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Technical and Vocational Stream

Learning Resource Materials

ENGINEERING DRAWING-II
(Grade 10)

Secondary Level

Civil Engineering

Government of Nepal
Ministry of Education, Science and Technology
Curriculum Development Centre
Sanothimi, Bhaktapur
Publisher : Government of Nepal
Ministry of Education, Science and Technology
Curriculum Development Centre
Sanothimi, Bhaktapur

© Publisher

Layout by Khados Sunuwar

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system or transmitted, in any other form or by any means for
commercial purpose without the prior permission in writing of Curriculum
Development Centre.
 Preface
The curriculum and curricular materials have been developed and revised on a regular
basis with the aim of making education objective-oriented, practical, relevant and job
oriented. It is necessary to instill the feelings of nationalism, national integrity and
democratic spirit in students and equip them with morality, discipline and self-reliance,
creativity and thoughtfulness. It is essential to develop in them the linguistic and
mathematical skills, knowledge of science, information and communication
technology, environment, health and population and life skills. it is also necessary to
bring in them the feeling of preserving and promoting arts and aesthetics, humanistic
norms, values and ideals. It has become the need of the present time to make them
aware of respect for ethnicity, gender, disabilities, languages, religions, cultures,
regional diversity, human rights and social values so as to make them capable of
playing the role of responsible citizens with applied technical and vocational
knowledge and skills. This Learning Resource Material for Civil Engineering has been
developed in line with the Secondary Level Civil Engineering Curriculum with an aim
to facilitate the students in their study and learning on the subject by incorporating the
recommendations and feedback obtained from various schools, workshops and
seminars, interaction programs attended by teachers, students and parents.
In bringing out the learning resource material in this form, the contribution of the
Director General of CDC Dr. Lekhnath Poudel, Dr. Jagatkumar Shrestha, Dr. Kamal
Thapa, Dr. Bharat Mandal, Purushotam Chapagai, Jagadishchandra Karki, Krishn
Thapa, Geeta Lamichhane is highly acknowledged. The book is written by Kedarnath
Dahal and the subject matter of the book was edited by Badrinath Timalsina and
Khilanath Dhamala. CDC extends sincere thanks to all those who have contributed in
developing this book in this form.
This book is a supplimentary learning resource material for students and teachrs. In
addition they have to make use of other relevnt materials to ensure all the learning
outcomes set in the curriculum. The teachers, students and all other stakeholders
are expected to make constructive comments and suggestions to make it a more
useful learning resource material.

2076 BS Ministry of Education, Science and Technology

Curriculum Development Centre
 Content

Topics Page No.

UNIT 1 : Overview about drawing 1
1.1 Introduction to types of drawings 1
1.2 Architectural drawing, structural drawing, services drawing, detail
drawings 1
1.3 Types of building structure 4
1.4 Terminology used in drawing, Components/elements of building 6
1.5 Engineering symbols and conventional signs 8
1.6 Introduction to by-laws and codes 9
UNIT 2 : Basic drawing/drafting concept 11
2.1 Architectural Drafting-Lettering, Dimensioning lines, Title blocks,
Office standards 11
2.2 Drafting conventions, Representation of different materials in section,
Graphic symbols 14
2.3 Drafting and preparing foundation plans 15
2.4 Floor plans 17
2.5 Exterior elevations 17
2.6 Sections 17
UNIT 3 : Introduction to AutoCAD 19
3.1 Overview of AutoCAD release 19
3.2 Overview about fundamental of computer (hardware / software) 21
3.3 Characteristics of AutoCAD 21
3.4 Benefits of AutoCAD 21
3.5 Overview about Peripheral devices 21
UNIT 4 : Starting a new drawing/opening an existing drawing 24
UNIT 5 : Drawing commands 25
5.1 Co-ordinate Input methods 25
5.2 Point, Line, Polyline, Multiline, Construction line 28
5.3 Circle, Arc, Ellipse, Donut 29
5.4 Polygon, Rectangle, Spline, Solid, etc. 30
5.5 Hatching and Gradient 30
5.6 Text (multi-line and single line / true type fonts) 31
5.7 Dimension Setup 32
UNIT 6 : Modify Commands 36
6.1 Object Selection Method 36
6.2 Erase, Trim, Break 38
6.3 Copy, Mirror, Offset, Array 38
6.4. Move, Rotate, Scale, Stretch 39
6.5 Lengthen, Extend 40
6.6 Chamfer, Fillet 40
UNIT 7 : Features 42
7.1 View tools 42
7.2 Layers concept, match and change properties 42
7.3 Measure and divide 43
7.4 Inquiry command 43
 Unit: 1
Overview about drawing
1. Objective
 to define terms of drawing
 to identify types of building structures
 to know by-laws and codes
 to know the symbols and conventional signs
2. Content
1.1 Introduction to types of drawings
An engineering drawing, a type of technical drawing, is used to fully and clearly
defined requirements for engineered items.
Engineering drawing (the activity) produces engineering drawings (the documents).
More than merely the drawing of pictures, it is also a language, a graphical language
that communicates ideas and information from one mind to another.
Following are the types of drawing:
 Architectural drawing
 Structural drawing
 Service drawing
 Electrical drawing
 Sanitary drawing
 Detailed drawing etc.
1.2 Architectural drawing, structural drawing, services drawing, detail
drawings
Architectural drawing:
An architectural drawing or architect's drawing is a technical drawing of a building
(or building project) that falls within the definition of architecture. Architectural
drawings are used by architects and others for a number of purposes: to develop a
design idea into a coherent proposal, to communicate ideas and concepts, to

Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10 1

convince clients of the merits of a design, to enable a building contractor to
construct it, as a record of the completed work, and to make a record of a building
that already exists.
Architectural drawings are made according to a set of conventions, which include
particular views (floor plan, section etc.), sheet sizes, units of measurement and
scales, annotation and cross referencing. Conventionally, drawings were made in
ink on paper or a similar material, and any copies required had to be laboriously
made by hand. The twentieth century saw a shift to drawing on tracing paper, so
that mechanical copies could be run off efficiently.
The development of the computer had a major impact on the methods used to design
and create technical drawings, making manual drawing almost obsolete and
opening up new possibilities of form using organic shapes and complex geometry.
Today the vast majority of drawings are created using CAD software
Structural drawing:
A structural drawing, a type of Engineering drawing, is a plan or set of plans for
how a building or other structure will be built. Structural drawings are generally
prepared by registered professional structural engineers, and informed
by architectural drawings. They are primarily concerned with the load-carrying
members of a structure. They outline the size and types of materials to be used, as
well as the general demands for connections. They do not address architectural
details like surface finishes, partition walls, or mechanical systems. The structural
drawings communicate the design of the building's structure to the building
authority to review. Structural drawings are also included with a proposed
building's contract documents, which guide contractors in detailing, fabricating, and
installing parts of the structure.
Detail drawings:
Detail drawings provide a detailed description of the geometric form of a part of an
object such as a building, bridge, tunnel, machine, plant, and so on. They tend to be
large-scale drawings that show in detail parts that may be included in
less detail on general arrangement drawings.

2 Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10

Detail drawings may be used to demonstrate compliance with regulations and other
requirements, to provide information about assembly and the junctions between
components, to show construction details, detailed form, and so on, that would not
be possible to include on more general drawings.
They may include dimensions, tolerances, notation, symbols and specification
information, but this should not duplicate information included in separate
specifications as this can become contradictory and may cause confusion.
They may consist of two-dimensional orthogonal projections showing plans,
sections and elevations and may be drawn to scale by hand, or prepared using
Computer Aided Design (CAD) software. However, increasingly, building
information modeling (BIM) is being used to create detailed three-dimensional
representations of buildings and their components.
Detail drawings may be confused with ‘detailed design drawings’ which might
describe the drawings produced during the detailed design stage, (sometimes
referred to as 'developed design' or 'definition'). Detailed design is the process
developing the design so that it is dimensionally correct and co-ordinated,
describing all the main components of the building and how they fit together. Not
all drawings produced during this stage will necessarily be detail drawings.
They are also distinct from the definition of ‘working drawings’ which provide
dimensioned, graphical information that can be used by a contractor to construct
the works, by suppliers to fabricate components of the works or to assemble or
install components. Again, not all working drawings will necessarily be detail
drawings.

Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10 3

 Fig. Sample of detailed drawing
1.3 Types of building structure
Following are the types of building structures
 Sub-structure
It is the lower portion of the building usually located below the ground level which
transmit the load of the super structure to the supporting soil. Its basic function is
to transmit the dead load, live load and other load to the sub-soil or sub grade soil.
In the sub-structure it consists of mainly footing. This is the lowest part of the
building or any construction work in which different part like wall, PCC, RCC,
soling and natural ground sub soil or sub grade soil. This all components are design
or constructions per specification and required.
 Super structure
It is part of a building which is above the ground level and it serves the purpose of

4 Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10

use. The super structure has masonry work, beam, pillar, roof structure, floor
structure, door, window, staircase or finished work.
i. Masonry Work
It is defined as the construction of the building. It is the boundary of the building.
It make the partition of the building or divides the room in the different part of the
area. Its main purpose is to separate the area for the different purposed inside the
building. It is the essential part or component of the building and its primary
function is to enclose and to make function able and useful.
ii. Column/Pillar
It is an essential part of the building. It is an isolated vertical load bearing member
and having length, breadth and height as per design or required. It is the vertical
component so that it takes all the load of the sub-structure. So, generally column or
pillars are more stronger than other structure.
iii. Beam
It is an also calculated horizontal tensile load bearing member having length,
breadth and span as per required or as per design. It is horizontal component so that
its main purpose is to support the wall, slab or other any component of building on
slab and it transferred its own weight or load and other all load above it to the pillar.
iv. Floor structure
Floors are the horizontal element which divides the building into different level. Its
main purpose is to create the open surface or accumulation for the different use on
it. It has length breadth and thickness as per required or design. In the building floor
works is of any material or any types.
v. Roof structure
A roof is the uppermost part of the building. It is covering provided on the top of
building with a view to keep out rain, snow, sunlight, wind etc and to protect the
building from their adverse affect. The roof are of different design such slope, flat
and of different material.

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vi. Door
A door is a framework of wood, steel, aluminum fixed in the wall opening for the
purpose of providing access to user of the building.
vii. Window
It is also an opening made in the wall and fixed on it for the purpose of providing
day light, wind or ventilation and for vision purpose.
viii. Stair case:-
It is defined as a series of step which are suitably arranged for the purposed to
connect different floor of the building. It provides an easy safe and quick access to
the user in the different floor to floor.
ix. Building finish
They are used to give protective coveting to various building component at a same
time. They provide decorative effect.
1.4 Terminology used in drawing, Components/elements of building
Components/elements of building:
Components part of building (Same as types of building structures)
 Sub-structure
It is the lower portion of the building usually located below the ground level which
transmit the load of the super structure to the supporting soil. Its basic function is
to transmit the dead load, live load and other load to the sub-soil or sub grade soil.
In the sub-structure it consists mainly footing. This is the lowest part of the building
or any construction work in which different part like wall, PCC, RCC, soling and
natural ground sub soil or sub grade soil. This all components are design or
constructions per specification and required.
 Super structure
It is part of a building which is above the ground level and it serves the purpose of
use. The super structure has masonry work, beam, pillar, roof structure, floor
structure, door, window, staircase or finished work.

6 Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10

i. Masonry Work
It is defined as the construction of the building. It is the boundary of the building.
It make the partition of the building or divides the room in the different part of the
area. Its main purpose is to separate the area for the different purposed inside the
building. It is the essential part or component of the building and its primary
function is to enclose and to make function able useful.
ii. Column/Pillar
It is an essential part of the building. It is an isolated vertical load bearing member
and having length, breadth and height as per design or required. It is the vertical
component so that it takes all the load of the sub-structure. So, generally column or
pillars are more stronger than other structure.
iii. Beam
It is an also calculated horizontal tensile load bearing member having length,
breadth and span as per required or as per design. It is horizontal component so that
its main purpose is to support the wall, slab or other any component of building on
slab and it transferred its own weight or load and other all load above it to the pillar.
iv. Floor structure
Floors are the horizontal element which divides the building into different level. Its
main purpose is to create the open surface or accumulation for the different use on
it. It has length breadth and thickness as per required or design. In the building floor
works is of any material or any types.
v. Roof structure
A roof is the uppermost part of the building. It is covering provided on the top of
building with a view to keep out rain, snow, sunlight, wind etc and to protect the
building from their adverse affect. The roof are of different design such as slope,
flat and of different material.
vi. Door
A door is a framework of wood, steel, aluminum fixed in the wall opening for the
purpose of providing access to user of the building.

Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10 7

vii. Window
It is also an opening made in the wall and fixed on it for the purpose of providing
day light, wind or ventilation and for vision purpose.
viii. Stair case
It is defined as a series of step which are suitably arranged for the purposed to
connect different floor of the building. It provides an easy safe and quick access to
the user in different floor to floor.
ix. Building finish
They are used to give protective coveting to various building component at a same
time. They provide decorative effect
1.5 Engineering symbols and conventional signs

8 Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10

1.6 Introduction to by-laws and codes
A by-law and code is a rule or law established by an organization or community to
regulate itself, as allowed or provided for by some higher authority. The higher
authority, generally a legislature or some other governmental body, establishes the
degree of control that the by-laws may exercise. By-laws may be established by
entities such as a business corporation, a neighborhood association, or depending
on the jurisdiction, a municipality.
By laws and codes is the strict rule which must be obeyed by everyone. If everyone
makes building without obeying any rules then there will be problems of:
 Irregular and narrow roads
 Frequent traffic

Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10 9

 Problem of parking
 Health problems due to pollution
 Poor light and ventilation
 No proper planning of gardens, plat ground etc.
 Problems regarding services like water supply, drainage, telephone, gas,
electricity etc.
 Noise nuisance in education, hospitals, court etc.
3. Teaching learning process and support materials
In course of facilitation of this unit, a teacher can make use of various teaching
methods techniques and strategies suitable to the subject content and classroom
context. Primarily the following methods and strategies can be used :
 Lecture
 Group Discussion
 Audio visual
Similarly with nregard to support materials, the teacher can use this resource
materials and other relevant materials as per students' needs, relevance and their
level.
Glossary
Occupant- the owner or tenant of a property
Weathering- mechanical or chemical breaking down of rocks in situ by weather or
other causes
Reference
Luzadder, W.J., Fundamental of Engineering Drawing, Prentice-Hall of IndiaPvt-Ltd.,
New Delhi, Latest edition.
Bhatt N. D. and PanchalV.M., Engineering Drawing, Charotar Publishing House,
2001.
Gill P.S, Engineering Drawing, S. K. Kataraia& Sons, New Delhi, 2004/2005

10 Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10

 Unit: 2
Basic drawing/drafting concept
1. Objective
 To identify the drawing symbols
 To describe the detailed architectural drawing
 To prepare a plan
 To understand the section of the drawing
2. Content
2.1 Architectural Drafting-Lettering, Dimensioning lines, Title blocks,
Office standards
Architectural Drafting-Lettering
Architectural drafting lettering is expected as a designer or architect that all
blueprints, drawings and designs have architectural lettering.

Dimensioning lines
The dimension line is a thin line, broken in the middle to allow the placement of

Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10 11

the dimension value, with arrowheads at each end (see diagram below). An
arrowhead is approximately 3 mm long and 1mm wide. That is, the length is roughly
three times the width.
The purpose of dimensioning is to provide a clear and complete description of an
object. A complete set of dimensions will permit only one interpretation needed to
construct the part. Dimensioning should follow these guidelines :
Accuracy: Correct values must be given.
Clearness: Dimensions must be placed in appropriate positions.
Completeness: Nothing must be left out, and nothing duplicated.
Readability: The appropriate line quality must be used for legibility.

An extension line extends a line on the object to the dimension line. The first
dimension line should be approximately 12 mm (0.6 in) from the object. Extension
lines begin 1.5 mm from the object and extend 3 mm from the last dimension line.
A leader is a thin line used to connect a dimension with a particular area (see the
hole diameter arrow shown) A leader may also be used to indicate a note or

12 Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10

comment about a specific area.
When there is limited space, a heavy black dot may be substituted for the arrows,
again clarity is the rule - it should be a clear point into which the dimension lines
ends.
Also in this drawing, shown, two holes on the main surface of the flat panel are
identical, allowing the "2x" notation to be used and the dimension to point to only
one of the circles. This is more preferable than cluttering the space with duplicate
information.

Title blocks
A title block is comprised of the information boxes found on the bottom right- hand
corner of a drawing, which indicate drawing details such as the title, author name,
scale, and date the drawing was created. This is an introductory activity designed
to be completed prior to any other board drawing activities.
Office standards (Official used)
In engineering drawing there is a portion in the drawing which is used for the
official used or concerned authority uses where they gives authorized approval to
the drawings.

Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10 13

2.2 Drafting conventions, Representation of different materials in section,
Graphic symbols
Material Symbols
The type of section line used to represent a surface varies according to the type of
material. Symbols generally used for various materials are shown in figure 15.
However, the general purpose section line symbol used in most section view
drawings is that of cast iron. The specific type of steel to be used will be indicated
in the title block or parts list. Occasionally, with assembly section views, material
symbols are used to identify different parts of the assembly.

14 Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10

Figure 15. General symbols used to represent various materials in section view.
2.3 Drafting and preparing foundation plans
A foundation plan is a top view of the footings or foundation walls, showing their
area and their location by distances between centerlines and by distances from
reference lines or boundary lines. Actually, it is a horizontal section view cut

Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10 15

through the walls of the foundation showing beams, girders, piers or columns, and
openings, along with dimension sand internal composition.

Here are step-by-step instructions for drawing the foundation measurements

of a sample building:
1. Draw a solid line representing the outside dimensions of the walls of the
building, this line will also represent the outside dimensions of the foundation
wall.
Outside wall
2. Draw a second solid line inside the first one to represent the inside dimensions
of the building's walls. This line will also represent the inside dimensions of
the foundation wall. The space between the two lines should be exactly the
width of the planned walls to scale.
The space between the two lines
3. Subtract the width of the wall from the planned width of the foundation
footing. Divide the remainder in two and convert the answer into the scale
dimension being used in the drawing. This figure represents the distance
between the inner side of the wall and the inner side of the foundation footing.
4. Draw a dotted line inside the drawing of the walls. This line represents the
inner dimension of the footing. The space between it and the inside solid line
(step #2) should be exactly the distance calculated in step #3.
Inside edge of footing
5. Draw a dotted line outside the drawing of the walls. This line represents the
outer dimension of the footing. The space between it and the outside solid line
(step #1) should be exactly the distance calculated in step #3.
With of footing
6. On either side of the drawing's length, add a solid line exactly as long as the
longest wall (that is, the longest outer solid line).
7. On either side of the drawing's width, add a solid line exactly as long as the
longest wall (that is, the longest outer solid line).

16 Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10

Length and weight
8. Place a mark along each line from steps #6-7 wherever the outer wall turns a
corner. Indicate the actual length of each straight section of wall.
Place a mark along each line
9. Outside the lines drawn in steps #6-7, draw two more solid lines exactly as
long as the length and width of the outer dotted line. Mark these lines to
indicate the actual length of each straight section of foundation footing.
10. Underneath the completed drawing, write down what the footing and
foundation wall will be made of and their cross-section dimensions.
11. The completed drawing is an actual scale drawing showing the trenches that
must be dug for the footing and the dimensions of the foundation walls.
2.4 Floor plans
In architecture drawing and building engineering, a floor plan is a drawing to scale,
showing a view from above, the relationships between rooms, spaces, traffic
patterns, and other physical features at one level of a structure.
Dimensions are usually drawn between the walls to specify room sizes and wall
lengths. Floor plans may also include details of fixtures like sinks, water heaters,
furnaces, etc. Floor plans may include notes for construction to specify finishes,
construction methods, or symbols for electrical items.
2.5 Exterior elevations
An exterior elevation is a view of a building seen from one side, a flat representation
of one façe. This is the most common view used to describe the external appearance
of a building. Each elevation is labeled in relation to the compass direction it faces,
e.g. looking toward the north you would be seeing the southern elevation of the
building. Buildings are rarely a simple rectangular shape in plan, so a typical
elevation may show all the parts of the building that are seen from a particular
direction.
2.6 Sections
A cross section, also simply called a section, represents a vertical plane cut through

Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10 17

the object, in the same way as a floor plan is a horizontal section viewed from the
top. In the section view, everything cut by the section plane is shown as a bold line,
often with a solid fill to show objects that are cut through, and anything seen beyond
generally shown in a thinner line. Sections are used to describe the relationship
between different levels of a building. In the Observatorium drawing illustrated
here, the section shows the dome which can be seen from the outside, a second
dome that can only be seen inside the building, and the way the space between the
two accommodates a large astronomical telescope: relationships that would be
difficult to understand from plans alone.
Teaching learning process and support materials
In course of facilitation of this unit, a teacher can make use of various teaching
methods techniques and strategies suitable to the subject content and classroom
context. Primarily the following methods and strategies can be used :
 Lecture
 Group Discussion
 Audio visual
Similarly with nregard to support materials, the teacher can use this resource
materials and other relevant materials as per students' needs, relevance and their
level.
Glossary
Luzadder, W.J., Fundamental of Engineering Drawing, Prentice-Hall of IndiaPvt-
Ltd., New Delhi, Latest edition.
Bhatt N. D. and PanchalV.M., Engineering Drawing, Charotar Publishing House,
2001.
Gill P.S, Engineering Drawing, S. K. Kataraia& Sons, New Delhi, 2004/2005

18 Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10

 Unit: 3
Introduction to AutoCAD
1. Objective:
 to overview of AutoCAD
 to explain history of AutoCAD
 to differenciate the hardware and software
 to drawing
 to open a drawing in Autocad
2. Content
3.1 Overview of AutoCAD release
AutoCAD is a commercial computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting software
application. Developed and marketed by Autodesk, AutoCAD was first released in
December 1982 as a desktop app running on microcomputers with internal graphics
controllers. Before AutoCAD was introduced, most commercial CAD programs ran
on mainframe computers or minicomputers, with each CAD operator (user)
working at a separate graphics terminal. Since 2010, AutoCAD was released as
a mobile- and web app as well, marketed as AutoCAD 360.
AutoCAD software main aims to assist the reader to use AutoCAD 2007 with a
series of interactive exercise. This exercise will be backed up with activities, thus
allowing the reader to practice the new skills being demonstrated.
The software is developed by the Autodesk and it will support both 2D and 3D
formats.
History of AutoCAD
AutoCAD= Automatic Computer Aided Design
Version 1.0 (Release 1) – Dec 1982
Version 1.2 (Release 2) – April 1983
Version 1.3 (Release 3) – Aug 1983
Version 1.4 (Release 4) – Oct 1983

Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10 19

Version 2.0 (Release 5) – Oct 1984
Version 2.1 (Release 6) – May 1985
Version 2.5 (Release 7) – Jun 1986
Version 2.6 (Release 8) – April 1987
Release 9 – sep 1987
Release 10 – Oct 1988
Release 11 – Oct 1990
Release 12 – Jun 1992 (Last Release for Apple Macintosh)
Release 13 – Nov 1994 (Last Release for unix, MS-DOS and Windows 3.11
Release 14 – Feb 1997
AutoCAD 2000 (R15.0) – Mar 1999
AutoCAD 2000i (R15.1)-jul 2000
AutoCAD 2002 (R15.6) – june 2001
AutoCAD 2004 (R15.6) – Mar 2003
AutoCAD 2005 ( R16.0) – Mar 2004
AutoCAD 2006 ( R16.1) – Mar 2005
AutoCAD 2007 ( R16.2) – Mar 2006
AutoCAD 2008 ( R17.0) – Mar 2007
AutoCAD 2009 ( R17.2) – Mar 2008
AutoCAD 2010 ( R18.0) – Mar 2009
AutoCAD 2011 ( R18.1) – Mar 2010
AutoCAD 2012 ( R18.2) – Mar 2011
AutoCAD 2013 ( R19.0) – Mar 2012
AutoCAD 2014 ( R19.1) – Mar 2013
AutoCAD 2015 ( R20.0) – Mar 2014
AutoCAD 2016 ( R20.1) – Mar 2015
AutoCAD 2017 ( R21.0) – Mar 2016
AutoCAD 2018 ( R22.0) – Mar 2017
AutoCAD 2019 ( R23.0) – Mar 2018
20 Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10
3.2 Overview about fundamental of computer (hardware / software)
Hardware
Hardware is the physical component that we can actually touch and feel like
disk, display screen, keyboard, printers etc. The display and storage device
are also called hardware devices.
Software
It is untouchable. It exist as ideas, concepts and symbols but it has no body. A
computer without software is like a book full of blank page. It is collection of
instructions. Examples of software are Ms-word, AutoCAD, Power Point, etc.
3.3 Characteristics of AutoCAD
AutoCAD is the use of computer system to assist in the certain modification or
analysis of a design. AutoCAD software is used to increase the productivity of
design or improve the quality of design, improves communication through the
documentation and to create a data base for manufacturing. AutoCAD output is
often in the form of electronic files for printing. It is used in many fields for creating
a technical drawing.
3.4 Benefits of AutoCAD
 Improve productivity in drafting
 Shorter preparation time for drawing
 Reduced manpower requirements
 Customer modification in drawings are easier
 Low wastage in drawing
 Improve drawing accuracy
 Develop better design
 Editing is possible
 Production of orthographic projection with dimension and tolerance
 Hatching of different sections with various patterns are possible
3.5 Overview about Peripheral devices
Auxiliary devices (equipment) used in computer (keyboard, mouse, scanner, etc.),

Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10 21

output (printer, plotter, speaker etc.) storage (floppy disk, pen drive, CD drive etc.),
communication (microphone, modem, router etc.) or other function under a direct
control of computer are known as peripheral devices.
Printer and Plotter
Printer
Printer an external hardware output device that take an electronic data stored on a
computer or other devices and generate a hardcopy of text. Printers are most popular
computer peripheral device and are commonly used to print the text and graphics.
There are two types of printers they are
1. Impact printer
2. Non-impact printer
Plotter
Plotter is a computer hardware device much like a printer that is used for printing
vector graphics. Plotter is widely used for plotting the drawings on AutoCAD. A
plotter gives a hardcopy of the output. It draws picture on a paper using a pen.
Plotters are used to print design of machine, plan for building etc. There are two
types of plotter, they are
i. Drum plotter
ii. Electro static plotter
3. Teaching learning process and support materials
In course of facilitation of this unit, a teacher can make use of various teaching
methods techniques and strategies suitable to the subject content and classroom
context. Primarily the following methods and strategies can be used :
 Lecture
 Group Discussion
 Audio visual
Similarly with nregard to support materials, the teacher can use this resource
materials and other relevant materials as per students' needs, relevance and their
level.

22 Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10

Glossary
Hardware : Computer hardware is the collection of physical parts of
a computer system. This includes the computercase, monitor, keyboard, and
mouse. It also includes all the parts inside the computer case, such as the hard disk
drive, motherboard, video card, and many others. Computer hardware is what you
can physically touch.
Reference
Luzadder, W.J., Fundamental of Engineering Drawing, Prentice-Hall of IndiaPvt-
Ltd., New Delhi, Latest edition.
Bhatt N. D. and PanchalV.M., Engineering Drawing, Charotar Publishing House,
2001.
Gill P.S, Engineering Drawing, S. K. Kataraia& Sons, New Delhi, 2004/2005

Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10 23

 Unit: 4
Starting a new drawing/opening an existing drawing
1. Objectives
 to start a new drawing
 to open an existing drawing
2. Contents
4.1 Setting up a drawing starting from scratch, using a Wizard, using and creating
a template file, drafting aids.
4.2 Opening an existing drawing
4.3 Screen layout, pull-down menus, screen icons, command line and dialogue
boxes, status bar toggles
4.4 Setting preferences (Setting Units and Scale, managing drawing area by using
MV setup and Limits.)
3. Teaching learning process and support materials
In course of facilitation of this unit, a teacher can make use of various teaching
methods techniques and strategies suitable to the subject content and classroom
context. Primarily the following methods and strategies can be used :
 Lecture
 Group Discussion
 Audio visual
Similarly with nregard to support materials, the teacher can use this resource
materials and other relevant materials as per students' needs, relevance and their
level.

Reference
Luzadder, W.J., Fundamental of Engineering Drawing, Prentice-Hall of IndiaPvt-
Ltd., New Delhi, Latest edition.
Bhatt N. D. and PanchalV.M., Engineering Drawing, Charotar Publishing House,
2001.
Gill P.S, Engineering Drawing, S. K. Kataraia& Sons, New Delhi, 2004/2005

24 Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10

 Unit: 5
Drawing commands
1. Objectives
 To be familiar with the different commands
 To prepare the dimension setup
 To make new drawing and modify the drawing by using the modify command
2. Content
Drawing command
The commands on Auto CADD (Automatic Computer Added Design and Drafting)
that are used for drawing any objects, shapes, building etc. in new work space
command. The examples of drawing commands area :
i. Line (L enter)
ii. Circle (C enter)
iii. Arc (A enter)
iv. Polyline (Pl enter)
v. Polygon (Pol enter)
vi. Rectangle (Rec enter)
5.1 Co-ordinate Input methods
i) Absolute co-ordinate system :
Syntax : x, y
Use absolute co-ordinate system when you know the precise x and y values of the
location of the point from the origin.
Here,
Example:
Command: L enter
Line specify first point: 10, 10 enter
Specify next point: 10, 60 enter

Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10 25

Specify next point: 60, 60 enter
Specify next point: 60, 110 enter
Specify next point: 110, 110 enter
Specify next point: 110, 10 enter
Specify next point: 10, 10 enter or C enter
Specify next point: <ENTER>
ii) Relative Co-ordinate system :
Syntax: @ x, y
Use relative co-ordinate system when we know the precise x and y values of the
location of a point in relation to the previous point.
1st point is always identified by absolute co-ordinate system.
Here,
Command = L enter
LINE specify first point: 10, 20 enter
Specify next point: @ 50, 0 enter
Specify next point: @ 0, 40 enter
Specify next point: @ -50, 0 enter
Specify next point: @ 0, -40 enter or C enter
Specify next point: <ENTER>
iii) Polar Co-ordinate System:
Syntax = @ distance (x) < Angle (ɵ)
Use polar co-ordinate system when we know the distance and an angle of a location
of a point with reference to a previous point. 1St point is always identified by
absolute co-ordinate system.
Here,
Command = L enter
26 Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10
LINE specify first point: 10, 20 enter
Specify next point: @ 50 < 0 enter
Specify next point: @ 40 < 90 enter
Specify next point: @ 50 < 180 enter
Specify next point: @ 40 < 270 enter or C enter
Specify next point: <ENTER>
Drawing commands
Construction line = XL Enter or enter
Line = L enter
Polyline = PL enter
Polygon = POL enter
Rectangle = REC enter
Arc = A enter
Circle = C enter
Revision cloud = REVCLOUD enter
Spline = SPL enter
Ellipse = EL enter
Point = PO enter
Hatch = H enter
Gradient = GD enter
Modify Commands
Erase = E enter
Copy = CO or CP enter
Mirror = MI enter
Offset = O enter

Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10 27

Array = AR enter
Move = M enter
Rotate = RO enter
Scale = SC enter
Stretch = S enter
Trim = TR enter
Extend = EX enter
Break = BR enter
Chamfer = CHA enter
Join = J enter
Fillet = F enter
Lengthen = LEN enter
Explode = X enter
5.2 Point, Line, Polyline, Multiline, Construction line
1. Point
This command is used to draw the point of different types.
Command: Po enter
To change the point types,
Command = DD P TYPE enter
2. Line
This command is used to draw the line of certain dimension. ‘ORTHO’ made
should be ‘ON’ to draw the line either horizontal or vertical, show the
direction and enter dimension value.
Command: L enter
3. Polyline
This command is similar to the line but doesn’t break at all vertices and the

28 Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10

 number of segments of lines act as a single line.
Command: PL enter
4. Multiline
This command is used to draw parallel line simultaneously.
Command: ML enter
5. Construction line
This command creates a line of infinite length. This line is mostly used for
making elevation.
Command: XL enter
For Horizontal: H enter
For Vertical: V enter
For inclined (angular): A enter
5.3 Circle, Arc, Ellipse, Donut
1. This command is used to draw the circle with given radius, diameter,
two points, three points, etc.
Command: C enter
2. Arc
This command is used to draw an arc (of a circle). Minimum three points is
required to draw an arc.
Command: A enter
3. Ellipse
This command is used to draw an elliptical object with given major and minor
axis.
Command: EL enter
4. Donut
This command is used to draw the cross – section of rod, pipe, etc.

Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10 29

 Command = Do enter
5.4 Polygon, Rectangle, Spline, Solid, etc.
1. Polygon
This command is used to draw regular polygon, such as square,
pentagon, hexagon etc.
Command: - POL enter
RI = Inscribe in circle = Radius = Center to
Rc = Circumscribed about circle = Radius = midpoint
2. Rectangle
This command is used to draw rectangle in any size. The command is
mostly used (to draw) for making column in building plan.
Command: - REC enter
3. Spline
This command is used to draw non – uniform curves.
Command: - SPL enter
4. Solid
This command creates a solid hatch with in a selected closed boundary.
(Minimum number of points for solids is 4).
Command: - So enter
5.5 Hatching and Gradient
Hatch are representatively pattern of lines that fill in an area. Most type of drafting
makes use of hatching.
Command: - H enter
1. Hatch and gradient dialog box is approved.
2. Choose the desired hatch pattern.
3. Click on add pick point or select object.
4. Pick internal point of object or select the required object.
5. Click on preview. If hatch is right click accept otherwise click on modify.

30 Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10

6. Then change the scale and angle and click on ok.
Gradient are the representing pattern of colors. It is mainly used for window in
building elevation.
Command: - GD<Enter>
1. Choose the desired gradient color.
2. Click on add pick point.
3. Pick internal point or (select objects / remove boundaries): <pick inside
region
4. Click on OK.
5.6 Text (multi-line and single line / true type fonts)
Every drawing includes text that explains the object in the drawing. You can easily
format and edit text to provide a professional appearance to your drawing.
The common text height for note is 1/8” to 1/12” or 2mm to 3mm.
There are two types of text setting: -
i. Single line text
ii. Multi line text
i. Single line text:
Command: - DT enter
Specify start point of text: - Click anywhere.
Specify height: Specify desired height of text.
Specify rotation angle of text: O enter
Write the required text.
ii. Multiline text:
Command: M TEXT enter
Specify first corner: click anywhere.
Specify opposite corner: click opposite corner.
Text formatting box is approved. You can manage the text style, text height,
etc. in this box. Now you can write the required text.

Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10 31

Unit setup
The process of managing the drawing units in Auto CAD is called unit setup. You
can set the desired unit with precision by using this command.
Command: - UN enter
Process
 Go format menu
 Click on units
Or, Command: - UN enter
Units dialog box is approved.
Length Type Precision Insertion scale
Decimal 0 Millimeter
Architectural 0’ – 01/8” Inces
Engineering 0’ -0.0” Inches
Select the desired unit type.
5.7 Dimension Setup
A dimension style is a collection of dimension setting that controls the appearance
of dimension such as arrow head style, text height and text position and lateral
tolerances.
Command: - D enter
 Dimension style manager dialogue box is approved.
 Click on New to create new dimension style.
 Enter name and click on continue.
 Manage desired lines, symbols and arrows, text, fit, primary units, alternate
units and tolerances for a new dimension set up.
 Click on OK.
 Click on set current and close.
Numerical
Command: - L enter
Line specify first point = 5, 2 enter

32 Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10

 Specify next point = @ 8 < 0 enter
Specify next point = @ 2 < 90 enter
Specify next point = @ 3 < 180 enter
Specify next point = @ 7 < 90 enter
Specify next point = @ 5 < 210 enter
Specify next point = @ 7 < 0 enter
Specify next point = < Enter >
Absolute System
Command: - L enter
Line specify first point = 5, 2 enter
Specify next point = 5, 9 enter
Specify next point = 10, 11 enter
Specify next point = 10, 4 enter
Specify next point = 13, 4 enter
Specify next point = 13, 12 enter
Specify next point = 5, 2 enter or C enter
Specify next point = < Enter >
In polar system:
Command: - L enter
Line specify first point = 10, 10 enter
Specify next point = @ 35.4 < 90 enter
Specify next point = @ 50 < 45 enter
Specify next point = @ 50 < 315 enter
Specify next point = @ 50 < 225 enter
Specify next point = C enter
Absolute co-ordinate system
Command: - L enter
Line specify first point = 10, 10 enter

Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10 33

 Specify next point = 10, 45.4 enter
Specify next point = 60, 95.4 enter
Specify next point = 95.4, 60 enter
Specify next point = 45.4, 10 enter
Specify next point = C enter
Relative co-ordinate system
Command: - L enter
Line specify first point = 10, 10 enter
Specify next point = @ 0, 35.4 enter
Specify next point = @ 50, 50 enter
Specify next point = @ 50, 150 enter
Specify next point = @- 50, -50 enter
Specify next point = C enter
Absolute system
Command: - L enter
Line specify first point = 5, 2 enter
Specify next point = 5, 6 enter
Specify next point = 10, 11 enter
Specify next point = 15, 6 enter
Specify next point = 8, 2 enter
Specify next point = C enter or 5, 2 enter
Relative system
Command = L enter
Line specify first point = 5, 2 enter
Specify next point = @ 0, 4 enter
Specify next point = @ 5, 5 enter
Specify next point = @ 5, -5 enter
Specify next point = @- 7, -4 enter

34 Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10

 Specify next point = @ - 3, 0 enter or C enter
<Enter>
3. Teaching learning process and support materials
In course of facilitation of this unit, a teacher can make use of various teaching
methods techniques and strategies suitable to the subject content and classroom
context. Primarily the following methods and strategies can be used :
 Lecture
 Group Discussion
 Audio visual
Similarly with nregard to support materials, the teacher can use this resource
materials and other relevant materials as per students' needs, relevance and their
level.

Glossary
Hatching: shading with closely drawn parallel lines.
Polygon: In elementary geometry, a polygon is a plane figure that is described by
a finite number of straight line

Reference
Luzadder, W.J., Fundamental of Engineering Drawing, Prentice- Hall of IndiaPvt-
Ltd., New Delhi, Latest edition.
Bhatt N. D. and PanchalV.M., Engineering Drawing, Charotar Publishing House,
2001.
Gill P.S, Engineering Drawing, S. K. Kataraia& Sons, New Delhi, 2004/2005

Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10 35

 Unit: 6
Modify Commands

1. Objectives
 to be familar with the object selection methods
 to use the all modify commands
2.0 Contents
6.1 Object Selection Method
When modify command is entered in command prompt window the task to be done
is followed by the word “SELECT OBJECT” prompt. To active the selection
method enter keyboard is selecting object prompt. Object can be selected by
different ways.
1. Pick box selection
2. Window selection (W)
3. Crossing window selection (C)
4. Window polygon selection (WP)
5. Crossing window polygon selection (CP)
6. Fence selection (F)
7. Last object selection (L)
8. Previous object selection (P)
9. Select all (All)
Pick box selection method
This method is simplest and mostly used object selection method. By using this
method, individual object can be selected by clicking it.
Window selection
The window selection option invoked by typing ‘W’ at the select object prompt.
OR,

36 Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10

Movement: - Left to right
Shade: - Blue
Result: - All objects which lie entirely within the window (blue shade) will be
selected.
Crossing Window Selection
The crossing window selection option invoked by typing select object prompt. OR,
Movement: - Right to left
Shade: - Green
Result: - All objects which lie entirely within the window (green shade) those which
cross the window border will be selected.
Fence selection
The fence selection option invoked by typing ‘F’ at the select object prompt. Fence
option allows us to draw a multi – segment line, like a polyline. All objects which
cross the fence will be selected.
Window polygon selection
This option invoked by typing ‘WP’ at the select object prompt. The object which
lie entirely within the window polygon will be selected and the object which lie
partially with in the window polygon will not be selected.
Crossing window polygon selection
This option invoked by typing ‘CP’ at the select object prompt. The object which
lie entirely within the window of those which cross the window, will be selected.
Last object selection
This option invoked by typing ‘L’ at the select object prompt. The lastly drawn
object will be selected.
Previous object selection
This option invoke by typing ‘P’ at the select object prompt. By using this option,
the object will be selected that was selected on previous selection.

Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10 37

Select all
This option invoked by typing ‘all’ at the select object prompt. The whole object
within the working area will be selected. This option also can be done by: -
‘Ctrl + A’
6.2 Erase, Trim, Break
Modify command
Modify commands are those commands of Auto CADD which are used for editing
any objects on working area.
Modify commands can be used from pull – down modify menu, modify toolbar or
directly entering shortcut command.
Erase
This command is used to remove undesirable object from drawing area.
Command: - E <enter>
Trim
This command is used to remove/cut the object from its cutting edge.
Command: - TR <enter><enter>
Note:
 Single object cannot be trim.
 Object fixed at one or two end, this object also can’t be trim.
Break
This command is used to remove certain portion of object with is given two or one
point.
Command: - BR <enter>
6.3 Copy, Mirror, Offset, Array
Copy
This command is used to make one or more duplicates of original object.

38 Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10

Command: - CO <enter> / CP enter
Mirror
This command is used to copy of mirrored objects (to make mirror of an object with
a respect to a mirror line).
Command: - Mi <enter>
Note: Erase source object = N enter
Offset
This command is used to make parallel line, arc or concentric circle.
Command: - O <enter>
Array
This command is used to make multiple copy in certain pattern.
Command: - AR <enter>
There are two types of array
i. Rectangular array
ii. Polar array
6.4. Move, Rotate, Scale, Stretch
Move
This command is used to displace the objects from its original position.
Command: - M <enter>
Rotate
This command is used to tilt the object by fixing its base point in any direction.
Command: - Ro <enter>
Scale
This command is used to increase or decrease the size of the object in multiplying
factor.
Command: - SC <enter>

Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10 39

Stretch
This command is used to change the length or breadth of the portion of the object.
Command: - S <enter>
6.5 Lengthen, Extend
Lengthen
This command is used to increase or decrease the length of a line.
Command: - LEN <enter>
Extend
This command is used to prolong the linear line of its certain boundary. Object need
boundary to extend.
Command: - Ex <enter><enter>
6.6 Chamfer, Fillet
Chamfer
It is used to make level shape with given dimension of cutting/trim edge.
Command: - CHA <enter>
Fillet
It is used to make rounded edge with given radius of cutting/trim edge.
Command: - F <enter>
3. Teaching learning process and support materials
In course of facilitation of this unit, a teacher can make use of various teaching
methods techniques and strategies suitable to the subject content and classroom
context. Primarily the following methods and strategies can be used :
 Lecture
 Group Discussion
 Audio visual
Similarly with nregard to support materials, the teacher can use this resource

40 Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10

materials and other relevant materials as per students' needs, relevance and their
level.

Glossary
Erase : rub out or remove
Chamfer: (in carpentry) cut away (a right-angled edge or corner) to make a
symmetrical sloping edge.

Reference
Luzadder, W.J., Fundamental of Engineering Drawing, Prentice-Hall of IndiaPvt-
Ltd., New Delhi, Latest edition.
Bhatt N. D. and PanchalV.M., Engineering Drawing, Charotar Publishing House,
2001.
Gill P.S, Engineering Drawing, S. K. Kataraia& Sons, New Delhi, 2004/2005

Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10 41

 Unit: 7
Features
1. Objective
 To be familiar with about different tools used in Autocad
 To understand the concept of layers
 To use the measure and divide features of Autocad
 To use about inquiry commands
2. Contents
7.1 View tools
To Display a Toolbar
 To display the menu, click Quick Access Toolbar drop-down > Show Menu
Bar.
 To display a toolbar, click Tools menu > Toolbars and select the required
toolbar.
7.2 Layers concept, match and change properties
Layer
Layers offer powerful features that enables you to show differences all the various
elements of your drawing. In an architectural drawing, for example you will
commonly create layer for wall, door, window, column, text etc.
When you do efficient work in AutoCAD, first of all you create layer, assign a layer
name and change the properties of layer. Then you can draw object in this layer.
Properties of layer
 It manages the line type
 It manages the line weight
 It manages the line color
 It manages to separate different object
 It manages to lock the object

42 Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10

Creating new layer
 Click on the layer property manager on the layer tool bar. Or,
 Command: LA enter
 Layer property manager dialogue box is approved
 You can add necessary layer for your drawing by the following process:
 Click on new layer button
 Enter name for the layer
 On the same line, as the new layer click on color and choose the
required color
 On the same line, click on the line type, choose the required line type
 On the same line, as a new layer, click on line weight and choose the
required line weight
 All the layers are completed, then, click on apply and OK
7.3 Measure and divide
Measure
It creates point object or block at major interval along the length or perimeter of the
object.
Command: - ME enter
Divide
To divide a line in any required segments.
Command: DIV enter
7.4 Inquiry command
i) Area
To find an area and perimeter of any selected object
Command: - AA enter (point selection method)
Specify first corner point or [object / Add / subtract]: -
<Pick corner> P1
Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total: -

Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10 43

 <Pick corner> P2
Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total: -
<Pick corner> P3
Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total: -
<Pick corner> P4
Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total: -
<Pick corner> P5
Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total: -
<Pick corner> P6
Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total: -
<Pick corner> P1
Specify next corner point or press ENTER for total: -
<ENTER>
Now, area and perimeter of selected object will be displayed on command
line.
Object selection method
Command: AA enter
Specify first corner point or [object/add/subtract]: O enter
Select Object: <select polyline object>
Now, area and perimeter of selected object will be displayed on command
line.
ii. Distance
To know the distance between two points, angle in XY plane, angle from XY
plane etc.
Command: DI enter
DIST specify first point: <click first point>
Specify second point: <click second point>
Now, distance, angle in XY plane and angle from XY plane will be displayed.

44 Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10

3. Teaching learning process and support materials
In course of facilitation of this unit, a teacher can make use of various teaching
methods techniques and strategies suitable to the subject content and classroom
context. Primarily the following methods and strategies can be used :
 Lecture
 Group Discussion
 Audio visual
Similarly with nregard to support materials, the teacher can use this resource
materials and other relevant materials as per students' needs, relevance and their
level.

Glossary
Layer : a layer is the term used to describe the different levels at which you can
place an object or image file.

Reference
Luzadder, W.J., Fundamental of Engineering Drawing, Prentice-Hall of IndiaPvt-
Ltd., New Delhi, Latest edition.
Bhatt N. D. and PanchalV.M., Engineering Drawing, Charotar Publishing House,
2001.
Gill P.S, Engineering Drawing, S. K. Kataraia& Sons, New Delhi, 2004/2005

Civil Engineering Drawing II : Grade 10 45