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Importance Factor
• Importance Factor

Frequently •
•
•
Response Modification Coefficient, R
Overstrength Factor, Ωo
Drift

Misunderstood •
•
•
Irregularities
Redundancy Factor, ρ
Vertical Seismic Load Effect, Ev

Seismic •
•
•
Orthogonal Effects
Seismic Weight, W
Nonstructural Components, Fp

Provisions •
•
•
Foundation Ties
Modal Analysis
ASCE 7-16 Site Specific Response Spectrum

Emily Guglielmo, S.E.

Martin/Martin, Inc.

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Importance Factor Response Modification Coefficient, R

• Table 1.5-2: • Importance Factor
• Response Modification Coefficient, R
Importance Factor • Overstrength Factor, Ωo
• Drift
Ie= 1.0, 1.25, 1.5 • Irregularities
• Section 13.1.3: Component Importance Factor •
•
Redundancy Factor, ρ
Vertical Seismic Load Effect, Ev
Ip = 1.0, 1.5: Life Safety, Essential, Hazardous • Orthogonal Effects
• Seismic Weight, W
• Nonstructural Components, Fp
• Foundation Ties
• Modal Analysis
• ASCE 7-16 Site Specific Response Spectrum

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Response Modification Coefficient, R Response Modification Coefficient, R

NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions

• The red line is the force vs.

displacement if the
structure responded
elastically.
• The green line is the actual
force vs. displacement of
the structure.
• The blue line is the code
force per IBC/ ASCE 7.
• Illustrates the significance
of design parameters
contained in ASCE 7.
– Response modification
coefficient, R
– Deflection amplification
factor, Cd
– System overstrength factor,
Ωo. In ASCE 7, seismic design forces are calculated by dividing the force from a
linear response when subjected to the design ground motion by the
response modification coefficient, R.
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Response Modification Coefficient, R

Response Modification Coefficient, R
R=1 This proposal is an admission that it is too hard to design for
seismic properly, so we will let lazy, uneducated engineers continue
to be lazy and uneducated and design things stupidly. JUST VOTE
• Like wind (elastic) NO!

• Used by Nuclear and Military Essential

• ASCE 7-16 Proposal… If you accept the concept that the R factor reduces elastic seismic design forces because of
system ductility, then by definition using an R of 1.0 should require no ductile detailing.
– No ductile detailing required? Logically, this concept should apply to all buildings in all regions. Good chapter headed in
– Permitted in all SDCs? the right direction.

• Permitted for non-building structures, Chapter 15.

Designers don’t need It is impossible for me to express all of my
another design approach. concerns with regard to this proposal
The profession wants ASCE adequately. It will introduce into seismic
7 to simplify what is already
design category D, E and F territory the
in the standard.
design of building structures without the
appropriate detailing. This is dangerous.
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Response Modification Coefficient, R

ASCE 7-22: New Systems for Table 12.2-1 Overstrength Factor, Ωo
• Importance Factor
• Composite shear walls • Response Modification Coefficient, R
• Overstrength Factor, Ωo
• Drift
• Irregularities
• Redundancy Factor, ρ
• Vertical Seismic Load Effect, Ev
• Coupled special concrete shear walls • Orthogonal Effects
• Seismic Weight, W
• Nonstructural Components, Fp
• Foundation Ties
• Modal Analysis
• CLT shear walls • ASCE 7-16 Site Specific Response Spectrum

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Overstrength Factor, Ωo Overstrength Factor, Ωo

ASCE 7 Section 12.4.3.2

The Ωo coefficient approximates the inherent overstrength and can be broken down into
several components:
Ωo = ΩDΩMΩS
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Overstrength Factor, Ωo Overstrength Factor, Ωo

Question:
When do I need to design with load combinations with overstrength 12.2.5.2: Cantilever Column Systems, SDC B-F
factors, Ωo?
Foundations and other elements used to provide overturning
resistance at the base of cantilever column elements shall have
Answer: the strength to resist the load combinations with overstrength
IBC 1605.1 “Buildings shall be designed to resist the load factors of Section 12.4.3.2.
combinations with overstrength factor specified in Section 12.4.3.1
of ASCE 7 where required by Section 12.2.5.2, 12.3.3.3, or
12.10.2.1…”

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Overstrength Factor, Ωo Overstrength Factor, Ωo

12.3.3.3: Elements Supporting Discontinuous Walls 12.10.2.1: Collector Elements, SDC C-F
Collector elements, splices, and their connections to resisting elements shall resist
or Frames, SDC B-F the load combinations of Section 12.4.3.2.

Columns, beams, trusses, or slabs supporting discontinuous walls or frames shall have the
strength to resist the maximum axial force that can develop in accordance with the load
combinations with overstrength factors of Section 12.4.3.2.

MASONRY
SHEAR WALL

ELEMENTS SUPPORTING
DISCONTINOUS WALL

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Overstrength Factor, Ωo Overstrength Factor, Ωo

• 12.4 Load Combinations with Omega zero
• 12.2.5.2 Cantilever Columns SDC B,C,D,E,F
• 12.10.2.1 Collectors SDC C,D,E,F
• 12.3.3.3 Columns, Beams Supporting
Discontinuous Walls or Frames SDC B,C,D,E,F
• 12.13.6.5 Pile Anchorage SDC D,E,F
• Material Specifications: SDC B,C,D,E,F
• AISC where R>3
• ACI Chapter 21, Appendix D, Etc.
Where the tabulated value of the overstrength factor, Ωo, is greater than or equal to 2½, Ω0 is
permitted to be reduced by subtracting the value of 1/2 for structures with flexible diaphragms.

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Overstrength Factor, Ωo Drift

ASCE 7-16 Change
• Importance Factor
Requires the use of Ω0 for transfer diaphragms • Response Modification Coefficient, R
• Overstrength Factor, Ωo
(Horizontal Irregularity Type 4—Out-of-Plane Offset)
• Drift
• Irregularities
• Redundancy Factor, ρ
• Vertical Seismic Load Effect, Ev
• Orthogonal Effects
• Seismic Weight, W
• Nonstructural Components, Fp
• Foundation Ties
Increased by Ω0 • Modal Analysis
• ASCE 7-16 Site Specific Response Spectrum

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Drift Drift
Deflection amplification factor, Cd
<Δa

In ASCE 7, the elastic deformations (ΔS) calculated under reduced

forces are multiplied by Cd to estimate the actual inelastic
deflections.

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Drift Irregularities
12.12.3 Structural Separation and Property Line • Importance Factor
• Response Modification Coefficient, R
Setback • Overstrength Factor, Ωo
• Drift
• Irregularities
• Redundancy Factor, ρ
• Vertical Seismic Load Effect, Ev
• Orthogonal Effects
• Seismic Weight, W
• Nonstructural Components, Fp
• Foundation Ties
• Modal Analysis
• ASCE 7-16 Site Specific Response Spectrum

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Irregularities Horizontal Irregularities

• Code provisions were developed for buildings with
regular configurations.
• Earthquakes have repeatedly shown that irregular
configurations lead to greater damage.
• Code regulations regarding irregularities
were first introduced in 1988 UBC.

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Horizontal Irregularities Vertical Irregularities

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Vertical Irregularities ATC-123: ASCE 7-22

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ATC-123: ASCE 7-22 ATC-123: ASCE 7-22

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Redundancy Factor, ρ
Redundancy Factor, ρ
• Importance Factor • Damage from the 1994 Northridge earthquake was
• Response Modification Coefficient, R
• Overstrength Factor, Ωo
concentrated in buildings with low redundancy.
• Drift • The code was modified to increase redundancy for
• Irregularities
• Redundancy Factor, ρ
structures in Seismic Design Categories D, E and F.
• Vertical Seismic Load Effect, Ev • For structures with low inherent redundancy, the
• Orthogonal Effects
• Seismic Weight, W
required design forces are (arbitrarily?) amplified to
• Nonstructural Components, Fp increase strength and resistance to damage.
• Foundation Ties
• Modal Analysis
• ASCE 7-16 Site Specific Response Spectrum

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Redundancy Factor, ρ Redundancy Factor, ρ= 1.0

1. Structures assigned to Seismic Design Category B or C.
2. Drift calculation and P-delta effects.
ASCE 7-16 3. Design of nonstructural components (Chapter 13).
Examples: Mechanical/ electrical
components, ceilings, cabinets.
12.3.4.1: Conditions Where the Value of ρ is 1.0.
• Several conditions

12.3.4.2: Redundancy Factor, ρ, for SDC D, E, F

• Either ρ = 1.0 or 1.3

4. Design of non-building structures that are not similar to

buildings (Chapter 15).
Examples: Tanks, amusement structures/ monuments, signs
and billboards, cooling towers.

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Redundancy Factor, ρ=1.0 Redundancy Factor, ρ

5. Design of collector elements, splices and their connections for which the load
combinations with overstrength factor of 12.4.3.2 are used.
6. Design of members or connections where the load combinations with
ASCE 7-10 12.3.4.2
overstrength of 12.4.3.2 are required for design.
ρ = 1.0 or 1.3
ρ = 1.3 unless ONE of the following conditions is met:
Condition 1: Can an individual element be removed from
7. Diaphragm loads determined using Eq. 12.10-1. the lateral force resisting system without:
• Causing the remaining structure to suffer a reduction
in story strength > 33%, or
• Creating an extreme torsional irregularity?
8. Structures with damping systems designed in
accordance with Chapter 18.

9. Out-of-plane wall anchorage (including

connections).

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Redundancy Factor, ρ Redundancy Factor, ρ

Condition 1: Requires Calculations
ASCE 7-16 12.3.4.2
ρ = 1.0 or 1.3
ρ = 1.3 unless ONE of the following conditions is met:

Condition 2: If a structure is regular in plan and there are at least 2 bays of

seismic force resisting perimeter framing on each side of the structure in each
orthogonal direction at each story resisting > 35% of the base shear.

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Vertical Seismic Load Effect, Ev Vertical Seismic Load Effect - Ev

• Importance Factor Gravity and Earthquake Effects Additive
• Response Modification Coefficient, R
• Overstrength Factor, Ωo 1.2D+Ev+Eh+L+0.2S
• Drift
• Irregularities 1.2D+0.2SDSD+ρQE+L+0.2S
• Redundancy Factor, ρ
• Vertical Seismic Load Effect, Ev =(1.2+0.2SDS)D+ρQE+L+0.2S
• Orthogonal Effects
• Seismic Weight, W
•
•
Nonstructural Components, Fp
Foundation Ties
Gravity and Earthquake Effects Counteract
• Modal Analysis 0.9D-Ev+Eh
• ASCE 7-16 Site Specific Response Spectrum
0.9D-(0.2SDSD+ρQE)
=(0.9-0.2SDS)D-ρQE

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Orthogonal Effects
Orthogonal Effects
• Importance Factor
• Response Modification Coefficient, R
• Overstrength Factor, Ωo
• Drift
• Irregularities
• Redundancy Factor, ρ
• Vertical Seismic Load Effect, Ev
• Orthogonal Effects
• Seismic Weight, W
• Nonstructural Components, Fp
• Foundation Ties
• Modal Analysis
• ASCE 7-16 Site Specific Response Spectrum

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Orthogonal Effects Seismic Weight, W

• SDC C, E, E, F for irregular buildings
• SDC D, E, F for corner columns • Importance Factor
• Response Modification Coefficient, R
12.5.2: SDC B forces are permitted to be applied in each orthogonal • Overstrength Factor, Ωo
directions and interaction effects are permitted to be neglected. • Drift
• Irregularities
• Redundancy Factor, ρ
• Vertical Seismic Load Effect, Ev
12.5.3: Two procedures permitted: • Orthogonal Effects
1) Orthogonal combination procedure with loading applied independently in orthogonal directions:
• Seismic Weight, W
• Nonstructural Components, Fp
• Foundation Ties
• Modal Analysis
• ASCE 7-16 Site Specific Response Spectrum

2) Simultaneous application of orthogonal ground motion.

IEEE 693 Equipment applies Orthogonal Effects

to all Conditions, Corner anchor bolts.

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Seismic Weight, W Non-Structural Components, Fp

• Importance Factor
• Response Modification Coefficient, R
• Overstrength Factor, Ωo
• Section 12.7.2 • Drift
• Irregularities
• No Live Load except: • Redundancy Factor, ρ
• 25% of Storage •
•
Vertical Seismic Load Effect, Ev
Orthogonal Effects
• Partitions 10 psf • Seismic Weight, W
• Nonstructural Components, Fp
• Permanent Equipment • Foundation Ties
• Modal Analysis
• 20% of snow > 30psf • ASCE 7-16 Site Specific Response Spectrum
• Roof Gardens

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Nonstructural Components, Fp Nonstructural Components, Fp

• Masses further away from ground experience

higher accelerations
• Higher mode effects cause higher
accelerations than first mode effects at lower
floors
• Forces may be 1.5 to 2.5 times higher at roof
than at-grade

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Nonstructural Components, Fp Nonstructural Components, Fp

ASCE 7-16 ASCE 7-22?
• New force equation that considers the influence of the structure
characteristics on lateral force based on the ATC-120 project
• New provisions for the design of rooftop structures
• New provisions for component support structures and platforms

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Foundation Ties Foundation Ties

• Importance Factor
•
•
Response Modification Coefficient, R
Overstrength Factor, Ωo
• Pile Caps SDC C,D,E,F
• Drift • Spread Footings SDC E, F (Liquefiable Sites)
• Irregularities
• Redundancy Factor, ρ
• Vertical Seismic Load Effect, Ev
• Orthogonal Effects
• Seismic Weight, W
• Nonstructural Components, Fp
• Foundation Ties
• Modal Analysis
• ASCE 7-16 Site Specific Response Spectrum

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Modal Analysis Modal Analysis

• Importance Factor
• Response Modification Coefficient, R
• Overstrength Factor, Ωo
• Drift
• Irregularities
• Redundancy Factor, ρ
• Vertical Seismic Load Effect, Ev
• Orthogonal Effects
• Seismic Weight, W
• Nonstructural Components, Fp
• Foundation Ties
• Modal Analysis
• ASCE 7-16 Site Specific Response Spectrum

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Modal Analysis Modal Analysis

When do you have
to use modal or
time history
analysis?
Torsion

Geometric
Soft Story

Mass

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Modal Analysis Modal Analysis

ASCE 7-16: 100% Mass Participation ASCE 7-16: Scaling of Forces

ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-16 ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-16

12.9.1 Number of Modes 12.9.1 Number of Modes 12.9.4.1 Scaling of Forces 12.9.1.1 Scaling of Forces
... The analysis shall include a … The analysis shall include a … Where the combined response … Where the combined response
sufficient number of modes to obtain sufficient number of modes to obtain for the modal base shear (Vt) is less for the modal base shear (Vt) is less
a combined modal mass participation a combined modal mass participation than 85 percent of the calculated base than 100 percent of the calculated
of at least 90 percent of the actual mass of 100% of the structure’s mass. For shear (V) using the equivalent lateral base shear (V) using the equivalent
in each of the orthogonal this purpose, it shall be permitted to force procedure, the forces shall be lateral force procedure, the forces
horizontal directions of response represent all modes with periods less multiplied by 0.85V / Vt shall be multiplied by V/Vt
considered by the model. than 0.05 s in a single rigid body mode
that has a period of 0.05 s.
Exception: Alternatively,... at least 90
percent of the actual mass in each of
the orthogonal horizontal directions...

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Modal Analysis Modal Analysis

ASCE 7-22 ASCE 7-22

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ASCE 7-16 Site Specific Response

Spectrum ASCE 7-22 Multi- Period
• Importance Factor
•
•
Response Modification Coefficient, R
Overstrength Factor, Ωo
Response Spectrum Analysis
• Drift • Summary and background of ASCE 7-16 requirements
• Irregularities
• Redundancy Factor, ρ • Introduction to Multi-Period Response Spectra (MPRS) ASCE 7-22
• Vertical Seismic Load Effect, Ev • Comparison of SMS and SM1 for ASCE 7-10, ASCE 7-16, ASCE 7-22
• Orthogonal Effects • Web-based tool
• Seismic Weight, W
• Nonstructural Components, Fp • Reference Documents
• Foundation Ties
• Modal Analysis
• ASCE 7-16 Site Specific Response Spectrum

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ASCE 7-16 Site-Specific Ground ASCE 7-16 Site-Specific

Motion Procedures Ground Motion Procedures
Problem: Use of 2 response periods
(0.2s,1.0s) not sufficient to accurately • Site Class C Example
represent response spectral acceleration
for all design periods.
• Reasonably Accurate for Stiff Soil Sites, Site
Classes A-C
• Generally Non-conservative for Soft Soil Sites,
Site Classes D-F, whose seismic hazard is
dominated by large magnitude events

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ASCE 7-16 Site-Specific ASCE 7-16 Site-Specific

Ground Motion Procedures Ground Motion Procedures
• Site Class D Example • Site Class D Example

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ASCE 7-16 Site-Specific ASCE 7-16 Site-Specific

Ground Motion Procedures Ground Motion Procedures
• Site Class E Example • Site Class E Example

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ASCE 7-16 Site-Specific ASCE 7-16 Site-Specific

Ground Motion Procedures Ground Motion Procedures
• Included updates to the Fa and Fv Tables (11.4-1 and 11.4-2)
• Requirement to perform site-specific ground motion hazard analysis
for:

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ASCE 7-16 Site-Specific Ground Motion ASCE 7-16 Site-Specific Ground Motion
Procedures Procedures

Exceptions to requiring a site-specific ground motion hazard analysis:

• Structures on Site Class E sites with Ss ≥ 1.0, provided Fa taken as from Site Class C
• Structures on Site Class D & E sites with S1 ≥ 0.2, provided:

• = (Eq. 12.8-2) for T ≤ 1.5Ts

1.5Cs

• = 1.5 (Eq. 12.8-3) for TL ≥ T > 1.5Ts

1.5Ts
• = 1.5 (Eq. 12.8-4) for T > TL
Site Class D & E sites with S1 ≥ 0.2, provided Cs is:
• determined by Eq. 12.8-2 for T ≤ 1.5Ts and
• Structures on Site Class E Sites with S1 ≥ 0.2, provided T ≤ Ts and ELF is used for the analysis
• 1.5 times value computed by Eq. 12.8-3 (TL ≥ T > 1.5Ts), Eq. 12.8-4 (T > TL)

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ASCE 7-22 Multi-Period ASCE 7-22 Multi-Period Response Spectra and Design
Parameters
Response Spectra and SS S1

Design Parameters
• Changes to Chapters 11, 20, 21 and 22 (NOT Chapter 12)
• Replaces requirement for site-specific ground motion hazard analysis.
• Requirement for site-specific ground motion limited to structures on Site Class F.

• Provides 22-point response spectrum.

• Eliminates the site coefficient (Fa and Fv) tables (and other text).
• Adds 3 site classes (BC, CD, and DE), reduce the step function.

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ASCE 7-22 Multi-Period Response Spectra and Design ASCE 7-22 Multi-Period Response Spectra and Design
Parameters Parameters

Relative values of SMS between ASCE 7-10, ASCE 7-16 and ASCE 7-22 Relative values of SMS between ASCE 7-10, ASCE 7-16 and ASCE 7-22

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ASCE 7-22 Multi-Period Response Spectra and Design ASCE 7-22 Multi-Period Response Spectra and Design
Parameters Parameters

Relative values of SM1 between ASCE 7-10, ASCE 7-16 and ASCE 7-22 Relative values of SM1 between ASCE 7-10, ASCE 7-16 and ASCE 7-22

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ASCE 7-22 Multi-Period Response

ASCE 7-22: Online Tools
Spectra and Design Parameters:
• ASCE Hazard (FREE) will provide SMS, SM1, SDS and
References
SD1 and MPRS.

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Questions?

Emily Guglielmo, SE
[email protected]

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