Chapter 11

Derivatives Continued

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11.1 Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions

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Objective
• To find derivatives of logarithmic functions

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 Logarithmic Functions

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Logarithmic Functions (1 of 2)
We have defined the logarithmic function y = loga x as follows.
Logarithmic Function
For a > 0 and a ≠ 1, the logarithmic function
y = loga x (logarithmic form)
has domain x > 0, base a, and is defined by
ay = x ( exponential form )
The a is called the base in both loga x = y and a y = x, and y is the logarithm in
loga x = y and the exponent in a y = x.

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Logarithmic Functions (2 of 2)
Thus a logarithm is an exponent.
Although logarithmic functions can have any base a, where a > 0 and a  1,
most problems in calculus and many of the applications to the management,
life, and social sciences involve logarithms with base e, called natural
logarithms.

The natural logarithmic function y = loge (x)

can be written as y = ln x; see Figure 11.2
for the graph.

Figure 11.2

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 Derivative of y = ln x

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Derivative of y = ln x (1 of 3)
From Figure 11.2 we see that for x > 0, the graph of y = ln x is always
increasing, so the slope of the tangent line to any point must be positive.

Figure 11.2

This means that the derivative of y = ln x is always positive.

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Derivative of y = ln x (2 of 3)
Figure 11.3 shows the graph of y = ln x with tangent lines drawn at several
points and with their slopes indicated.

Figure 11.3

Note in Figure 11.3 that at each point where a tangent line is drawn, the slope
of the tangent line is the reciprocal of the x-coordinate.
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Derivative of y = ln x (3 of 3)
In fact, this is true for every point on y = ln x, so the slope of the tangent at
any point is given by 1 .
x
Thus we have the following:
Derivative of y = In x
dy 1
If y = ln x, then = .
dx x
Derivatives of Natural Logarithmic Functions
If y = ln u, where u is a differentiable function of x, then
dy 1 du
= 
dx u dx
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Example 2 – Derivatives of y = ln (u)
Find the derivative for each of the following.
(a)

(b)

(c)

Solution:

(a)

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 Example 2 – Solution

( )
1
(b) f ′ ( x ) is of the derivative of ln 2 x 6 − 3 x + 2 .
3

(c) We begin with the Quotient Rule.

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 Using Properties of Logarithms

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Using Properties of Logarithms
The properties of logarithms, are stated here for logarithms with an arbitrary
base a (with a > 0 and a ≠ 1) and for natural logarithms.

Let M, N, p, and a be real numbers with M > 0, N > 0, a > 0, and a ≠ 1.

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Example 3 – Logarithm Properties and Derivatives
Use logarithm properties to find the derivatives for
(a)

(b)

Solution:
(a) We use logarithm Properties III and V to rewrite the function.

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Example 3 – Solution (1 of 2)
We now take the derivative.

(b) Again we begin by using logarithm properties.

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Example 3 – Solution (2 of 2)
We now take the derivative.

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 Derivative of y = loga (x)

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Derivative of y = loga (x)
If we have a logarithmic function with a base other than e, then we can use the
change-of-base formula.

Change-of-Base Formula
To express a logarithm base a as a natural logarithm, use
ln x
loga x =
ln a

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Example 6 – Derivative of y = loga (u)

( )
If y = log4 x 3 + 1 , find
dy
dx
.

Solution:
By using the change-of-base formula, we have

Thus

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 Proof That (d/dx) (In x) = (1/x)

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Proof That (d/dx) (ln x) = (1/x) (1 of 3)
dy 1
For completeness, we now include the formal proof that if y = ln x, then = .
dx x

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Proof That (d/dx) (ln x) = (1/x) (2 of 3)

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Proof That (d/dx) (ln x) = (1/x) (3 of 3)
h
If we let a = , then h → 0 means a → 0, and we have
x

We know that lim (1 + a )

1a
= e.
a →0

Hence,

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