Experiment 2

LAWS OF MOTION

FORMOSO, ZOE AIANE

PT 1-4

Group 3

Ms. Luzette Oraa

February 14, 2023

Criteria Excellent Very Satisfactory Developing

Satisfactory
Neatness and Organization 6 4 3 2
Cover Page 4 3 2 1
Abstract 12 9 6 3
Introduction 8 6 4 2
Procedure 8 6 4 2
Data and Results 4 3 2 1
Interpretation of Data and 16 12 8 4
Results
Conclusion 8 6 4 2
References 4 3 2 1

TOTAL / 70
 ABSTRACT

Galileo made a significant contribution to the rapid development of science, particularly

mechanics, in the 16th century. Galileo died in the same year that another outstanding scientist, Isaac

Newton (1642–1727), was born and would carry on his important work. Like Galileo, Newton was drawn

to experimental science, especially the branch of mechanics that dealt with moving objects. The first

person to thoroughly examine motion was Newton. He researched, refined, and created three motion laws

regarding the interactions between force and motion.

There are three different types of laws in motion. The Law of Inertia, which states that a body's velocity

remains constant when its net force is zero, is the first law. The second law of motion, the Law of

Acceleration, relates force to acceleration when the net force is not zero. The Law of Acceleration, the

third law, outlines the relationship between the forces that two interacting bodies exert on one another.

The purpose of this experiment is to determine the mass of an object in static equilibrium, the

moments of force in an equal arm balance, and to study Newton’s Second Law of Motion. The materials

used to perform this experiment were Xplorer GLX, nylon thread string, stopwatch, force sensor, angle

indicator, dynamics track and cart. The instrument was set up, and the data was collected and analyzed

after two trials. The results demonstrated that the angle of the track influences the tension on the string in

the sense that changing the angle alters the amount of horizontal pull in the cable, resulting in tension in

the cable. The greater the horizontal alignment, the greater the horizontal pull. As the horizontal pull

rises, the tension in the cable increases.

INTRODUCTION

Newton discovered the law of inertia by examining Galileo Galilei’s results. Smoother

surfaces, according to Galileo, allow an object to move further down an inclination than rougher

ones. Newton then realized that an object could move indefinitely on a perfectly smooth surface

if it did not encounter an opposing force. According to the first law, an object’s motion will not

alter unless a force acts on it, its equation is v → = constant when F → net = 0 → N . v → =

constant when F → net = 0

→ N. According to the second law, the force on an object is equal to its mass multiplied by its

acceleration, its equation is F= m•a. Finally, the third law argues that every action has an equal

and opposite reaction, with the equation of T = W = m g. These laws illustrate why things move

or remain still, including why you don't float out of bed or through the floor of your home. The

movement of everything around us, including vehicles, water, buildings, and other objects, is

governed by Newton's laws. The goals of this experiment were to calculate an object's mass in

static equilibrium, measure the moments of force in an equal-arm balance, and investigate

Newton's second law of motion.

SCHEMATIC PROCEDURE

A. 1. Transitional Equilibrium

Connect the Dynamics Track, Dynamics Cart, Angle Indicator, Force Sensor, and Xplorer GLX

Set the Inclined Dynamics Track's angle to 15°

With no tension on the string, hit the Force Sensor's zero button

Release the cart, which is attached to the force sensor hook through a nylon thread string

Click the okay button on the Xplorer GLX to begin measuring and recording the tension in the string
attached to the Force Sensor

Using the equation m=T/gsin(; where g=9.8mls2), use tension and track angle to calculate experimental
mass (mexperimental)

Measure and record the actual mass (mtheoretical) of the cart using the Top Loading Balance

Calculate the Percentage Error (mexperimental vs. mtheoretical)

 A. 2. Rotational Equilibrium

Set up the apparatus

Hang a hooked mass (50kg) from the second loop on the left side of the pivot point. Record the
moment arm and angle between Force (F1) and Moment Arm (r1) using a ruler and protractor.

Connect the Nylon Thread String to the Force Sensor of the Xplorer GLX at the second loop from the
right side of the pivot point

Pull the Force Sensor carefully until the Equal Arm Balance is horizontal. Record the amount of force
exerted (F2) as shown on the Xplorer GLX, as well as the moment arm (r2) and angle.

Repeat processes but change the hooked mass in 100kg, then record data and compute
torque/moment on both sides of the equal arm balance using the equation τ = r × F

Calculate for the Percentage Error

 B. Law of Acceleration

Set up the pulley, cart, and a bumper to keep the cart from colliding with the pulley at the end of its run

Carefully level the table until the cart has no inclination to stray or accelerate in any direction along its path

Make a loop in one of the strings and set it above the Dynamics Cart's string-release trigger. Drape the string
over the pulley and adjust the pulley to level the string

String a 20g mass till the cart advances from the beginning location to the bumper block specified as the final
point.

Determine the distance x and record data

Determine the average time for the cart to move through the distance x after being released from rest, and
record the average of three trials

Determine the entire mass of the system, excluding the pullet. Mtotal and collect data, then compute
theoretical value using a=Fnet/Mtotal or a=(mhanging/Mtotal)g and Mtotal=Mcart+Mhanging

Repeat the procedure, but change the hooked mass to 100kg. Using equal arm balance, record data and compute torque/moment on both sid
DATA AND RESULTS

A. 1. Law of Inertia

Trial θ Tension Experimental Theoretical Percentage

(N) Error
1 15° 1.31 0.52 0.52 0%
2 20° 1.78 0.53 0.52 1.92%

A. 2. Rotational Equilibrium
a) Hanging Mass (left side of the pivot point)

Mass (g) F1 (dyn) r1 (cm) θ1 τ1 (dyn-cm)

1 50 49,000 12.75 26.57° 558,769.25

2 100 98,000 18.02 18.43° 1,675,384.99

b) Applied Force (right side of the pivot point)

Applied Force F2 (dyn) r2 (cm) θ2 Τ2 (dyn-cm)

(N)

1 0.44 44,000 12.75 26.57 501751.98

(LOOP 2)

2 2.92 292,000 8.06 45 1,664189.95

(LOOP 1)

c) Torque

Τ1 (dyncm) - Τ2 (dyn-cm) Percentage

Error

1 558,769.25 501751.98 10%

2 1,675,684.99 1,664189.95 0.67%

 B. Law of Acceleration

Mass of dynamics car5 (mc) = 520g

X = 70cm

Tria l Hangin Mtot al 1 2 3 Av e aexperim atheoretic Perce

g mass (g) ent al al (cm/s²) nt
(m) (g) (cm/s²) Error
1 20g 536 1.80 1.75 1.72 1.76 38.74 36.57 5.93%

2 50g 566 1.38 1.16 1.15 1.23 81.96 85.57 5.33%

INTERPRETATION OF DATA AND RESULTS

In the first experiment, Tension(N), mass in experimental and theoretical, and

percentage errors are measured. Given the Tension (N), the mass (kg) in experimental has been

calculated using the formula m=T/sin(θ). Note that g is constant and it is always equal to 9.8

m/s². To compute the percentage error, the formula used was

mtheoretical-mexperimental/mtheoretical × 100%.

The second experiment is all about inertia as well but it focuses on the hanging mass

which is focused on left and right pivot side. The mass is given and it was multiplied by 980

and 100, 000 to get the F1 and F2. In this experiment, r1 and the angle is given as well. To

compute the τ, the formula used was rFcos(θ). Lastly, to get its percent difference, the formula

used was |v1-v2|/(v1+v2/2) × 100.

 The mass of dynamics and the x, as well as the Mtotal, were given for the last

experiment, which is the Law of Acceleration. The time was recorded during the experiment,

and its average is the sum and quotient of the three recorded periods.

Aexperimental was calculated as a=2x/t², whereas atheoretical was calculated as

a=(mhanging/mtotal)g. Lastly, |atheoretical-axperimental|/atheoretical×100% to solve the

percent error. It should be noted that the percentage inaccuracy should not exceed 10%

otherwise it will be marked as wrong.

CONCLUSION

In changing the degree of horizontal pull with in cable, which causes stress in the

cable, this experiment showed how the angle of the track affects the tension on the string. The

horizontal pull increases as the horizontal alignment does. The tension in the wire builds as the

horizontal pull rises. Moreover, if an object's rotational speed is constant, it is considered to be

in rotational equilibrium. When an object is neither spinning nor rotating in one direction at a

consistent speed, it is said to be in rotational equilibrium. A thin rope that passes through a

pulley at the end of the track is then used to attach a second load to the cart. The dangling

object's weight puts strain on the rope, accelerating the cart's motion. This procedure will

encounter some resistance from friction.

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