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Research on shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.) decline in Pakistan – a review

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 Pak. J. Phytopathol.,
Vol. 20(1): 134-142, 2008

RESEARCH ON SHISHAM (DALBERGIA SISSOO ROXB.) DECLINE IN

PAKISTAN – A REVIEW

Arshad Javaid
Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology,
University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus Lahore, Pakistan

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a review of literature of research carried out in Pakistan regarding the causes and possible
control measures of recent shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.) decline in the country. Surveys of different
regions of province Punjab reveal that shisham is suffering from two types of diseases namely wilt and dieback.
Maximum mortality (up to 80%) was observed along the canal banks followed by (up to 40%)along the
highways and roadsides. The least disease incidence and mortality rate was recorded on plants growing on
agricultural lands and other well managed areas.. Fusarium solani (Mart.) Appel & Wr. has been isolated from
the roots of wilted shisham trees and confirmed as the causal agent of this disease. Causal agent of dieback is
still controversial. Fusarium oxysporum, Ganoderma lucidum, Botryodiplodia theobromae and Phytophthora
cinamomi have been isolated from roots of dying back trees and are claimed to be the cause of dieback.
Generally older plants are more susceptible to the disease attack than the younger ones. Stressed conditions
especially drought and high soil moisture content are responsible for attack of pathogens and severity of the
disease. In vitro toxicity assays with three fungicides revealed that Benomyl is the most effective in controlling
mycelial growth of F. solani followed by Ridomil Gold.. Field study showed that application of 50 liters of 200
ppm Benomyl solution can effectively recover 6-8 years old wilted shisham plants. Trichoderma species
namely T. harzianum, T. viride, T. aureoviride, T. koningii and T. pseudokoningii, and species of Aspergillus
viz. A. fumigatus, A. glaucus and A. oryzae found effective in controlling in vitro growth of wilt pathogen F.
solani. A great genetic variability exists in shisham in Pakistan. So far 18 different shisham varieties have been
identified and there are many more which are yet to be identified. It is recommended that in future resistant and
vigorous varieties should be planted on well aerated sandy loam soil to save this precious tree species from
being extinct in the country.

Key words: Botryodiplodia theobromae Dalbergia sissoo, Fusarium solani, Phytophthora cinamomi,
Trichoderma spp. biological control, chemical control, dieback, wilt,

INTRODUCTION plantations of Punjab, and in riverian sites in Punjab

and Sindh. The irrigated plantations were established
Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.) – a deciduous tree at various sites in Punjab, mainly for production of
of family Papilionaceae, is an important plant of fuel wood for steam engines. All of these plantations
great economic importance. Its wood is very hard are located along main railway lines. Some of the
and is best suitable for furniture. It grows naturally in major plantations are Changa Manga, Daphar,
Sub-Himalayan Tarai tract from Bangladesh to Perowal, Bahawalpur, Kundian, Kamalia and
Afghanistan. It is now planted throughout the South Chichawatni. Shisham occupies more than 80%
Asian subtropical regions, and extensively so in forest area of the Punjab (Gill 2001a). At present the
Pakistan, India and Nepal. Shisham was introduced area under such plantations in Punjab is 154,886 ha,
in Pakistan in mid 1800s. In the irrigated tract of with an average annual production of 28,000 m3
Punjab it is widely planted along roads, rail sides and (Khan and Khan, 2000).
canals as linear plantations. The farmers in Punjab Shisham has been inflicted with decline diseases in
have been planting shisham since decades in linear recent years and the incident has also been reported
form around the fields. It is even retained in the in Tarai tract of Nepal, believed to be its homeland.
agricultural fields, in isolation, for shade. In the state It was in May 1998 when shisham decline was
forests it is planted extensively in irrigated reported as an epidemic in central irrigated tract of
the Punjab as well as in others parts of the country.

134
Punjab Forest Research Institute (PFRI) initiated a and along the road side of canals BRB (Sialkot,
multidisciplinary study but unfortunately the Lahore), Upper Chanab (Gujranwala) and Lower
biological and chemical control measures tried at Jehlum (Sargodha). In Lahore district survey areas
PFRI did not meet with success. Later on a PC I also included Quaid-e-Azam Campus Punjab
project proposal forwarded by PFRI to finance University, Aitchison College, and roadsides of BRB
further study was approved by the Government of canal Lahore branch. From each district 700-1200
the Punjab. Meanwhile the Chief Executive of shisham plants were investigated. Plants were
Pakistan constituted a Working Group to monitor categorized as healthy, mild, moderately and highly
and coordinate the research efforts for control of diseased, and dead. The highest percentage of
dieback. A developmental project namely “Survey, mortality of shisham, ranging from 75–80%, was
research and control of shisham dieback in the recorded along the canal banks. The mortality rate
Punjab (2001-02 to 2005-06)” was approved at total along the road sides especially along highways was
cost of Rs. 18.595 million with a multidisciplinary also fairly high ranging from 20–40%. The least
collaborative research initiative of the Government mortality and disease incidence of 10% or below was
of the Punjab involving PFRI, Ayub Agricultural recorded on the shisham trees growing on
Research Institute (AARI) and University of agricultural lands either in linear rows along the
Agriculture Faisalabad (Afzal et al., 2006). The first boundaries of the field or as scattered plants (Fig. 1
and second National Seminars on Shisham Dieback & 2). Chaudhry (2004) conducted a survey of
had been arranged on October 27, 2001 and June 29, Peshawar and reported that only 16% shsisham
2003 to join hands against the malaise. These plants in the surveyed areas were found healthy. The
provided very useful infrastructure for sharing the rest 84% was damaged trees with the maximum
details of ongoing studies and streamlining future (35%) found vertically half dead followed by
research strategy. Recently a Third National Seminar severely attacked (20%) and completelt dead (14%).
on Shisham Dieback was held in PFRI, Faisalabad Recently Idrees et al. (2006) conducted survey of
on May 11, 2006. shisham plantation at farmers’ field in twenty
Research on shisham decline in Mycology & Plant districts of the Punjab to study the severity of the
Pathology, University of the Punjab, Lahore was dieback disease. Shisham dieback was found
started in 2003 after the establishment of this new frequently in all the districts with different
Department in 2002. The scientists met with great frequencies. Disease incidence and plant mortality
success in a short span of time due to special interest ranged from 7.30–34.72% and 1.58–15.72%,
of Vice Chancellor of the University General (R) respectively. Similarly Bajwa and Mukhtar (2006)
Arshad Mahmood. We surveyed different regions of conducted surveys in different agro-ecological zones
the province Punjab and investigated for various of Punjab and reported 16.3 – 31.4% dieback
biotic and abiotic factors responsible for sufferings incidence in different zones.
of the valuable shisham trees. Different diseases
responsible for shisham decline were clearly DISEASES OF SHISHAM
recognized and studies regarding their biological and Most of the researchers in Pakistan have identified
chemical control were undertaken. Most important only one disease responsible for shisham decline i.e.
aspect of the study was identification of 18 shisham dieback. However, after survey of different areas of
varieties including resistant and very vigorous Punjab we identified two types of diseases viz.
varieties that were recommended for future wilting and dieback responsible for recent shisham
plantation to save this precious plant species from decline in the country (Bajwa et al., 2003). In wilt
being extinct (Javaid et al., 2003, 2004). Studies are disease effects produced on trees were more or less
also being conducted in other parts of the country of the same type as those produced by drought or
and in other countries of the region. frost. The disease was first observed by Bakhshi
(1954) both in natural forests and plantations in UP,
EXTENT OF SHISHAM DECLINE India. The disease is systematic in that the entire tree
Shisham decline diseases caused 5% plant mortality shows symptoms of the attack. In the early stage, an
during 1990-1991 and 25% during 1999-2000. In affected tree is characterized by drooping leaves and
2001 surveys of 8 districts, the roadside, canal banks branches, due to loss of turgor. The leaflets turn
and farmland plantations showed 25.56 to 43.1 17% yellow, dry up and eventually drop off rendering the
mortality (Gill et al., 2001a). We took various branches bare. The entire tree becomes thin in
surveys of four districts of Punjab province viz. contrast to the adjoining dense green trees (Fig. 3B).
Sialkot, Gujranwala, Lahore and Sargodha during Death of the affected tree is rapid and occurs within
May–June 2003 to study the extent of damage 4–6 months after the crown shows the symptoms of
caused by decline diseases in shisham (Bajwa et al., wilt. However, apart from this recently we also have
2003a). In each district survey was carried out on found a similar disease where death of the plant is
agriculture lands, along the highways and roadsides, very rapid i.e. within few weeks plant become
135
leafless. This rapid wilt generally attack the shisham Sector Research and Development Project” of PFI
plants after the end of rainy season and through out Peshawar. They isolated six pathogenic fungal
the autumn. A similar disease but with somewhat species from affected trees namely Botryodiplodia
different symptoms has also been observed where theobromae, Ganoderma lucidum, Fusarium solani,
suddenly a part or whole plant becomes dry but dry Helminthosporium dalbergiaea, Xylaria sp. and
leaves remain attached with the plant and the whole Poria ambigua. B. theobromae was the most
dried portion becomes brown in colour. Further common and damaging species. Pathogenicity of B.
studies in this regards are under way. theobromae was test on the D. sissoand reisolation of
The dieback has been reported in literature as early the pathogen confirmed the results. Rehman et al.
as 1900 but has never assumed an alarming (2006) collected diseased samples of shisham from
proportion. It was in 1998 that dieback was reported various districts of the Punjab for isolation of disease
as an epidemic in central irrigated tract of Punjab causing pathogen of shisham. B. theobromae was
province (Naz, 2002). The dieback disease exhibit found to be the most frequent followed by P.
more specialized symptoms than wilt. The symptoms cinnamomi and F. solani, respectively. Insects do
are thinning of leaves and crown, drying up of end not play any role in causing the dieback (Gul, 2004).
branches, yellowing of whole plant in certain cases, However, termites can attack shisham once a part of
table topped conditions and stag-headness in extreme the tree become dead and dry (Javaid and Afzal,
cases. Small dry twigs kept on falling continuously 2001). Idrees et al. (2006) conducted a field survey
and the tree looked like a blunt stub containing thick of 20 districts of the Punjab and isolated 18 different
branches. The dieback in a tree takes place in microorganisms from different infected parts of
successive stages and is characterized by progressive shisham. Botryodiplodia theoromae was the most
death of shoots and roots starting at the tip (Bajwa et frequent fungus isolated from all the plant parts. This
al., 2003a) (Fig. 3A). fungus was proved as causal agent of dieback during
the study in 2003-2004 and reconfirmed in 2004-
CAUSES OF SHISHAM DECLINE 2005. In one of our earlier studies, Fusarium
Biotic factors: oxysporum was found in abundance in the roots of
Mycologists have recorded some 62 pathogenic dying back Shisham trees samples collected from
species of fungi on shisham. Most of the fungi have drought affected areas of Quaid-e-Azam Campus,
been studied from mycological point of view and a University of the Punjab, Lahore (Bajwa et al. 2003).
little has been mentioned on pathological aspects. However, later on we isolated Phytophthora
However, after the recent epidemic of shisham cinnamomi from samples collected from the roadside
decline diseases many pathologists conducted studies of canal BRB. Gill et al. (2001) have also reported
to investigate for the cause of menace. Bajwa et al. that dieback is caused by P. cinnamomi. By contrast,
(2003b) reported that Fusarium solani is the cause of Sharma et al. (2000) considered Ganoderma lucidum
shisham wilt. Shakir et al. (1999) also isolated F. to be the primary cause of this disease. Another
solani from diseased roots and assumed this fungus Phellinus gilvus has also been isolated from
organism to be the cause of shisham wilt. Similar the roots of dying back shisham trees (Bakshi, 1974).
observations have also been reported from
Bengladesh, Nepal and India (Bakshi and Singh,
1959; Sharma et al., 2000; Baksha and Basak, 2000). Abiotic factors:
The causal organisms of dieback is still Many abiotic stress factors are also known to be
controversial. There is probability that more than one responsible for the initiation and severity of shisham
pathogens, either singly or in combination, may be decline diseases. Bajwa et al. (2003) recorded the
responsible for shisham dieback. It is also likely that highest mortality percentage of 75–80% along the
in different regions with variable edaphic and canal banks (Fig. 1&2). It reveals that disease
environmental conditions, different pathogens are incidence and severity is related to high soil moisture
causing this disease. However, the most probable contents. Water seepage from the canal into the
reason could be the misunderstanding of researchers nearby areas rendering the soil water logged. Some
regarding the shisham decline diseases. They other workers have also reported that high soil
generally considered different declined diseases as moisture level increases the severity of this disease
dieback and so they isolated different pathogens (Sharma et al., 2000; Keerio, 2001). In Punjab
from the diseased shisham trees. Afzal et al. (2006) University a considerable number of shisham plants
reported that F. solani and Ganoderma lucidum are were attacked either by wilt or dieback diseases
responsible for root rot in shisham causing large during the past few years. The ratio of wilting to
scale destruction. Zakaulla (2006) undertook an dieback incidence at this locality was comparatively
intensive survey of irrigated plantations and naturally higher as compared to other surveyed areas. It was
growing areas of Peshawar district, CDR and observed that disease severity and incidence was
roadside plantations of Attock district under “Forest comparatively higher on dry soil patches as
136
compared to irrigated and well-maintained areas. It to have significant suppressive effect on growth of F.
reveals that similar to water logging, drought stress solani (Ahmad et al., 1996). Benomyl, the most
also provides favourable environment for disease effective fungicide in vitro trial was also proved very
attack and severity. Keerio (2006) conducted surveys effective in vivo experiment. The three shisham
of all the shisham growing districts of SIndh viz. plants of 5-10 years old, which were likely to be
Ghotki, Sukhur, Khairpur, Naushahro Feroze, dead by wilting during next few weeks, managed to
Nawabshah, Sanghar and Hyderabad. He also recover themselves from disease after treatment with
reported that water logging and drought were the Benomyl. The treatment with this fungicide may
primary causes of drying/dying if shisham trees prove highly beneficial to save the shisham trees
which created stress conditions and made the trees from the menace of wilting. However, there is need
vulnerable to dieback disease. According to Afzal et to study the effectiveness of this fungicide against
al. (2006) global warming and eratic rain falls could the wilt attack in older trees. A benomyl derived
be the possible reasons of recent shisham decline in fungus toxicant MBC (Methyl-2-benzi midazol
the country. Rehmatullah et al. (2006), however, did carbamate) is also known to be effective against
not find any relationship of dieback with soil wilting. It is a stable fungicide suitable for injection
physiological properties and plant nutrient status. into the trees (Mcwain and Gregory, 1973).

CONTROL MEASURES Biological control:

Chemical control: Bajwa et al. (2004) studied the antagonistic effect of
Idrees et al. (2006) conducted various studies at various fungal species anamely Trichoderma viride,
Chichawatni, Charaghabad, Changa Manga and T. harzianum, T. koningii, T. areoviride, T.
Ayub Agriculture Research Institute Faisalabad for pseudokoningii, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. glaucus
chemical control of dieback. They tried various and A. oryzae against the growth of F. solani, the
chemicals namely Topsin-M, Dithane M-45, cause of wilt disease in shisham. Data recorded after
Trimitox Forte, Scoreand Derosal against the dieback five days of inoculations revealed variable effects of
fungal pathogens. They reported that no success was antagonistic fungi the colony growth of F. solani
achieved when disease incidence was morethan 25%. differently. Among the five species of Trichoderma,
The key to control dieback is an early detection in an T. harzianum exhibited the best performance
area and prevention. Once the symptoms of dieback suppressed the colony growth of pathogen by 52.4%.
are evident in a tree, it is difficult to stop or reverse T. viride followed the T. harzianum in performance
the progress of the disease. (Javaid et al., 2004). and decreased colony growth of F. solani by 24%.
Bajwa et al. (2003b) studied in vitro toxicity of three The other three species of Trichoderma viz. T.
fungicides viz. Ridomil Gold, Benomyl and Aliette areoviride, T. pseudokoningii and T. koningii,
were tested against wilt causing pathogen F. solani reduced the colony growth of F. solani by 13.7, 9
by the poisoned food technique (Nene and Thapliyal, and 2%, respectively. Effect of all the tested
1979). Each fungicide was mixed separately in Trichoderma species except T. koningii was
autoclaved melted PDA medium to obtain required statistically significant against the test pathogenic
concentration i.e., 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ppm. fungal species.Effect of all the three species of
Twenty ml of poisoned melted PDA medium was Aspergillus in suppressing the in vitro growth of F.
poured into each sterilized plate and allowed to solani was significant. There were 23, 20 and 7.5%
solidify. PDA medium without fungicides served as reduction in colony growth of F. solani due to A.
control. After solidification of medium, 3 mm agar fumugatus, A. glocus and A. oryzae, respectively
plugs of the fungus on PDA were transferred in the (Fig. 4).
center of the plates. Each treatment was replicated Plantation of resistant varieties:
thrice. All the plates were incubated at 252C. Thorough survey of Quaid-e-Azam Campus of
Growth inhibition rate was recorded after 8 days of Punjab University Lahore and other areas of Lahore
incubation. Percent inhibition in fungal growth was and district Sialkot were carried out since 2003.
calculated according to Vincent (1957). Among the Different varieties of Shisham were identified on the
three fungicides evaluated against F. solani in vitro, basis of physical appearance, branching pattern, leaf
Benomyl was found to be highly effective causing a and leaflet size and shape, leaf and branching
significant reduction in mycelial growth of the test density, and pod and stem surface characteristics.
fungus even in very low concentration of 10 ppm. The dieback incidence in various verities was
Ridomil was effective in higher concentration while recorded. Initially nine shisham varieties were
Aliette failed to alter the growth of this fungus identified. On the basis of their disease resistant
significantly even at 50 ppm concentration level potential they were named as Resistant 1,
(Fig. 4). Some other fungicides such as Vitavax, Susceptible 1, Susceptible 2, Susceptible 3,
Dithane M-45, Bavistin and Benlate are also known
.
137
 Canal bank Road side Agricultural land

90
75
Sialkot

Percentage
60
45
30
15
0

90
75
Gujranwala
Percentage

60
45
30
15
0

90
75
Sargodha
percentage

60
45
30
15
0

90
75
Percentage

Lahore
60
45
30
15
0
Healthy Mildly Moderately Highly Dead
diseased diseased diseased

Fig. 1: Extent of shisham decline in Sialkot, Gujranwala,

Sargodha and Lahore districts.

138
 A B C

Fig. 2: Shisham plants suffering from die back (A) and wilt (B) diseases. (C) Dead Shisham plants along
the road side of BRB Canal near Daska, district Sialkot.

10 ppm 20 ppm 30 ppm 40 ppm 50 ppm

Growth inhibition over control (%)

100 *** *** *** ***

90 ***
80
70
60
50 ** **
40
30 * *
20
10
0

Aliet Benomyl Rhidomil

Fig. 3: Percentage reduction in in vitro Fusarium solani growth due to

three fungicides as compared to control.
*, **, ***, show significant difference from control at 5, 1 and 0.1
% level of significance as determined by t-test.

139
 Trichoderma harzanium T. viride
T. areoviride B T. pseudok oningii
T. k oningii Aspergillus. fumigatus
A. glaucus A. oryzae
60
a

Reduction in F. solani colony

50

40
growth (%)

30
b b
c
20
d
e e
10
f
0

Fig. 4: Percentage reduction in colony growth of F. solani due to

various antagonistic fungi. Bars with different letters at their tops
show significant (P≤0.05) difference as determined by DMR Test.

Susceptible 4, Unspecified 1, Unspecified 2, shisham varieties. On our pattern Idrees et al. (2006)
Unspecified 3 and Unspecified 4. The unspecified collected 18 phenotypically different varieties (not
varieties 1–4 were named so because plants of these exactly those we identified) from different areas of
varieties did not show any disease symptoms but the Punjab and studied their response to the
their number was not large enough to decide their suspected causal agent B. theobromae inoculation.
resistant potential (Javaid et al., 2003). They found that 3 varieties were resistant and 7 were
Polymorphism at DNA level among the nine moderately resistant to the inoculated pathogen.
identified Shisham genotypes was find out using Many more shisham varieties are still to be
random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) identified. According to my observation more than
analysis at Nuclear Institute for Genetic Engineering 30 shisham varieties have been cultivated in different
and Biotechnology, Faisalabad Pakistan. The results areas of Punjab. There is need of identification and
showed that the nine phenotypically different screening of these varieties against the suspected
varieties were also different genotypically. In a later pathogen
study Javaid et al. (2004) we identified nine more

SUGGESTIONS pathogens is destroyed to stop further

AND spread of the disease.
 Avoid wounding the trunk and roots
RECOMMENDATIONS  Mixed cropping is recommended rather than
monoculture to avoid dieback.
The following preventive and control measures are  New shisham nurseries should be raised
suggested to contain the problem: from the seeds and cuttings of the resistant
variety and the susceptible varieties should
 Plantations on clayey and waterlogged soils be gradually replaced with the Resistant 1.
should be avoided.  Watering is beneficial during relatively dry
 New plants should be planted in suitable autumns and during dry summer months.
sites i.e. on well-drained sandy soils.  If dieback symptoms appear, and no
 The seedbed for shisham nurseries must be specific cause can be determined, try
disinfected before sowing. fertilization and watering.
 The dead, wilted and dying plants should  Use Benomyl to cure wilting in young
be uprooted so that the breeding place of the Shisham plants.

140
  Add organic materials such as farmyard Davis, D. and P.E. Qaggoner and A.E. Diamond,
manure along with some antagonistic fungi 1953. Conjugated phenols in the Fusarium
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dieback and wilt diseases can be reduced and further M.M. Khan, R.M. Rafique and T. Mahmood,
problems can be prevented. 2001a. Phytophthora cinnamomi. A cause of
shisham decline in Punjab, Pakistan. In:
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