Complex Numbers
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Sasidaran SasiComplex Numbers
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Sasidaran SasiCHAPTER - 5
COMPLEX NUMBERS AND
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
KEY POINTS
The imaginary number 1 i , is called iota
For any integer k, i4k =1, i4k+1 = i, i4k+2 = –1, i4k+3 = –i
a b ab if both a and b are negative real numbers
A number of the form z = a + ib, where a, b R is called a
complexnumber.
a is called the real part of z, denoted by Re(z) and b is called the
imaginary part of z, denoted by Im(z)
a + ib = c + id if a = c, and b = d
z1 = a + ib, z2 = c + id.
In general, we cannot compare and say that z1> z2 or z1< z2
but if b, d = 0 and a > c then z1> z2
i.e. we can compare two complex numbers only if they are
purely real.
0 + i 0 is additive identity of a complex number.
–z = –a –ib is called the Additive Inverse or negative ofz = a + ib
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1 + i 0 is multiplicative identity of complex number.
z a ib is called the conjugate of z = a + ib
i0 1
1 a ib z
z 1 2 2
2 is called the multiplicative Inverse of
z a b z
z = a + ib (a 0, b 0)
The coordinate plane that represents the complex numbers is
called the complex plane or the Argand plane
Polar form of z = a + ib is,
z = r (cos + i sin) where r a 2 b 2 z is called the modulus
of z, is called the argument or amplitude of z.
The value of such that, –<< is called the principle
argument of z.
Z = x + iy, x > 0 and y > 0 the argument of z is acute angle given
by tan y
x
figure (i)
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Z = x + iy, x < 0 and y > 0 the argument of z is ,where is
y
acute angle given by tan
x
α
figure (ii)
Z = x + iy, x < 0 and y < 0 the argument of z is ,where is
y
acute angle given by tan
x
α
( )
figure (iii)
Z = x + iy, x > 0 and y < 0 the argument of z is ,where is
y
acute angle given by tan
x
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figure (iv)
|z1 + z2| |z1| + |z2|
|z1z2| = |z1|. |z2|
z1 z n 2
1 ; zn z ; z z z z ; z z z
z2 z2
z1 z 2 z1 z 2
If z1 = r1 (cos 1 + isin 1)
z2 = r 2 (cos 2 + isin 2)
then z1 z2 = r1r2[cos (1 + 2) + isin (1 + 2)]
z1 r1
cos(1 2 ) i sin(1 2 )
z2 r2
For the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c =0,
a, b, c R, a 0,if b2 – 4ac < 0
then it will have complex roots given by,
b i 4ac b2
x
2a
a ib is called square root of z = a + ib, a ib x iy
squaring both sides we get a + ib = x2 – y2 + 2i(xy)
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x2 – y2 = a, 2xy = b. Solving these we get x and y.
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