APPLICATIONS OF FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

A. Population Growth/Decay

Population growth/decay follows the idea that the rate of growth/decay of a certain population is proportional to
the current population, say P. Putting it into equation,

dP
± αP
dt

To remove the sign, we must introduce a proportionality constant k.

dP
± = kP
dt

Rearranging the terms will lead to a variable-separable DE.

dP
= ±k dt
P
Integrating both sides, with limits from initial population Po (at time=0) to final population P (at any given time t),
P t
dP
∫ = ±k ∫ dt
Po P 0
lnPPPo = ±k t t0
lnP − ln Po = ±k(t − 0)
P
ln = ±kt
Po
P
= e±kt
Po
P = Po e±kt [𝟏]

Equation [1] will be our working equation in solving population growth/decay problems.
Positive sign will denote a growth, negative sign will denote a decay. Also, k has a unit of per unit time (1/sec,
1/year, etc.).

Examples:

1. A current state has a population of 4200. With the rate of 0.1/year, what will be the population after 3 years?

Using equation [1]:

P = Po e±kt

Substituting P o = 4200, k = 0.1/year and in this case, k is positive:

0.1
( )( 3 yrs)
P = 4200 e yr
0.1
( )( 3 yrs)
P = 4200 e yr
P = 5669.41 = 𝟓𝟔𝟕𝟎 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

Note: You answers f or populations must be in whole numbers, because there is no person counted as
0.41. You need to round it up to the nearest whole number (i.e. 2.4 will be rounded up to 3).

2. A certain population doubles every 5 years. How long would it take f or the population to be 5 times the
initial population?

Using equation [1]:

P = Po e±kt
 Note that P = 2P o every 5 years. Substituting to the equation:
2Po = Po ekt ,Po for both sides are cancelled
2 = ek(5)
ln2 = 5k
ln2 0.1386
k= =
5 yr
Lastly, solving for t when P = 5P o
5Po = Po e(0.1386)t
5 = e(0.1386)t
ln5 = 0.1386t
ln5
t= = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟏 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐬 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
0.1386

3. A town with initial population of 6245 developed a mysterious disease that resulted in deaths of 0.2/year.
The mayor started the head-count and f ound out that there are only 3600 people lef t. How long did the
deaths persisted before the mayor decided to do head count?

Using equation [1]:

P = Po e±kt
3600 = 6245e(−0.2t)
3600
= e(−0.2t)
6245
3600
ln( ) = −0.2t
6245
3600
ln( )
t= 6245 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟓 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐬 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
−0.2

4. The current population of a certain state is 32,602. Over the past decade, there have been deaths of
0.23/year due to risks of obesity. Determine the population before the said deaths began.

Using equation [1]:

P = Po e±kt
32602 = Po e(−0.23)(10)
32602e2.3 = Po
Po = 𝟑𝟐𝟓𝟏𝟕𝟗 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

5. A strain of Staphylococcus aureus doubles every 12 hours. A colony of 200 was cultured in a petri dish for
12 hours. What is the population of the strain after 30 hours?

Using equation [1]:

P = Po e±kt

Note that P = 2P o every 12 hours. Substituting to the equation:

2Po = Po ekt ,Po for both sides are cancelled
2 = ek(12)
ln2 = 12k
ln2 0.0578
k= =
12 yr
P = Po ekt
P = 200e(0.0578)(30)
P = 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟐 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
 APPLICATIONS OF FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

B. Radioactive Decay

Radioactive decay f ollows the idea that the rate disappearance of a certain substance is proportional to the
current amount, say C. Putting it into equation,

dC
− αC
dt

To remove the sign, we must introduce a proportionality constant k.

dC
− = kC
dt

Rearranging the terms will lead to a variable-separable DE.

dC
= −k dt
C
Integrating both sides, with limits from initial amount Co (at time=0) to final amount C (at any given time t),
C t
dC
∫ = −k ∫ dt
Co C 0
ln CCCo = −k t t0
ln C − lnCo = −k(t − 0)
C
ln = −kt
Co
C
= e−kt
Co
C = Co e−kt [ 𝟏]

Equation [1] will be our working equation in solving radioactive decay problems.
k still has a unit of per unit time (1/sec, 1/year, etc.).

• Half-Life

Half -life is the time taken to reduce the amount of a certain substance to half of its original value.
In terms of equation:
1
@ t = t 1 ; C = Co
2 2
Where t is any given time, C is the final amount or concentration and Co is the initial amount/concentration.
Plugging-in the condition:
1
@ t = t 1 ; C = Co
2 2
1 −kt 1
Co = Co e 2
2
1 −kt 1
=e 2
2
Taking the natural logarithm (ln) for both sides:
1
ln ( ) = −kt 1
2 2
 1
ln ( ) = − ln2
2
− ln 2 = −kt 1
2

ln2 = kt 1 [𝟐]
2

Equation [2] can be used to solve the rate constant using half-life.

There are cases in which initial and f inal amounts are not given, but rather expressed in terms of %
conversion (conversion is the fraction of reactant that proceeds into product), or in decimal form XA. Putting
it into equation:
remained = initial − converted

C = Co − Co XA

C = Co (1 − XA ) [𝟑]

Substituting equation [3] into equation [1]:

C = Co e−kt

Co (1 − XA ) = Co e−kt
(1 − XA ) = e−kt

ln(1 − XA ) = −kt [ 𝟒]

Examples:
1. A certain compound has a half-life of 23 days. What percent of the original amount will remain if 4 half-
lives had passed?

Solution:
# of half-lives # of days % remained
1 23 50
2 46 25
3 69 12.5
4 92 6.25

Based on the table above, after 4 half-lives 6.25% of the original amount remains.

Another solution is to use this formula if only the number of half-lives (n) is given:
C 1 n
=( ) [ 𝟓]
Co 2
Substituting n=4:
C 1 4
= ( ) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔𝟐𝟓 (𝟔.𝟐𝟓%)
Co 2

2. 30 g of an oxide of sulfur has a half-life of 2.3 years. How much will remain after a decade (t=10
years)?
We will use equation [1] to solve for the final amount, but we will use equation [2] f irst to solve for the rate
constant k.

ln2 = kt 1
2
ln2 = k(2.3 years )
0.3014
k=
yr
C = Co e−kt
0.3014
− (10 yrs)
C = 30e yr Note: k has a unit of per 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞, it must cancel with the unit of your t.
𝐂 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝟑 𝐠 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

3. An isotope of carbon (C-14) has a half-life of 5730 years. A sample of wood was analyzed to contain
only 0.08 % of its carbon content. Estimate the age of the wood.

Use equation [2] and [4]:

ln2 = kt 1
2
ln2 𝟏. 𝟐𝟎𝟗𝟕 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
k= =
5730 𝐲𝐫
Note that 0.08 % is the % remained in the wood. Since this is fraction remained, thus we can use
equation [4].
ln(1 − XA ) = −kt
1.2097 x 10−4
ln(0.08% ) = − t
yr
ln(0.08)
𝑡=
1.2097 x 10−4
yr
𝐭 = 𝟓𝟖, 𝟗𝟒𝟗 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐬 𝐨𝐥𝐝 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

4. 50 g of an organochlorine compound has a half-life of 100 years. How long would it take to reduce the
amount to 30 g.

Use equation [3] and [4]:

ln2 = kt 1
2
ln2 𝟔. 𝟗𝟑𝟏𝟓 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
k= =
100 𝐲𝐫
Note that the problem stated that the amount reduced to, meaning that the 30 g is already the final
amount.
6.9315 x 10−3
− t
30 = 50e yr

𝐭 = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟕 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐬 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

5. 50 g of an organochlorine compound has a half-life of 100 years. How long would it take to reduce the
amount by 30 g.

Use equation [3] and [4]:

ln2 = kt 1
2
ln2 𝟔. 𝟗𝟑𝟏𝟓 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
k= =
100 𝐲𝐫
Note that the problem stated that the amount reduced by, meaning that 30 g must be subtracted from
the initial amount.
6.9315 x 10−3
− t
(50 − 30) = 50e yr

𝐭 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐. 𝟐 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐬 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

 APPLICATIONS OF FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

C. Newton’s law of Cooling/Heating

Newton’s Law of Cooling/Heating follows the idea that the rate of change in temperature is proportional to the
dif ference of temperature T and the medium temperature Tm. Putting it into equation,

dT
α (T − Tm)
dt

To remove the sign, we must introduce a proportionality constant k.

dT
= ±k(T− Tm)
dt

Rearranging the terms will lead to a variable-separable DE.

dT
= ±kdt
(T − Tm )
Integrating both sides, will limits from initial temperature To (at time=0) to final temperature T (at any given time
t),
T t
dT
∫ = ±k ∫ dt
To (T − Tm ) 0
ln T − Tm To = ±k t t0
( )T

ln(T − Tm ) − ln( To − Tm) = ±k(t − 0)

(T − Tm )
ln = ±kt
(To − Tm )
(T − Tm )
= e±kt [𝟏]
(To − Tm )

Equation [1] will be our working equation in solving cooling/heating problems.

Positive sign will denote heating, negative sign will denote cooling. Also, k still has a unit of per unit time (1/sec,
1/year, etc.).

Examples:

1. An object with temperature of 80°C is placed in a room 30°C. After 2 hours, the object cools to 50°C. What
will be its temperature after 6 hours?

Using equation [1]:

(T − Tm )
= e −kt
(To − Tm )

For this case, we need to solve for k first.

(50 − 30)
= e−k(2)
(80 − 30)
50 − 30
ln( )
k= 80 − 30 = 0.4581
−2 hr
(T − 30) −0.4581(6)
=e
(80 − 30)
T = 30 + 50e−0.4581(6)
T = 𝟑𝟑.𝟐°𝐂 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
2. A metal at 300°C is placed in a cool room at 20°C. Af ter 1 hour, the temperature of the metal dropped to
half of its original temperature. How long would it take f or the metal to drop its temperature to 1/6 of its
original temperature?

Using equation [1]:

(T − Tm )
= e −kt
(To − Tm )

For this case, we need to solve for k first.

(150 − 20)
= e−k(1)
(300 − 20)
150 − 20
ln( )
k= 300 − 20 = 0.7673
−1 hr
(50 − 20) −0.7673( t )
=e
(300 − 20)
50 − 20
ln( )
t= 300 − 20
−0.7673
t = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟏 𝐡𝐫𝐬 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

3. An object initially at 23°C is placed in a water bath at 100°C f or sterilization purposes. After 30 minutes, it
reached 73 °C. How long would it take to reach 90°C?

Using equation [1]:

(T − Tm )
= ekt
(To − Tm )

For this case, we need to solve for k first.

(73 − 100)
= ek(30)
(23 − 100)
73 − 100
ln( )
k= 23 − 100 = −0.0349
30 min
(90 − 100) −0.0349( t )
=e
(23 − 100)
90 − 100
ln( )
t= 23 − 100
−0.0349
t = 𝟓𝟖. 𝟒𝟑 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐬 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

4. A metal at 86°C is placed in an oil bath at 200°C. After 30 minutes, the temperature reached 120°C. What
will be the temperature after 40 minutes?

Using equation [1]:

(T − Tm )
= ekt
(To − Tm )

For this case, we need to solve for k first.

(120 − 200)
= ek(30)
(86 − 200)
120 − 200
ln( )
k= 86 − 200 = −0.0118
30 min
 (T − 200)
= e−0.0118(40)
(86 − 200)

T = 200 − 114e−0.0118(40)
T = 𝟏𝟐𝟖. 𝟗𝟏°𝐂 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

5. At 10:00 PM, a body was found with gunshot wounds, in an apartment with room temperature of 30°C. The
criminologist immediately checked the body temperature and was found out to be 33°C. After 30 minutes,
the criminologist checked the body temperature again and it was f ound out to be 31°C. Considering that
the temperature of the human body is 37°C, what time did the victim died?

Using equation [1]:

(T − Tm )
= e −kt
(To − Tm )

For this case, we need to solve for k first.

(31 − 30)
= e−k(30)
(33 − 30)
31 − 30
ln( )
k= 33 − 30 = −0.0366
30 min
(31 − 30) −0.0366(t )
=e
(37 − 30)
t = 53 mins
Note: The temperatures used are the final reading (31°C) and the normal human body temperature (37°C).
To get the time when the victim died, we need to subtract the time calculated to the time when the last
reading was done, which is 10:00 PM + 30 mins = 10:30 PM. Thus,
t = 10: 30 − 53 mins
t = 𝟗:𝟑𝟕 𝐏𝐌 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
 APPLICATIONS OF FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

D. Mixtures

Consider the diagram above, Qin (unit volume per unit time) is the entering volumetric f low rate with
concentration Cin (unit mass per unit volume). This entering stream is poured in a container with volume V and
initial salt mass x o. On the other hand, Qout is the exiting flow rate with concentration Cout. The assumption is
that the solution inside the container is well mixed, that the concentration at any given point is same although
out. The mass of salt after mixing and leaving the container is labeled x.

The general equation in solving mixture problems is

dx
= rin − rout [𝟏]
dt

Where rin is the mass flow rate of salt entering, obtained from
rin = Qin Cin

The solution will differ from with the flowrates entering. Here are the cases:

• Case 1: No accumulation (Qin = Qout)

For this case, equation [1] simplifies into a variable-separable DE. However, it can be solved also using
linear DE.

rout will be obtained from the same equation as rin.

rout = Qout Cout

C out is in unit mass per unit volume, and since we are talking here of salt:
x
rout = Qout ( )
V
Where V is the volume of solution in the container.

• Case 2: Accumulation occurs (Qin > Qout)

For this case, there is accumulation since entering f low rate is greater than exiting flow rate. The f ormula
f or Cout changes due to accumulation.
rout = Qout Cout

x
rout = Qout ( )
Vt
Where:
 Vt = V + (Qin − Qout )t

• Case 3: Container is emptying (Qin < Qout)

For this case, there is no more accumulation. But since entering flow rate is now less than exiting flow
rate, the container is emptying. The f ormula for Cout is the same with Case 2 but expect the Q in – Qout
term to become negative.
rout = Qout Cout

x
rout = Qout ( )
Vt
Where:
Vt = V + (Qin − Qout )t

Examples:

1. A tank has salt solution flowing into it at 10 L/min with salt concentration 0.2 kg/L. The contents of the tank
are kept thoroughly mixed, and the contents flow out at 10 L/min. Initially, the tank contains 10 kg of salt in
100 L of water. How much salt will there be in the tank after 30 minutes? What is the maximum amount of
salt in the tank?

Using equation [1]:

dx
= rin − rout
dt

Solving rin:
L kg kg
rin = 10 x 0.2 = 2
min L min

Solving rout:
L x kg x kg
rout = 10 ( )=
min 100L 10 min

Since Qin = Qout, this problem is under Case 1.

dx x
=2−
dt 10

dx x
+ =2
dt 10

You can use either Linear or Variable-Separable DE.

1 t
µ = e∫10 dt = e10

t t
xe10 = ∫ 2e10 dt + C

t t
xe10 = 20e10 + C

Now, we need to solve f or the constant of integration. Note that it is stated in the problem that the tank
initially contains 10 kg salt. Thus, putting it into the equation:

t t
xe10 = 20e10 + C, x(0) = 10
10 = 20 + C, C = −10
 t t t
xe10 = 20e10 − 10; dividing both sides by e10
t
x = 20 − 10e− 10
Finally, solving for amount of salt in the tank after 30 minutes:
30
x = 20 − 10e− 10
𝐱 = 𝟏𝟗.𝟓𝟎 𝐤𝐠 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

Solving for the maximum amount of salt, in which t = ꝏ.

𝐱 = 𝟐𝟎 𝐤𝐠 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

2. A tank has pure water f lowing into it at 10 L/min. The contents of the tank are kept thoroughly mixed, and
the contents flow out at 10 L/min. Initially, the tank contains 10 kg of salt in 100 L of water. How much salt
will there be in the tank af ter 30 minutes?

Using equation [1]:

dx
= rin − rout
dt

Solving rin:
L kg kg
rin = 10 x0 =0 , since it says pure water
min L min

Solving rout:
L x kg x kg
rout = 10 ( )=
min 100L 10 min

Since Qin = Qout, this problem is under Case 1.

dx x
=−
dt 10

dx dt
=−
x 10

The equation leads to Variable-Separable DE.

dx dt
∫ =∫−
x 10
t
lnx = − + C
10
t t
x = e 10 = Ce− 10 ,x(0) = 10
− +C

C = 10

t
x = 10e− 10

at t = 30 mins.,

𝐱 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟗𝟖 𝐤𝐠 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

3. A tank with a 500 L capacity has salt solution f lowing into it at 18 L/min with salt concentration 0.15 kg/L.
The contents of the tank are kept thoroughly mixed, and the contents flow out at 8 L/min. Initially, the tank
contains 26 kg of salt in 150 L of water.
a. How much salt will there be in the tank after 25 minutes?
Using equation [1]:
 dx
= rin − rout
dt

Solving rin:
L kg kg
rin = 18 x 0.15 = 2.7
min L min

Solving rout:
Accumulation = 150 + (18 − 8)t = 150 + 10t
L x kg 4x kg
rout = 8 ( )=
min (150 + 10t)L 75 + 5t min

Since Qin > Qout, this problem is under Case 2.

dx 4x
= 2.7 −
dt 75 + 5t

dx 4x
+ = 2.7
dt 75 + 5t
4 4 ( ) 4
µ = e∫75+5t dt = e 5 ln 75+5t = (75 + 5t) 5

4 4
x(75 + 5t) 5 = ∫ 2.7(75 + 5t) 5 dt + C

4 9
x(75 + 5t) 5 = 1.5(75 + 5t) 5 + C
4
x = 1.5(75 + 5t) + C(75 + 5t) −5

Now, we need to solve for the constant of integration. Note that it is stated in the problem that the tank
initially contains 26 kg salt. Thus, putting it into the equation:

4
x = 1.5(75 + 5t) + C(75 + 5t) −5 ,x(0) = 26
4
26 = 1.5(75) + C(75) − 5, C = 750.8 (26 − 1.5(75))
4
x = 1.5(75 + 5t) + [750.8 (26− 1.5(75))] (75 + 5t) − 5

Finally, solving for amount of salt in the tank after 25 minutes:

4
−
x = 1.5(75+ 5(25)) + [ 750.8 (26 − 1.5(75)0.8 )](75 + 5(25)) 5

𝐱 = 𝟐𝟔𝟎.𝟓𝟑 𝐤𝐠 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

b. When will the tank overflow?

To solve the time for the overflow to occur, we need to equate the Accumulation with the tank’s capacity.
Accumulation = 150 + (18 − 8)t = 150 + 10t
Tank capacity = 500 L
500 = 150 + 10t
500 − 150
t=
10
𝐭 = 𝟑𝟓 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐬 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

c. What is the concentration of salt in the tank at the time it overflows?

We will use the answer in (b) to solve for the amount.
4
x = 1.5(75 + 5t) + [750.8 (26− 1.5(75))] (75 + 5t) − 5; t = 35
4
−
x = 1.5(75+ 5(35)) + [ 750.8 (26 − 1.5(75)0.8 )](75 + 5(35)) 5
 𝐱 = 𝟑𝟒𝟏.𝟗𝟗 𝐤𝐠 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

4. A tank with a 500 L capacity has pure water f lowing into it at 18 L/min. The contents of the tank are kept
thoroughly mixed, and the contents flow out at 8 L/min. Initially, the tank contains 26 kg of salt in 150 L of
water.
a. How much salt will there be in the tank after 25 minutes?
Using equation [1]:
dx
= rin − rout
dt

Solving rin:
L kg kg
rin = 18 x0 =0
min L min

Solving rout:
Accumulation = 150 + (18 − 8)t = 150 + 10t
L x kg 4x kg
rout = 8 ( )=
min (150 + 10t)L 75 + 5t min

Since Qin > Qout, this problem is under Case 2.

dx 4x
= 0−
dt 75 + 5t

dx 4x
=−
dt 75 + 5t

dx 4 dt
=−
x 75 + 5t

dx 4 dt
∫ = −∫
x 75 + 5t
4
lnx = − ln(75 + 5t) + C
5
4
x = C(75 + 5t) −5 ;x(0) = 26
4 4
26 = C(75) −5 ;C = 26(75) 5
4 4
x = 26(75) 5(75 + 5t) −5

At t = 25 mins,
4
4 −
5
x= 26(75) 5(75 + 5(25))
𝐱 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟔 𝐤𝐠 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

b. What is the concentration of salt in the tank at the time it overflows?

We will use the answer in (3b) to solve for the amount.
4 4
x = 26(75) 5(75 + 5t) −5 ;t = 35 mins
4
4 −
5
x= 26(75) 5(75 + 5(35))
𝐱 = 𝟗. 𝟗𝟐 𝐤𝐠 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

c. When will the salt concentration in the tank reaches 4 kg?

4 4
x = 26(75) 5(75 + 5t) −5 ;x = 4 kg
 4 4
4 = 26(75) 5(75 + 5t) −5
𝐭 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎. 𝟔𝟖 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐬 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

5. A tank with a 1000 L capacity has salt solution flowing into it at 23 L/min with salt concentration 0.17 kg/L.
The contents of the tank are kept thoroughly mixed, and the contents flow out at 35 L/min. Initially, the tank
contains 46 kg of salt in 350 L of water.
a. How much salt will there be in the tank after 27 minutes?
Using equation [1]:
dx
= rin − rout
dt

Solving rin:
L kg kg
rin = 23 x 0.17 = 3.91
min L min

Solving rout:
Accumulation = 350 + (23 − 35)t = 350 − 12t
L x kg 30x kg
rout = 30 ( )=
min (350 − 12t) L 350 − 12t min

Since Qin < Qout, this problem is under Case 3.

dx 30x
= 3.91 +
dt 350 − 12t

dx 30x
− = 3.91
dt 350 − 12t
30 5 (350−12t) 5
µ = e∫− 350−12t dt = e− 2 ln = (350 − 12t) −2

5 5
x(350 − 12t) −2 = ∫ 3.91(35 − 12t) −2 dt + C

5 3.91 3
x(350 − 12t) −2 = (35 − 12t) − 2 + C
36
3.91 5
x= (350 − 12t) + C(350 − 12t) 2 ;x(0) = 46
36

3.91 5
46 = (350) + C(350) 2
36
36(46) − 3.91(350)
C= 5
36(350) 2
3.91 36(46) − 3.91(350) 5
x= (350 − 12t) + [ 5
] (350 − 12t) 2; t = 27 mins
36
36(350) 2
3.91 36(46) − 3.91(350) 5
x= (350 − 12(27)) + [ 5
] (350 − 12 ( 27)) 2
36
36(350) 2
𝐱 = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟒 𝐤𝐠 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

b. When will the tank be empty?

To solve for the time, we need to equate the Accumulation to 0, to denote it’s empty.
Accumulation = 350 + (23 − 35)t = 350 − 12t
0 = 350 − 12t
 350
t=
12
𝐭 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟏𝟕 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐬 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

c. What is the concentration of salt in the tank 10 minutes before emptying?

We will use the answer in (b) to solve for the amount.

3.91 36(46) − 3.91(350) 5

x= (350 − 12t) + [ 5
] (350 − 12t) 2; t = (29.17 − 10) = 19.17 mins
36
36(350) 2
3.91 36(46) − 3.91(350) 5
x= (350 − 12(19.17))+ [ 5
] (350 − 12(19.17))2
36
36 (350) 2
𝐱 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟓𝟖 𝐤𝐠 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

6. A tank with a 1000 L capacity has pure water flowing into it at 23 L/min. The contents of the tank are kept
thoroughly mixed, and the contents flow out at 35 L/min. Initially, the tank contains 46 kg of salt in 350 L of
water.
a. How much salt will there be in the tank after 27 minutes?
Using equation [1]:
dx
= rin − rout
dt

Solving rin:
L kg kg
rin = 23 x0 =0
min L min

Solving rout:
Accumulation = 350 + (23 − 35)t = 350 − 12t
L x kg 30x kg
rout = 30 ( )=
min (350 − 12t) L 350 − 12t min

Since Qin < Qout, this problem is under Case 3.

dx 30x
= 0−
dt 350 − 12t

dx 30
=− dt
x 350 − 12t

dx −30
∫ =∫ dt
x 350 − 12t

5
lnx = ln(350 − 12t) + C
2
5
x = C(350 − 12t) 2 ;x(0) = 46
5 5
46 = C(350) 2; C = 46(350) −2
5 5
x = (46(350) −2 ) (350 − 12t) 2 ;t = 27 mins
5 5
x = (46(350) −2 )(350 − 12(27) )2
𝐱 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 𝐤𝐠 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

b. What is the concentration of salt in the tank 9 minutes before emptying?

We will use the answer in (5b) to solve for the amount.
5 5
x = (46(350) −2 ) (350 − 12t) 2 ;t = 29.17 = 9 = 20.17 mins
 5 5
x = (46(350) −2 )(350 − 12(20.17))2
𝐱 = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟑 𝐤𝐠 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

c. When will the salt concentration in the tank reaches 0.02 kg?
5 5
x = (46(350) −2 ) (350 − 12t) 2 ;x = 0.02 kg

5 5
0.02 = (46(350) − 2) (350 − 12t) 2
𝐭 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟓 𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐬 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
 APPLICATIONS OF FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

E. Orthogonal Trajectories

Consider a f amily of curves f(x,y) = C, where C is constant. For this family of curves, we can generate another
f amily of curves g(x,y) = C (or its orthogonal trajectories) in which it crosses the given curves at right angles.

Examples:

1. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of circles centered

at origin.

The general equation for the given family of curves is:

x2 + y 2 = r2
Since r2 is just a constant, we can replace it by C instead.
x2 + y 2 = C

Solving for dy/dx:

dy
2x + 2y = 0
dx
dy x
=−
dx y

The slope of the curve is equal to -y/x. From the def inition,
orthogonal trajectories cross the curves at right angles. Thus, we need to get the negative reciprocal of the
slope and equate it to dy/dx again.
dy x
( ) =−
dx old y
dy y
( ) =
dx new x

Af ter getting the new dy/dx, solve the differential equation.

dy y
=
dx x
dy dx
=
y x
dy dx
∫ =∫
y x
lny = lnx + C
y = elnx+C
𝐲 = 𝐂𝐱 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

*Thus, we can conclude that the orthogonal trajectories of

the family of circles centered at origin is the family of
straight lines y=Cx.
2. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the f amilies of vertical
parabolas whose vertex is at origin.

The general equation for the given family of curves is:

x 2 = 4ay

Since 4a is just a constant, we can replace it by C instead.

x 2 = Cy

Solving for dy/dx:

dy dx
2x = C ; C = 2x
dx dy
x 2 = Cy
dx
x 2 = 2xy
dy
1 1 dy
=
x 2 2xy dx
dy 2xy
= 2
dx x
dy 2y
=
dx x
dy 2y
( ) =
dx old x
dy x
( ) =−
dx new 2y
dy x
=−
dx 2y
dy x
=−
dx 2y
2y dy = −x dx
∫ 2y dy = ∫ −x dx
x2
y2 = − +C
2
2 2
2y = −x + C
𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐲𝟐 = 𝐂 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

*Thus, we can conclude that the orthogonal trajectories of

the families of vertical parabolas whose vertex is at origin
is the family of ellipses x2 + 2y2 = C.
3. Find the orthogonal trajectory of families of circles of the form
x 2 + y 2 = 2cy

Solve for dy/dx.

x 2 + y 2 = 2cy
dy dy
2x + 2y = 2c
dx dx
dx
2c = 2x + 2y
dy
dx
x 2 + y 2 = y (2x + 2y)
dy
dx
x 2 + y 2 = (2xy + 2y 2 )
dy
dx
x 2 − y 2 = (2xy )
dy
1 dy 1
=
2xy dx x 2 − y 2
dy 2xy
= 2
dx x − y 2
dy 2xy
( ) = 2
dx old x − y 2
dy x2 − y 2
( ) =−
dx new 2xy
dy x2 − y 2
=−
dx 2xy
Solve using Homogeneous DE, you will arrive at:

𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐 = 𝐂𝐱 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

*Thus, we can conclude that the orthogonal trajectories of

the given family of circles is also family of circles x2 + y2 =
Cx.
4. Find the orthogonal trajectory of families of lines whose
slope is equal to its y-intercept.
The general equation for the given family of curves is:
y = mx + m

Since m is just a constant, we can replace it by C instead.

y = Cx + C

Solve for dy/dx.

y = Cx + C
dy
=C
dx
dy dy
y=x +
dx dx
dy
y = (x + 1)
dx
dy y
=
dx x + 1

dy y
( ) =
dx old x + 1
dy x+1
( ) =−
dx new y
dy x+1
=−
dx y
y dy = −(x + 1) dx
∫ y dy = ∫ −(x + 1) dx
y2 (x + 1) 2
=− +C
2 2
2 2
𝑦 = −(x + 1) + C
(x + 1) 2 + y 2 = C
𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱 + 𝐲 𝟐 = 𝐂 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

*Thus, we can conclude that the orthogonal

trajectories of the given family of lines is family of
circles x2 + 2x + y2 = C.
 APPLICATIONS OF FIRST-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

F. Electronic Circuits (RLC Circuits)

RL Circuits

The RL circuit shown above has a resistor and an inductor

connected in series. A constant voltage V is applied when the
switch is closed.

The (variable) voltage across the resistor is given by:

VR = IR

The (variable) voltage across the inductor is given by:

dI
VL = L
dt

Kirchhoff's voltage law says that the directed sum of the

voltages around a circuit must be zero. This results in the following differential equation:
dI
IR + L − V = 0
dt
dI
IR + L = V [𝟏]
dt

Which takes the form of Linear DE. Solving for I:

dI
L + RI = V
dt
dI RI V
+ =
dt L L
R R
μ = e∫ L dt = eL t
R V R
IeL t = ∫ eL t dt + C
L
V
R R
IeL = L eL t + C
t
R
L
R
t V Rt
IeL = eL + C
R
Solving for C, note that I(0) = 0.

R V R
IeL t = e L t + C; I(0) = 0
R
V
C =−
R
R
t V Rt V
IeL = eL −
R R
V V − Rt
I= − e L
R R
V R
I = (1 − e− L t ) [ 𝟐]
R

Equation [2] can be used to solve the current I at any given time t.
Examples:

1. A series RL circuit with R = 30 Ω and L = 12 H has a constant voltage V = 70 V applied at t = 0 by the

closing of a switch.

Find:
a. the equation for I
Using equation [2]
V R
I = (1 − e− L t )
R
70 30
I = (1 − e− 12t )
30
𝟕 𝟓
𝐈 = (𝟏 − 𝐞− 𝟐𝐭 ) → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝟑

b. the current at t = 0.73 s

7 5
I = (1 − e− 2t )
3
7 5( )
I(0.73) = (1 − e− 2 0.73 )
3
𝐈 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 𝐀 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

c. the expressions for V R and VL

VR = IR
V R
VR = R ( (1 − e− L t ))
R
R
VR = V(1 − e− L t )
𝟓
𝐕𝐑 = 𝟕𝟎(𝟏 − 𝐞− 𝟐𝐭 ) → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

dI
VL = L
dt
d 7 5
VL = L ( (1 − e− 2t ))
dt 3
35 5
VL = L ( e− 2t )
6
35 − 5t
VL = ( Le 2 )
6
35 5
VL = ( (12)e− 2t )
6
𝟓
𝐕𝐋 = 𝟕𝟎𝐞−𝟐𝐭 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

d. the time at which V R = VL

5
VL = 70e− 2t
5
VR = 70 (1 − e− 2t )
5 5
70(1 − e − 2t ) = 70e− 2t
5 5
(1 − e − 2t ) = e − 2t
5
2e− 2t = 1
 5 1
e− 2t =
2

5 1
lne− 2t = ln
2
5
− t = −ln2
2
5
t = ln2
2
2 ln2
t=
5
t = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟕 𝐬 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

2. A series RL circuit with R = 28 Ω and L = 19 H has a constant voltage V = 43 V applied at t = 0 by the

closing of a switch.

Find:
a. the equation for I
Using equation [2]
V R
I = (1 − e− L t )
R
43 28
I = (1 − e− 19t )
28
𝟒𝟑 𝟐𝟖
𝐈 = (𝟏 − 𝐞− 𝟏𝟗𝐭 ) → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝟐𝟖

b. the expressions for V R and VL

VR = IR
V R
VR = R ( (1 − e− L t ))
R
R
VR = V(1 − e− L t )
𝟐𝟖
𝐕𝐑 = 𝟒𝟑(𝟏 − 𝐞− 𝟏𝟗𝐭 ) → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

dI
VL = L
dt
d 43 28
VL = L ( (1 − e− 19t ))
dt 28
43 28
VL = L ( e− 19t )
19
43 28
VL = ( (19)e− 19t )
19
𝟐𝟖
𝐕𝐋 = 𝟒𝟑𝐞−𝟏𝟗𝐭 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

c. the time at which V R = VL

28
VL = 43e− 19t
28
VR = 43 (1 − e− 19t )
28 28
43(1 − e − 19t ) = 43e− 19t
28 28
(1 − e − 19t ) = e − 19t
28
2e− 19t = 1
 28 1
e− 19t =
2
28 1
lne− 19t = ln
2

28
− t = −ln2
19
28
t = ln2
19
19 ln2
t=
28
t = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕 𝐬 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

d. Time constant
Time is constant (τ, or Greek letter tau) is defined as the time at which the system’s response already
reached 63.2% (equivalent to 1/e) of its final value. In the case of RL circuits, τ is equivalent to L/R.

L
τ= [ 𝟑]
R
19
τ= = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟕𝟗 𝐬 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
28

e. Transient and steady-state current

Transient current is the system’s response from shift in equilibrium or steady-state. Steady-state current
is the system’s current in which its value does not change anymore for a span of time.

For this problem, transient current is represented by the equation for I itself, which is:
𝟒𝟑 𝟐𝟖
𝐈 = (𝟏 − 𝐞− 𝟏𝟗𝐭 ) 𝐀 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝟐𝟖

Steady-state current, on the other hand, is when t approaches ꝏ.

43 28
I = (1 − e− 19t )
28
43
I=
28
𝐈 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟑𝟔 𝐀 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

3. A series RL circuit with R = 21 Ω and L = 16 H has a constant voltage V = 53 V applied at t = 0 by the

closing of a switch.

Find:
a. the equation for I
Using equation [2]
V R
I = (1 − e− L t )
R
53 21
I = (1 − e− 16t )
21
𝟓𝟑 𝟐𝟏
𝐈 = (𝟏 − 𝐞− 𝟏𝟔𝐭 ) → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝟐𝟏

b. the expressions for V R and VL

VR = IR
V R
VR = R ( (1 − e− L t ))
R
R
VR = V(1 − e− L t )
 𝟐𝟏
𝐕𝐑 = 𝟓𝟑(𝟏 − 𝐞− 𝟏𝟔𝐭 ) → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

dI
VL = L
dt

d 53 21
VL = L ( (1 − e− 16t ))
dt 21
53 21
VL = L ( e− 16t )
21
𝟐𝟏
𝐕𝐋 = 𝟓𝟑𝐞−𝟏𝟔𝐭 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

c. the time at which V R = VL

21
VL = 53e− 16t
21
VR = 53 (1 − e− 16t )
21 21
53(1 − e − 16t ) = 53e− 16t
21 21
(1 − e − 16t ) = e − 16t
21
2e− 16t = 1
21 1
e− 16t =
2
21 1
lne− 16t = ln
2
21
− t = −ln2
16
21
t = ln2
16
16 ln2
t=
21
t = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟖 𝐬 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

d. Time constant
Using equation [3]
L
τ=
R
16
τ= = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟐 𝐬 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
21

e. Transient and steady-state current

Transient current:
𝟓𝟑 𝟐𝟏
𝐈 = (𝟏 − 𝐞− 𝟏𝟔𝐭 ) 𝐀 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝟐𝟏

Steady-state current.
53 21
I = (1 − e− 16t )
21
53
I=
21
𝐈 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟐𝟒 𝐀 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
RC Circuits

In an RC circuit, the capacitor stores energy between a pair

of plates. When voltage is applied to the capacitor, the
charge builds up in the capacitor and the current drops off to
zero.

In solving RC Circuits, dif ferent approach is needed

depending either voltage will be constant or variable.

• Case 1: Constant Voltage

The voltage across the resistor and capacitor are as f ollows:

VR = IR
1
VC = ∫ I dt
C

Kirchhoff's voltage law says the total voltages must be zero. Thus, applying this law to a series RC circuit
results in the equation:

1
IR + ∫ I dt − V = 0
C
1
IR + ∫ I dt = V
C
dI 1
R + I = 0 [𝟒]
dt C

Equation [4] can be solved either using separation of variables or linear DE. In this case, we’ll use
separation of variables:
dI 1
R + I=0
dt C
dI 1
R =− I
dt C
dI dt
=−
I RC
dI dt
∫ = ∫−
I RC
t
ln I = − + C1
RC
t
I = e− RC+C1
t V
I = C2 e− RC;I(0) =
R
V
= C2
R
V −t
I = e RC [𝟓]
R
 Example:

1. A series RC circuit with R = 8 Ω and C = 0.02 F is connected with a battery of E = 100 V. At t = 0, the
voltage across the capacitor is zero.

Find:
a. the equation for I
Using equation [5]
V t
I = e− RC
R
100 − t
I= (e (0.02)(8))
8
𝐈 = 𝟏𝟐.𝟓(𝐞−𝟔.𝟐𝟓𝐭 ) → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

b. the current at t = 0.27 s

I = 12.5(e−6.25t )
I(1.58) = 12.5(1 − e−6.25(0.27))
𝐈 = 𝟏𝟎.𝟏𝟗 𝐀 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

c. charge at the capacitor at t = 0.27 s

I = 12.5(e−6.25t )
dq
I=
dt
dq
= 12.5(e−6.25t )
dt
∫ dq = ∫ 12.5(e−6.25t ) dt
q = −2e−6.25t + C1 ;q(0) = 0
0 = −2 + C1 ; C1 = 2
q = 2 − 2e−6.25t
q = 2 − 2e−6.25(0.27)
𝐪 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟑 𝐂 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

d. expressions for VR and V C

VR = IR
VR = 8(12.5(e−6.25t ))
VR = 100e−6.25t
𝐕𝐑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐞−𝟔.𝟐𝟓𝐭 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

1
VC = ∫ I dt
C
1
VC = ∫ 12.5(e−6.25t ) 𝑑t
0.02
VC = −100e−6.25t + C1
At t = 0, V = 0
VC = −100e−6.25t + C1 ; V(0) = 0
 𝐶1 = 100
VC = 100 − 100e−6.25t
𝐕𝐂 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎− 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐞−𝟔.𝟐𝟓𝐭 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

e. the time at which V R = VC

100 − 100e−6.25t = 100e−6.25t
2e−6.25t = 1

1
e−6.25t =
2
1
lne −6.25t = ln
2
−6.25t = −ln2
6.25t = ln2
ln2
t=
6.25
t = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐬 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

• Case 2: Variable Voltage

For this type of problems, we need to solve for q instead of I:

dq
I=
dt
dq 1
R + q−V = 0
dt C
dq 1
R + q = V [ 𝟔]
dt C

Equation [6] is now a linear differential equation in q:

Note: We cannot arrive at a “f ormula” since V is now a f unction of t as well.

Example:

1. A series RC circuit with R = 31 Ω and C = 0.0019 F is connected with a battery of E = 100 cos(60t) V. At
t = 0, the charge in the capacitor is -0.039 C.

Find:
a. the equation for q

Using equation [6]

dq 1 V
+ q=
dt RC R
1 t
∫ dt
μ = e RC = e RC
t t
qeRC = ∫ 100eRC cos 60t dt + C
t t
qe0.0589 = ∫ 100e0.0589 cos 60t dt + C
t
t 100 e0.0589
qe0.0589 = (0.0589cos 60t + 60 sin60t) + C1
0.05892 + 602
At t = 0, q = −0.039 C
100
−0.039 = (0.0589) + C1
0.05892 + 602
 5.89
C1 = −(0.039 + )
0.05892 + 602
t
t e0.0589 5.89
qe0.0589
= (0.0589cos 60t + 60 sin60t) − (0.039 + )
0.05892 + 602 0.05892 + 602
(𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟗 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟔𝟎𝐭+ 𝟔𝟎𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟔𝟎𝐭) 𝟓. 𝟖𝟗 −
𝐭
𝐪 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − (𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟗+ ) 𝐞 𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟗 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟗𝟐 + 𝟔𝟎𝟐 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟖𝟗𝟐 + 𝟔𝟎𝟐

b. charge at the capacitor at t = 1.3 s

(0.0589cos 60t + 60 sin60t) 5.89 −
t
q(1.3) = 100 − (0.039 + )e 0.0589
0.05892 + 602 0.05892 + 602

𝐪 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟑𝟏 𝐂 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫

c. the current at t = 1.3 s

d 100(0.0589cos 60t + 60 sin60t) 5.89 t
[q = 2 2
− (0.039 + 2 2
) e− 0.0589]
dt 0.0589 + 60 0.0589 + 60
dq [(−60)(0.0589) sin60t] + 3600 cos60t 0.039 100 t
= I = 100 2 2
+( + 2 2
) e− 0.0589
dt 0.0589 + 60 0.0589 0.0589 + 60
[(−60)(0.0589) sin60t ] + 3600 cos60t 0.039 100 t
I(1.3) = 100 2 2
+( + 2 2
) e− 0.0589
0.0589 + 60 0.0589 0.0589 + 60
𝐈 = 𝟐𝟎.𝟕𝐀 → 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫