UEC1602 Wireless Communications

Prabagarane.N
[email protected]
 Session Meta Data

Author Prabagarane N

Reviewer

Version Number 1

Release Date 20 Jan 2021

2 v1
 Revision History

Revision Date Details Version

no.

3 v1
 Session Objectives

• The objectives of this session are

• To gain knowledge about Small-Scale Fading

• To understand the concepts Small-scale Multipath
Propagation
• To study Doppler effects
• Time Dispersion Parameters Mobile Multipath Channels

4 v1
 Session Outcomes

At the end of the session, the student will be able to:

• Analyze effects of small scale fading, Doppler effects and

parameters that influence the mobile multipath channels.

5 v1
 Small-Scale Fading
 Rapid fluctuations of radio signal amplitude, phase, or
delays
 Occurs or short time period or short travel distance
 Large-scale path loss effects can be ignored
 Caused by arrival of two or more waves from the
source combining at the receiver
 Resultant detected signal varies widely in amplitudes
and phase
 Bandwidth of transmitted signal is important factor

6 v1
 Experimental record of received signal
envelope in an urban area

7 v1
 Multipathradio propagation in urban areas

8 v1
 Determining the impulse response of a
channel
 Transmit a narrowband pulse into the channel

 Measure replicas of the pulse that traverse different

paths between transmitter and receiver

9 v1
 Small-scale Multipath Propagation
 Fading: The rapid fluctuation of the amplitude of a radio
signal over a short period of time or travel distance.
 Fading is caused by interference between two or more
versions of the transmitted signal, which arrive at slightly
different times.
 Multipath in the radio channel creates small-scale fading
effects.
 Phenomenon :
1. Rapid changes in signal strength over a small
travel distance or time interval.
2. Random frequency modulation due to varying
Doppler shifts on different multipath signals.
3. Time dispersion caused by multipath propagation
delays.
10 v1
 Small-scale Multipath Propagation
 If objects in the radio channel are static, and motion is
considered to be only due to that of the mobile, then
fading is purely a spatial phenomenon.

 Antenna space diversity can prevent deep fading nulls.

11 v1
 Factors influencing Small-scale fading
 Multipath propagation: multipath propagation often lengthens
the time required for the baseband portion of the signal to
reach the receiver which can cause signal smearing due to
inter-symbol interference.
 Speed of the mobile: generate random Doppler shifts.
– Train passing
 Speed of surrounding objects: if the surrounding objects move
at a greater rate than the mobile, then this effect dominates
the small-scale fading.
 The transmission bandwidth of the signal: if signal’s
bandwidth  bandwidth of the multipath channel  received
signal will be distorted.
– The coherent bandwidth is a measure of the maximum
frequency difference for which signals are still strongly
correlated in amplitude.
12 v1
 Illustration of Doppler effect

13 v1
 Doppler Shift
 Distance difference
 Phase difference
 Doppler frequency shift
 Frequency shift is positive when mobile moves toward
source
 In a multipath environment, frequency shift for each
ray may be different, leading to a spread of received
frequencies.
 For example, for pure sinusoid, the signal blurred in
frequency.
– Doppler Shifting
• Frequency blurring
14 v1
 Comparison of the BER for a fading
and non-fading channel

15 v1
 Parameters of Mobile Multipath Channels
• Time Dispersion Parameters
– Grossly quantifies the multipath channel
– Determined from Power Delay Profile (average over
different time, a function of delay)
– Parameters include
– Mean Excess Delay
– RMS Delay Spread
– Excess Delay Spread (X dB)
• Coherence Bandwidth
• Doppler Spread and Coherence Time

16 v1
 Impulse Response Model of a Multipath
Channel

17 v1
 PDP Outdoor

18 v1
 PDP Indoor

19 v1
 Time Dispersion Parameters
• The mean excess delay, rms delay spread, and excess
delay spread (X dB) are multipath channel parameters
that can be determined from a power delay profile.
• The mean excess delay is the first moment of the power
delay profile and is defined as
 ak2 k  P (k )k
k k
  
 ak2  P (k )
k k

• The rms delay spread is the square root of the second

central moment of the power delay profile, where
 ak2 k2  P (  k )  k2
k k
    2  ( ) 2 2  
 ak2  P (k )
k k

20 v1
 Maximum Excess Delay (X dB)
• Maximum Excess Delay (X dB): Defined as the time
delay value after which the multipath energy falls to X dB
below the maximum multipath energy (not necesarily
belonging to the first arriving component).

• It is also called excess delay spread.

• The maximum excess delay is defined as (x - 0), where

0 is the first arriving signal and x is the maximum delay
at which a multipath component is within X dB of the
strongest arriving multipath signal.

• The value of x is sometimes called the excess delay

spread of a power delay profile.

21 v1
 Time Dispersion Parameters
• In practice, values depend on the choice of noise
threshold used to process P().

• The noise threshold is used to differentiate between

multipath components and thermal noise.

• Noise Thresholds

– The values of time dispersion parameters also depend on the

noise threshold (the level of power below which the signal is
considered as noise).

– If noise threshold is set too low, then the noise will be processed
as multipath and thus causing the parameters to be higher.

22 v1
 Time Dispersion Parameters
• Typical values of rms delay spread are on the order of
microseconds in outdoor mobile radio channel and on
the order of nanoseconds in indoor radio channel

23 v1
 RMS Delay Spread

24 v1
 Effect of delay spread

25 v1
 Effect on error rate

26 v1
 Summary
We studied the following.

• Small scale fading

• Doppler Effects
• Time dispersion Parameters.

27 v1
 Self Assessment Questions
• A radio system is usually specified in such a way that an RX should be able
to handle a certain amount of Doppler spread in the received signal, without
losing too much in performance. Assume that only the mobile RX is moving
and that the maximal Doppler spread ismeasured as twice the maximal
Doppler shift. Further, assume that you are designing a mobile
communication system that should be able to operate at both 900MHz and
1,800 MHz.

(a) If you aim at making the system capable of communicating when the
terminal is moving at 200 km/h, which maximal Doppler spread should it be
able to handle?
(b) If you design the system to be able to operate at 200 km/h when using
the 900-MHz band, at what maximal speed can you communicate if the
1,800-MHz band is used (assuming the same Doppler spread is the
limitation)?

28 v1
 Reference
• Andreas F. Molisch, Wireless Communications, John
Wiley India, Second Edition, 2013.
• Rappaport T.S, Wireless communications, Pearson
Education, Second Edition, 2014.

29 v1