: Rwanda Biomedical Center
MINAGRI: Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources
UR: University of Rwanda

WHO: World Health Organization

List of Figures

Figure 1. Map of Rwanda, Eastern province, Nyagatare district, and Nyagatare Sector
.............................................................................................................................................1

Figure2. Map of Nyagatare District, and Nyagatare

Sector..................................................2
Chapter I: INTRODUCTION

References

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

HDPM: Humane Dog Population Management
CDC: Centre for Disease Control and prevention
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the united nations.
GARC: Global Alliance for Rabies Control
RBC: Rwanda Biomedical Center
MINAGRI: Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources
UR: University of Rwanda
WHO: World Health Organization
List of Figures
Figure 1. Map of Rwanda, Eastern province, Nyagatare district, and Nyagatare Sector

Figure 2. Map of Nyagatare District, and Nyagatare

Sector..................................................
Chapter I: INTRODUCTION

I.1. Background
Rabies is a viral disease that is preventable but it results in almost 100% of the case
fatality rate in humans and animals (WHO, 2016). Rabies is considered to be one of
the oldest infectious diseases affecting a vast host of mammals (Knobel et al, 2005)
and the mode of transmission in humans is usually via the bite of a rabid animal. All
warm-blooded mammals are susceptible hosts to rabies virus (Wilsmore et al, 2006).
Worldwide, rabies kills over 55,000 people per year in developing countries (CDC,
2022). Humane Dog Population Management (HDPM) is a versatile approach that
connects the different level of societies to break into silos and work together to
promote the wellbeing of stray dogs, solve the problems caused stray dogs at large is
facing, and take part in minimizing the size of free-roaming dogs and facilitate more
effective rabies control and prevention(Taylor et al, 2017).

I.2. Problem statement and justification

Rabies is a zoonotic viral disease caused by Lyssa viruses that pose public health
challenges all over the world in terms of prevention and control and eradication
(Aiyedun et al, 2011) but it suggested that rabies vaccine coverage against rabies
varies from concerning people to dog proportion, captivity condition, the total dog
population size and stray dog population with unknown claim condition (Knobel et
al., 2008; Wild et al., 2005). In Europe and North America, mass vaccination has
successfully contained the disease (WHO, 2008). This demonstrates that rabies can be
prevented and eradicated by Immunization of both reservoirs and susceptible animal
populations. The information on local beliefs, knowledge, attitudes, and practices
regarding Humane Dog Population Management (HDPM) in Rabies Control can help
us to identify problems that are barriers to rabies prevention and control and causes
unplanned death of animals and humans. Between January and August 2016, about
413 cases of dog bites (an average of 54 dog bites per month) in humans were
reported across Rwanda and resulted in one death (Rwanda Biomedical Center, 2016).
It was estimated that in 2016, there were 18,1117 dogs of which (62.7%) 11,375 were
vaccinated against rabies, 6742 of unknown status, and 2870 stray dogs were killed in
response to the increasing human bites (Rwanda Biomedical Center, 2016). In
Rwanda, the lack of collaboration between veterinarians and medical doctors is a
major barrier to successful surveillance and control. Ntampaka et al., 2019 revealed
that stray and free-roaming dogs were behind dog-bites incidence in Rwanda, 81.8%
of the respondents preferred regular vaccination of dogs as a technique of choice for
preventing people from rabies. According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal
Resources ( MINAGRI ) annual report in 2018, they reported that 8,809 dogs and
cats were vaccinated in Rwanda and 2,792 stray dogs were killed. Rwanda's one-
health approach provides key innovations to serious new health problems in zoonotic
diseases including rabies, between systems that improve communication, improve
monitoring, reduce response times, save health and the economy and provide a
synergistic effect (Nyatanyi et al., 2017).
Furthermore, there is no study on the awareness, KAP of rabies among dog owners in
the Nyagatare sector which accommodates many unvaccinated stray dogs, We have
many roaming dogs in Nyagatare Sector and sectors around and interactions between
livestock and wild animals from Akagera national park. In addition, Socio-culture is
still a barrier to the effective welfare of the dog in Rwanda. Therefore, this research
study will help us to investigate rabies awareness (knowledge, attitude, and practice)
regarding Humane Dog Population Management (HDPM) in Rabies Control in
Nyagatare district to a great extent.

Therefore, the significance of the expected results of the research study will involve
the establishment of a baseline assessment of the knowledge, skills needs, attitudes,
and practices on prevention, control, and eradication of rabies using the Humane Dog
Population Management (HDPM) concept in the Nyagatare sector. the study will
promote the welfare of stray dogs and will result in the establishment of effective
mass rabies vaccination campaign strategies for dogs in the Nyagatare Sector. This
will also help in assessing the level of understanding of the accomplishment regarding
Humane Dog Population management in eradicating and reducing animal welfare
matters faced by the dog and will improve knowledge of dog owners and professional
workers regarding rabies prevention, control and encourage veterinary students and
alumni to promote and raise the overall standard of the wellbeing of the dog owners
and free-roaming dogs by providing veterinary care services for dog health including
vaccination, humane treatment, castration, deworming and rehoming them, proper
feeding awareness. Therefore, the welfare of dogs will be taken into consideration in
the Nyagatare sector of Nyagatare District, Rwanda.
It will be very crucial to know the attitudes of the dog owners toward the welfare of
dogs to determine the contribution of Humane Dog Population Management in the
community as well as rabies eradication in the region. Finally, feed is scarce for dogs
as there is a large number of dog populations in the region with competition for
human food which has a direct or indirect negative impact on the health of humans
and the welfare of dogs. Most dog owners are unable to afford to spay, or castration
services due to poor financial ability which leads to many problems and rabies cases,
thus humane spaying and castration is a must to control dog population size, improve
the wellbeing of dogs and help us in rabies eradication and the Increase population
size will never be ended except to stop breeding in dog and through humane castration
and spaying will remove the barriers that prevent people from sterilizing their dogs
(Animal welfare violence) and promote animal welfare, for example, euthanasia has
to be performed in an ethically acceptable way and by veterinarians without suffering
for the animals thus, poisoning with strychnine will not be accepted and the use of
snares for the trapping of dogs will be replaced by life traps. Veterinary public health
practice has demonstrated that a reduction of canine rabies correlates with a
substantial decrease in human rabies cases. If rabies is eliminated from domestic
animals and wildlife, the incidence of rabies in mankind will also be controlled.
Animal rabies can be controlled by proper induction of herd immunity, humane
removal of stray animals, and promotion of responsible pet ownership via education
channels.
I.3. Research questions

1. What are the people's attitudes that can affect dog population management in the
Nyagatare sector?
2. What are the most welfare problems faced by stray dogs and home dogs in the
Nyagatare sector?
3. What is the current status of stray dogs and the sources of stray dogs in Nyagatare?
How is Humane Dog Population Management important in rabies control and
response to the welfare of stray dogs and home dogs?
4. What is the level of knowledge and practices of Humane Dog Population
Management as far as Rabies control in dogs among cattle farmers who keep dogs and
dog owners in the Nyagatare sector?
affect dog population management man attitudes that could
affect dog population management

I.4. General Objectives:

The objective of the study will be based on the assessment of the knowledge,
attitudes, and practices(KAP) of dog owners and workers using the Humane Dog
Population Management (HDPM) approach in Rabies Control by addressing the
serious issue faced by roaming dogs or stray dogs, feral dogs and provide coast
solving problems to find humane solutions to manage dog population and rabies
eradication in Nyagatare sector Nyagatare District, Rwanda.

I.5. Specific objectives

To promote the welfare of dog owners and stray dog awareness in the community via
training sector veterinarians of Nyagatare district in rabies control for a one-day
refresher course at the School of Veterinary Medicine, Nyagatare Campus where
sector veterinarians will show compassion protection, and care for the health of a dog.

To determine socio-culture barriers that prevent people from sterilizing their dogs
Humanely in society through skills, knowledge, and attitudes change of dog owners
in the Nyagatare sector
3. To understand practices regarding humane dog population management in rabies
control and prevention in the Nyagatare sector

I.6. Hypothesis
There is a low knowledge level among dog owners regarding Humane Dog
Population Management in rabies control in the Nyagatare sector.
2. There are negative attitudes of workers and dog owners towards the welfare of
dogs, especially stray dogs in the Nyagatare sector.
3. There are poor practices regarding key aspects of rabies control and prevention
measures among dog owners in the Nyagatare sector.
4. Attitudes towards animals correlate with attitudes to people and public health
workers– cruelty to animals is usually an indicator of societal problems.

Chapter II: Materials and Methods

II. 1. The study area and population
The study will be carried out from march to April 2023 in the Nyagatare sector found
in the Nyagatare district. The district is one of the 30 districts of Rwanda and it is in
the eastern part of the country. The District of Nyagatare is made of 14 sectors that
are composed of 106 administrative cells and 630 villages (Nyagatare District, 2021).
In addition, it is the biggest and the second most populated district in the country with
a 1,741 km2 surface area and 600,000 inhabitants. It occupies half of Akagera
National Park which hosts a variety of wildlife species.
The Nyagatare sector is located in the Nyagatare district of the Eastern province of
Rwanda with a population of 52,107 people. The Nyagatare sector covers 164 km2
and consists of eighteen villages and nine cells (Nyagatare District, 2010). Nyagatare
district will be selected because it has the highest number of cattle farmers with dogs
on their farms in Rwanda. In this study we will vaccinate around five hundred (500)
dogs including stray dogs and more than 50 dogs will be castrated. Nyagatare sector
will be selected due to the higher dog population in the district. Finally, this study will
be carried out in all nine cells of the Nyagatare sector. This study will be conducted in
all nine cells of the Nyagatare sector
(figure1).
Figure2

Map of Nyagatare Sector showing cells where this study will be carried
out (represented by astar icon)
Source: https://rwandi24.blogspot.com/2020/11/rwanda-districts-map.html. Accessed
on 19/08/2022
II.2. Study design and targeted population
A cross-sectional survey will be used to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices on
the prevention and control of dogs, and stray dogs using the HDPM concept. Open-
and closed-ended questionnaires will be used and face-to-face interviews with dog
owners or cattle farmers owning dogs at home be conducted. The study will involve
dog owners, cattle farmers who keep the dog on their farms, and stray dogs, in the
study area. The study will involve dog owners, cattle farmers who keep the dog on
their farms, and stray dogs, in the cells or villages of the Nyagatare sector. More than
One thousand(1000) people including dog owners and cattle farmers who keep dogs
will be interviewed. Our targeted population of dog owners or cattle farmers with
dogs at home in the whole Nine (9) cells of the Nyagatare Sector plus total straying
dogs occurring in the Nyagatare sector.

II.3. Sampling method and sample size determination

In 2021, the dog Population of Nyagatare district was estimated at 4080 dogs while
families owning dogs added up to 2812 families (Ndishimye Prudence, unpublished
data). Nyagatare sector is made up of 9 cells, all nine cells will be selected based on
the availability of dairy farms that keep or had kept guard dogs, dog owners, and stray
dogs. The Nyagatare sector report of December 2020 mentioned that the number of
cattle farmers was estimated to be 594 which equated to 594 dairy farms that kept or
had kept guard dogs. The respondents will be selected at random (simple random
sampling) from the population of Cattle farmers that kept or had kept guard dogs, and
dog owners in the study cells.
3.1. Sample size
According to the Nyagatare sector report of December 2020, the number of dogs in
the Nyagatare sector was estimated to be 594 which was equated to the number of
dairy farms that keep or had kept guard dogs. To determine the sample size, the
Yamane formula will be used: n=N/1+N (e) 2
Where:
N=594
n=594/1+594(0.1)2=86

N=Population
n= Sample size
e= Precision level: 10%

II.4.Data collection
Target participants will be dog owners and Cattle farmers or cattle farm workers that
kept or had kept guard dogs. A questionnaire for dog owners will be provided for
gathering data based, dog owners will be trained before to get accurate information
and answer the questions provided. and the questions will be translated into two
languages, both native language(Kinyarwanda) and foreign language (English ) to
remove language barriers for local people during data collection, however, the
application software used will be in English because this date will be needed in
scientific research and publication.

The questionnaire will be made up 4 categories

Demographic
1. Demographic include,Id,Age,Gender, Female,Male,Prefer not to say,Educational
level,NoEducational,Primary,Secondary,University,Maritalstatus ,Single ,Married ,Di
vorced ,Widow /Widower,Social-economic status ,Cell.
Role of the participant, Owner Worker Except for dogs, what other pets do you own?
How many dogs do you have? Is feed available for your pet? How often do you clean
your dog?
Knowledge of Humane dog population management in the rabies control section: the
questions will be asked about the process of humane dog population Management in
rabies control. In a holistic approach to rabies, the welfare of dogs will have a top
priority in this study. The dog owner provider will be taken as having enough skills if
the total points among the 12 asked questions will be higher than the average points.
Attitude on rabies prevention and control, the welfare of dogs, and rehoming stray
dogs section:15 questions will be set and the attitudes section will be structured using
yes or No and occasionally. For each question, the dog owner will provide the answer
by yes or No or occasionally.
Practices on rabies, the welfare of dogs, dog bites, and dog owners: first will include
questions regarding Humane Dog Population Management in case of dog bites, the
welfare of dogs including stray dogs and the questions will be evaluated on five
scores on Likert scale (five: strong yes to one: strong no). The variable will be
changed to two scores (best against worse). Dog owners and workers will be decided
to have best practices regarding dog bites, and the welfare of dogs if overall answered
questions will respect the prevention and control of rabies and the welfare of dogs. To
make good progress in the study, tablets or smartphones equipped with kobo toolbox
software will be used to administer questionnaires, showing geographical location
with attitudes in cattle farm owners where most in Nyagatare cattle farm owners have
dogs. To get data quality control will be done by professional trainers and
interviewers, pre-testing the tools will be a must, scanning, collecting the data on
tablets, computers, or smartphones, and managing the collection of data at the right
time.
1. Initial collection of data and assessment
a. How many dogs are owned dogs, divided into 2 groups: With restrained movement
and allowed to roam
b. How many dogs are real feral dogs, living in the Nyagatare sector? How high is
their reproduction rate?
c. How many dogs that roam and are owned, enter the park at which time of the day?
How big is the range of their roaming area?
d. How high is the wildlife damage that they cause? What other problems do they
cause (e.g. killing of domestic animals like chickens)?
e. How high is the number of rabies cases in people in the Nyagatare sector, how
many dog bites are recorded, and how many post-exposition anti-rabies treatments
(Vaccination) in people are performed per year (does not mean that an infection did
take place).

What is needed for this research?

A group of researchers: Should consist of Rwandan people with a good approach to
the local community. Should have understood how to collect data. A concise
questionnaire must be drafted. All authorities which can provide data that already
exists should be contacted (Rwanda Development Board, Rwanda Agriculture Board,
district and sector veterinarians: Data of dog population in Nyagatare hospital,
Rwanda National Police: Data of dog bites, road accidents; Village security
committee, coordinate night patrols: frequency of roaming dogs during the night;
questionnaire: For interviewing village people concerning incidents like dog bites,
livestock damage, number of roaming dogs). All data have to be evaluated (Statistical
aid will be searched, e.g. University of Rwanda). This step has to be done under the
control of the International Veterinary Student Association-Rwanda, the principal
Supervisor, and co-supervisors.

II.5.Data Analysis
The processed data will be analyzed using R software's latest version which is free. A
descriptive analysis will be done based on processed data. Quantitative variables will
account for average with its variance while the variables which are qualitative account
for absolute and (rf). where rf is relative frequency.

  Project timeline 2023

Activities Responsible Execution, duration in Months

Jan Feb Mac Apr May
1. Data collection Team of trained
(Record/ count of all dogs veterinary
‘owners Plus the total number of students under
stray dogs occurring Supervisors
Nyagatare sector, and other
related activities
1. castration materials, drugs, Prof. Tukei
buying vaccination, and Michael, Adrien
vaccination materials for rabies Manishimwe
preparation, Transport, restraining
equipment preparation

2. Vaccination drivers for Team of 20 final

unvaccinated dogs year veterinary
students from the
International
Veterinary
Student
Association
(IVSA-Rwanda)
and alumni under
supervisors of
 the veterinary
sector, lecturers
3. free castration for dog owners Dr. Gervais with
and rehoming dogs. veterinary
students
5.Training ( day refresher course )
on the welfare of dog promotion
Dr.Pie Ntampaka,
at the University of
Dr.Margaret
Rwanda ,School of veterinary
Tumusiime
medicine Nyagatare campus.

This study is planned to start from January toward the end of may 2023 if funded.

CHAPTER III. Expected outcomes for this study

Assessing knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding Humane Dog Population

Management (HDPM) for the prevention and eradication of rabies in the Nyagatare
sector through this study will result in the establishment of effective mass rabies
vaccination campaign strategies for dogs in the Nyagatare Sector.

This will also help in assessing the level of understanding of the implementation of
humane dog population management in stopping and reducing problems caused by
stray dogs and will enhance best practices and skills required for dog owners and
change the poor mindset of the societies and socio-culture barriers to effective Animal
welfare especially stray dogs which are in dangers and encouraging veterinary
students to take a part by providing veterinary standards services to ward dog owners.

It will improve communities' common understanding to look for rabies vaccinations

for their dogs to ward the end of this study, we will know the total number of dogs
including stray dogs sources in the Nyagatare sector, and dog owners' attitudes toward
the welfare of dogs including rabies prevention and control using Humane Dog
Population Management and changing poor mindset regarding socio-Culture barriers
to effective welfare of dogs as creators.

Humane spaying and castration is a must to control the dog population and help us in
rabies eradication and the barriers that prevent people from sterilizing their
dogs(Animal welfare violence) should be replaced by spaying to respect the welfare
of dogs, dogs need care like humans and other animals, therefore, must have right to
access to their five freedoms of animals. educating people who benefit from the
welfare of dogs will change their mindset because when the welfare of dogs is
respected well-being of humans will be improved.

Free dog castration services will help to improve community acceptance of dogs and
reduce cruelty toward dogs and enhance society participation to promote responsible
dog ownership and better veterinary care will be taken into consideration for caring
for dogs and dog vaccination coverage participation.

To achieve our goal, I will carry out the following activity

1. Castration and deworming: through free castration of dogs by offering castration

services to dog owners to the challenging issue and providing regular deworming,
treat them humanely to boost their wellbeing.

2. Veterinary standards services: Who is responsible to ensure or destroy the health

of dogs? providing free consultancy health care for dogs and dog immunization will
ensure the welfare of dogs and increase their life expectancy with happiness

3.Education: Who benefits from the well-being of dogs (we people, God, animals
themselves)? Educating veterinary students about humane care for dogs and society
regarding bringing up their dogs will be a root for changing attitudes of dog owners
toward the welfare of dogs concerning the five freedoms of animals.
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