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CDI 1 Module 5

This document discusses the history and development of criminal investigation through notable figures and events. It outlines 12 pioneers in criminal investigation from King Hammurabi who established one of the first written legal codes, to Dr. Alec John Jeffreys who invented DNA fingerprinting. It also notes 25 significant developments in criminal investigation techniques from 1248 in China to 1999 when the FBI upgraded its fingerprint database. Finally, it outlines 5 developments specific to the Philippine setting from the establishment of the Manila police force in 1901 to a 1985 Supreme Court case related to the right to counsel.

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Sy Benitez Enriquez
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120 views

CDI 1 Module 5

This document discusses the history and development of criminal investigation through notable figures and events. It outlines 12 pioneers in criminal investigation from King Hammurabi who established one of the first written legal codes, to Dr. Alec John Jeffreys who invented DNA fingerprinting. It also notes 25 significant developments in criminal investigation techniques from 1248 in China to 1999 when the FBI upgraded its fingerprint database. Finally, it outlines 5 developments specific to the Philippine setting from the establishment of the Manila police force in 1901 to a 1985 Supreme Court case related to the right to counsel.

Uploaded by

Sy Benitez Enriquez
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MODULE

FUNDAMENTALS OF
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
AND INTELLIGENCE
CDI 1

SYRA B. ENRIQUEZ
Department of Criminal Justice Education
1 | P a g e Crime Detection and Investigation 1
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence
Bataan Heroes College

CHAPTER V
NOTABLE ACCOUNTS AND HISTORY OF INVESTIGATION
(Additional Information)

I. Who are the pioneers in criminal investigation and what their significant
contributions in the development of crime detection and investigation?

1. KING HAMMURABI
• King of Babylon created one of the first bodies of written law
• The code was then implemented to detect those who refused to obey the law. It
imposes the LEX TALIONES (Law of Retribution)
• LEX TALIONES – It is a principle where punishment of an offender is equal to
what he did or known as (“An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth principle”)

2. ALFRED THE GREAT


• He established the system of “Mutual Pledge” (Social Control), which is organized
for the security of the country into several levels such as the following;

A. TEN TITHING – Grouping a 100 persons into one under the charge of the
High Constable. The constable is the first form of English Police deals with serious
breaches of the law.
B. TITHING – Grouping a ten persons together to protect one another and to
assume responsibility for the acts of the group’s members.

3. JONATHAN WILD (England)


• He was the most famous thief catch er
• “Employing a thief to catch a thief.”
• He became the London's most effective criminal investigator.
• His methods made popular the logic of “employing a thief to catch a thief
• He conceived the idea of charging a fee for locating and returning stolen property
to its rightful owners.
4. JOHN FIELDING (The Blind Beak)
• A younger half-brother of Henry Fielding, appointed as Henry’s personal assistant.
• He also introduced the practice of developing informants, printing wanted notices,
employing criminal raids and bearing firearms and handcuffs.
• Being able to recognize 3000 criminals by the sounds of their voices.

5. EUGENE “FRANCOIS” VIDOCQ

Fundamentals of Investigation and Intelligence


Sy Benitez Enriquez
Bataan Heroes College

• Established a squad of ex-convicts to aid Paris police in investigation. • He worked


under the theory of “Employing a thief to catch a thief.”
• Founder of LA SURETE, France's national detective organization.
• *FATHER OF MODERN CRIMINOLOGY IN FRANCE.

6. SIR ROBERT PEEL (BOBBIES OR PEELERS)


• “FATHER OF MODERN POLICING SYSTEM”
• Established the London Metropolitan Police which became the world’s first modern
organized police force.
• He introduced the techniques in detecting crimes such as detectives concealing
themselves, and secretly photographing and recording conversations.
• His memorable principle was “The Police are the Public and the Public are the
Police”
7. ALLAN PINKERTON
• America’s foremost private detective. He became the first detective of the Chicago
Police Department in 1849. He then opened his private detective agency in the
early 1850’s in partnership with Chicago attorney, EDWARD RUCKER. Their
business immediately became successful and formed the North-Western Police
Agency. (PINKERTON'S AGENCY)

8. KATE WAYNE
• First women detective in history criminal investigation that was hired by Pinkerton
Agency.

9. DR. HANS GROSS


• He is believed to be the creator of the field of Criminalistic and is to this day seen as
the father of Criminal Investigation

10. THOMAS BYRNES


• Chief of the detectives in New York City, was one of the famous investigators of
the nineteenth century.
• He trained his detectives in recognizing individual criminal techniques. This
method was later to be known as “modus operandi” or method of operation and is
considered an essential tool of investigation to this day.

11. PAUL LELAND KIRK


• A forensic chemist and scientist who pioneered the blood splatter analysis “blood
stain pattern analysis”

Fundamentals of Investigation and Intelligence


Sy Benitez Enriquez
Bataan Heroes College

12. DR. ALEC JOHN JEFFREYS


• Invented the used of DNA fingerprinting or profiling.
He used this to identify Colin Pitchfork as the murderer of 2 young girls in England.

13. ALPHONSE BERTILLON (France)


• He introduced the first systematic system based on the Anthropological
measurement.
• He was considered the “founder of Criminal Investigation”.
• He was also considered the ‘father of Personal Identification “
14. FLAVIANO GUERRERO
• the only Filipino member of United States Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI)

Other significant developments in the field of criminal investigation include, but are not
limited to, the following events:

15. 1248, China:


• A Chinese book SHI DUAN YU (the washing away of Wrongs) was written
containing a description on how to distinguish drowning from strangulation. This
was the first recorded application of medical knowledge to the solution of crime.

16. 1833, ENGLAND:


• The Scotland Yard employed the first undercover officer while in
17. 1835, USA:
• TEXAS RANGERS was organized as the first law enforcement agency with state
investigative authority, the forerunner of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

18.1851. Boston, Massachusetts, USA.


• Multi-suspect IDENTIFICATION LINE-UP was employed for the first time.

19. 1852, USA: CHARLES DICKENS


• Through his story entitled BLEAK HOUSE, he introduced the term
DETECTIVE to the English language

20.1859, USA.
• USA Appellate courts recognized/accepted photograph as admissible evidence
when they are relevant and properly verified.
Fundamentals of Investigation and Intelligence
Sy Benitez Enriquez
Bataan Heroes College

21. 1915, USA.


• International Association for Criminal Identification (later named as International
Association of Identification-IAI) was organized in Oakland, California. 22. 1935,
USA.
• The Bureau of Investigation under the Justice Department became the Federal
Bureau of Investigation having J. EDGAR HOOVER as the first chief serving for
48 years.
23.1965, USA.
• The office of Law Enforcement Assistance (forerunner of the Law Enforcement
Assistance Administration-LEEA) was established to fund and coordinate
administration, research and training in criminal justice.
24.1977, USA.
• The FBI introduced the beginnings of the Automated Fingerprint Identification
System (AFIS) with the first computerized scan of fingerprints.

NEW YORK vs. CASTRO was the first case in which the admissibility of DNA was
seriously challenged. It set in a motion a string of events that culminated in a call for
certification, accreditation, standardization, and quality control guidelines for both DNA
laboratories and the general forensic community.

25.1999, USA.
• The FBI upgraded its computerized fingerprint database and implemented the
Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS), allowing
paperless submission, storage and search capabilities directly to the national
database maintained at the FBI.

Take note: the evolution of criminal investigation is closely similar with the historical
developments in Criminalistics. To enrich your knowledge in criminal investigation and
Criminalistics, research more on their historical background.

II. What were the significant developments of Investigation in PHILIPPINE


SETTING?

1. 1901, ACT. NO. 70


• This act is otherwise known as the CHAPTER OF MANILA creating the police
force for the city of Manila.

2. JANUARY 9, 1901
• The Manila Police Department was organized with Col. Matthew Harmon as the
first chief of police.
Fundamentals of Investigation and Intelligence
Sy Benitez Enriquez
Bataan Heroes College

3. 1913
• The genesis of Criminal Investigation in the Manila Police Department, presently
known as the Western Police District took place.

4. 1966 MIRANDA RIGHTS


• It originated from the American jurisprudence. Mr. Ernesto Miranda, a
Latino accused of kidnapping and rape in the State of Arizona. The
Arizona Police leading to his confession interrogated him exhaustedly. Based on
his confession, he was charged, tried and convicted. Appeal of his conviction was
made before the Arizona Supreme Court but his conviction was affirmed. The
appeal was then elevated to the US Supreme Court where there was a reversal of
the decision and he was acquitted on Constitutional grounds.

5. 1985 – PEOPLE vs. GALIT (GR No. 51770; March 20,1985)


• The right to a counsel maybe waived but the waiver, to be valid, must be made with
assistance of a counsel.

Fundamentals of Investigation and Intelligence


Sy Benitez Enriquez

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