Barley and Malt
Barley and Malt
Barley and Malt
1.2.1. Why Barley
”The word beer comes from the Saxon word for barley, which was baere.”
In this section we will identify different barley types, malting quality barley and
barley’s physical structure
Yeast needs sugar. Other compounds like
vitamins, proteins and minerals are also
necessary. Barley contains all these.
However the sugar is locked up in the form
of starch. All plants keep their energy
source as starch. Starch is a very
complicated molecule made up of many
thousands of sugar molecules.
During brewing the starch is broken down
into sugars. The yeast can grow on these
sugars.
To get the barley ready for this process it has to be malted. Malting forms enzymes
that can break down starch. The barley is converted to malt.
Enzymes are compounds that can act on another compound and change it. During
for example starch breakdown, the enzyme itself is not changed. It remains to do
the job again.
Barley is the preferred cereal for malting because:
Barley can be grown in many parts of the world. This means that it does not have to
be imported for brewing. Most countries can grow it locally.
Barley seeds (corns) are all nearly the same size. They are protected by a thick skin
(testa). This makes it easier than other grains to handle in the maltings and the
brewery.
Barley contains 60 65% by dry weight of starch. This is a lot compared to other
cereals. This means a lot of sugar per seed.
Malted barley contains enzymes to break down the starch molecules into
fermentable sugars. This happens during mashing.
Barley contains proteins and minerals needed for yeast growth
Barley has a thick husk, around 6% of its total mass. This is used to form a filter bed
in the mash or lauter tuns.
Barley contains relatively low levels of fats and oils compared to other cereals. Too
much fat or oil can cause quality problems in beer. They affect flavour and foam
stability.
1.2.2. What is Barley
In this section we will identify different barley types, malting quality barley and
barley’s physical structure
1.2.2.1. Barley Types
There are two specific types of barley grown. Two row barley and six row barley.
These names come from the arrangement of the corns in the ear.
Two row barley has 2
lines of corns on the ear:
Looked at from the side Looked at from the top
Six row barley has 6 lines of corns on the
ear
Looked at from the side Looked at from the
top
2 Row barley 6 row barley
Also the barley can be sown in the
Autumn – and is called Winter Barley.
Spring – and is called Spring Barley.
Not all barleys are good for brewing. Each barley variety has to go through growing,
malting and brewing trials. Then it can be sold as an approved malting variety.
For example the current IGB approved varieties for England and Scotland are:
Southern Regions Scotland and the North
(Central / SouthEast/SouthWest) (NorthEast / NorthWest)
Fanfare
Pearl
Leonie (Provisional) Pearl (Provisional)
Chariot Chariot
Prisma
Chalice
Decanter
Decanter (Provisional)
Tavern (Provisional) Chime (Provisional)
Cellar (Provisional Cellar (Provisional)
Barley Varieties are checked for their suitability for malting based on four
factors:
Why?
Rate of water uptake This affects the malting time.
Faster up take means faster malting.
Ease of modification Modification is a measure of malting.
Some malt easier than others.
Extract potential More extract means more wort per
tonne of malt.
Enzyme producing potential The more enzymes the easier it will be
to brew. Mashing needs lots of
enzymes. Enzymes convert the starch
to sugar.
Barley suitable for malting is further checked for:
Why?
Uniform size and colour If grains are different you cannot choose
the malting process that is right for all of
them.
Few screenings Screenings are the nongrain bits like
stalk. These are removed by screening
machines. Screenings have no value. If
there is a lot of screenings then there is
a higher extract loss.
Free from smell & mould growth Smell is an indication of rotting. Rot and
mould can affect the taste of the beer.
Free from insect infestation Insects will eat the starch. This looses
extract.
Insects can also taint the malt. This can
affect the taste of the beer.
Free from impurities like stones, seeds We want to buy barley, not stones.
string, straw, etc.
Stones can also damage the mills.
Other seeds can also taint the malt.
Free from foreign cereals Foreign cereals will not malt. This
causes loss of extract. Foreign cereals
can also taint the malt.
Absence of split, skinned, damaged grains Damaged grains will not germinate
during malting. This means loss of
extract.
Absence of pregerminated grains Pregerminated grains will have lost
some extract as they are already
growing. They will lose more during the
malting process.
Also they have started enzyme
production. These will be lost during
malting.
Also this grain could rot easily.
Germinative capacity greater than 95% If the grain doesn’t germinate then
enzymes are not produced. This means
that starch will not be converted to
sugars during mashing .
This is loss of extract.
Also free starch can cause hazes in
beer.
Total nitrogen less than 1.8 Nitrogen is essential for yeast growth.
However too much Nitrogen in the beer
causes haze in the packaged beer
Nitrogen content is generally:
Ale Malt 1.4 – 1.6%
Lager Malt 1.6 – 1.8%
1.2.2.2. The structure of the barley corn
The barleycorn consists of:
The husk: (about 6% of the corn). This forms the outermost layer of the corn.
The aleurone layer: a 2 to 3 cell deep zone of thick walled cells. It produces most of
the endospermdegrading enzymes.
The embryo: The part of the corn that will develop into a new plant when the seed
germinates. It is alive and can grow into a new plant. When growth begins, it sends
out hormones. These hormones make the aleurone cells produce enzymes.
The endosperm: The largest portion of each corn. It is the food storage area of the
barleycorn. It consists of elongated cells full of large and small starch granules.
These are held in a protein matrix. This is surrounded by a cell wall structure of
hemicellulose. Hemicellulose mainly consists of betaglucan. The protein matrix
and the betaglucan cell walls have to be broken down during malting. When the cell
walls and protein matrix are broken down, the starch degrading enzymes can enter
the starch granules during mashing.
Longitudinal section of a malting barley corn
Modified endosperm
Unmodified endosperm
large starch granule
small starch granule
cell wall
protein matrix
vascular pathway
scutellum
scutellar
aleurone layer
epithelial cells
embryo
acrospire
husk testa
pericarp
When the endosperm is modified the protein matrix breaks down. The starch
granules are freed. Enzymes can now attack the starch.
During natural germination in the soil, the barley is able to break down its own
starch. This is used to feed the growing embryo. This lasts until it has produced
enough leaves above the ground to feed itself.
1.2.2.3. What happens next?
The barley will be malted.
In fermentation, the yeast will use the food store from the barley for its own growth.
The yeast cannot ferment starch.
During malting, the barley starts to grow. It produces its own enzymes required to
break down the starch.
The process of starch breakdown can then be completed in the mash tun. There, the
starch is degraded by the enzymes into fermentable sugars.
1.2.3. The malting process
In this section we will describe the three stages of malting and their effects on the
grain.
1.2.3.1. What is Malt?
Malt is barley that has been germinated and dried. Germination starts the production
of enzymes: the drying stops them from working until mashing.
1.2.3.2. Why do we malt?
To turn the barley into malt.
During malting the grain is:
Modified.
· This opens up the starch granules for use in brewing.
· Made to produce the enzymes needed for mashing.
· (If the seed grew naturally, it would also produce these enzymes. The seed
would use the enzymes to breakdown the starch for it to grow.)
· The art of malting is to:
· Produce the enzymes
· Stop the process before the enzymes start acting on the starch.