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07 Quantitative Inheritance

1. The document discusses quantitative inheritance and analysis of quantitative traits. It provides examples of inheritance of kernel color in wheat and ear size in maize. 2. Quantitative traits are influenced by multiple genes and show continuous variation between parental traits. Statistical methods are used to study quantitative trait inheritance, including analyzing phenotypic ratios from hybridizations. 3. The document defines sources of phenotypic variation, including genetic, environmental, interaction, epigenetic, and error variance. It also explains heritability as the proportion of phenotypic variation due to genetic factors. Broad and narrow sense heritability are described.

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Ben Abella
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299 views

07 Quantitative Inheritance

1. The document discusses quantitative inheritance and analysis of quantitative traits. It provides examples of inheritance of kernel color in wheat and ear size in maize. 2. Quantitative traits are influenced by multiple genes and show continuous variation between parental traits. Statistical methods are used to study quantitative trait inheritance, including analyzing phenotypic ratios from hybridizations. 3. The document defines sources of phenotypic variation, including genetic, environmental, interaction, epigenetic, and error variance. It also explains heritability as the proportion of phenotypic variation due to genetic factors. Broad and narrow sense heritability are described.

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Ben Abella
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATE:

COURSE SUBJECT: GENETICS

STUDENT: BENJAMIN ABELLA INSTRUCTOR: SHARINA FIDEL

TOPIC: QUANTITATIVE INHERITANCE

I. INHERITANCE OF QUANTITATIVE phenotypic ratios in various hybridizations such


CHARACTERS as 3 red : 1 white , 15 red : 1 white, and 63 red
: 1 white
QUALITATIVE TRAITS
These categories do not necessarily have a
certain order. The pattern of inheritance for a
qualitative trait is typically monogenetic, which
means that the trait is only influenced by a single
gene.

QUANTITATIVE TRAITS
Quantitative characters (metric traits) are
measurable (ex. height, weight, skin color,
intelligence etc. in man). They do not show clear
cut differences and show continuous variation.
That is, there are many intermediate types
between the parental traits. • Yule (a British
mathematician, 1906) suggested that
quantitative characters are controlled by many
genes (cumulative genes or multiple factors or 2. Ear size (Cob length) in Maize
polygenes -a term coined by Mather). Polygenes The ear or cob of a Corn is the spike
are non-allelic, and each gene has a small and that contains kernels, protected by leaves called
similar effect and the effect of several such husks. The inheritance of ear size or cob length
genes are additive or cumulative. The net effect in Maize was studied by American geneticists
on the trait will depend upon the number of Emerson and East (1913). They crossed a long
contributing alleles or effective alleles present. eared Black Mexican Sweet corn (ear length
ranges from 13 cm to 21 cm, average length 16.8
cm) with a short-eared Tom Thumb Popcorn (ear
length ranges from 5cm to 8 cm, average length
6.6 cm).

II. ANALYSIS OF QUANTITIVE


CHARACTERISTICS
III. COMPONENTS OF PHENOTYPIC VARIANCE
STATISTICAL METHODS
1. Kernel Color in Wheat PHENOTYPIC VARIATION
The inheritance of kernel color in Wheat the variation in observable traits or
was studied by the Swedish geneticist Herman characteristics within a population.
Nilsson Ehle (1908). He had carried out several • Genetic Variance
crosses (hybridizations) between red kernel o variation in traits that is
colored and white kernel colored Wheat caused by differences in an
varieties. The F1 heterozygotes (hybrids) in all individual's genotype (genetic
crosses showed a lighter red kernel color makeup)
(intermediate color) than the homozygotes (red o To calculate the genetic
kernel-colored parents). He got different F2 variance, you would need to
perform a genetic analysis on ▪ ŷ_i is the predicted
a population of individuals. value of the
One common method is to use dependent variable
a technique called heritability for the i-th
analysis, which estimates the observation
proportion of variation in a ▪ Note that this
trait that is due to genetic formula assumes
factors. that the errors are
• Environmental Variance independently and
o This is the variation in traits ▪ normally distributed
that is caused by differences in with a mean of 0 and
the environment, such as a constant variance.
differences in temperature,
light, nutrition, or other
factors. To get the IV. HERITABILITY
environmental variance, you Heritability is the proportion of the total
would need to calculate the phenotypic variation controlled by genetic rather
variance of the residuals from than environmental factors. It is a behavioral
a linear regression model genetics.
where the independent
variable(s) represent the Heritability estimates range from zero to one. A
explanatory variables for the heritability close to zero indicates that almost all
environmental factors you are of the variability in a trait among people is due
interested in to environmental factors, with very little
• Phenotypic Variance influence from genetic differences.
o The formula of the phenotypic
variance is: σ2P = σ2G + σ2E
where: σ2P is the phenotypic Heritability H= VG / VP X 100
variance, σ2G is the genetic VP= VG + VE
variance, σ2E is the Where the total phenotypic variance may be
environmental variance decomposed:
• Interaction Variance VP= total phenotypic variance
o This is the variation in traits VG= total genetic variance
that results from the VE= environmental variance
interaction between an
individual's genotype and the
environment. TYPES OF HERITABILITY
• Epigenetic Variance • Broad Sense Heritability- It is the
o The variation in a trait caused ratio of genotypic variance (VG) to the
by the influence of epigenetic total phenotypic variance (VP ). the
mechanisms, such as DNA portion of phenotypic variance that is
methylation and histone due to all types of genetic variance,
modification, on gene including additive, dominance, and
expression. genic interaction variances.
• Error Variance
o The variation in a trait that
cannot be explained by any of
the above sources.
o The formula for error variance • Narrow Sense Heritability- It is the
is: error variance = variance of ratio of additive genetic variance (VA)
the residuals = (1 / (n - k)) * to the total phenotypic variance (VP ).
Σ(y_i - ŷ_i)2 that portion of the phenotypic variance
o Where: that is due to additive genetic variance.
▪ n is the number of
observations
▪ k is the number of
predictor variables
▪ y_i is the observed
value of the
dependent variable
for the i-th
observation

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