DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A DIGITAL PHOTO

ARCHIVE

BY

DANIEL OKWAH EZEKA F/HD/20/3410001

OMAGBEMI TOSAN MICHELLE F/HD/19/3410021

A PROJECT PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER

ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL AND
MANUFACTURING, YABA COLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, YABA
LAGOS, NIGERIA.

IN PARTIAL FULFULMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

AWARD OF HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND) IN COMPUER
ENGINEERING

JANUARY, 2023.
 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project was designed and implemented by Daniel Okwah Ezeka
(F/HD/20/3410001) and Tosan Omagbemi Michelle (F/HD/19/3410021), in partial fulfillment of
the requirement for the award of Higher National Diploma in Computer Engineering.

……………………………………….. …..…………………………........
Engr, N. A. Yekini Date
Project Supervisor

…………………………………………. …………………………………..
Engr. N. A. Yekini Date
HOD Computer Engineering
 DEDICATION
We dedicate this project to the Almighty God, in whom we give thanks for making this a reality
and to our amazing parents for their unweaving support and encouragement throughout this
project. We are delighted to dedicate this project to our lecturers especially our supervisor Engr.
Yekini N. A. we also dedicate this project to all our friends especially our departmental mates who
were always ready to give their full support whenever it is needed.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is to sincerely express my profound appreciation to God Almighty for his grace, strength and
guidance needed in achieving success in our academic pursuit and project execution. We greatly
appreciate the effort and co-operation of our supervisor Engr. N.A. Yekini for dedicating his time
to discuss useful information throughout the entire project execution. He also not only guided and
encouraged us but also stood by us in making the project a success. Finally, we are thankful to our
parents for their financial supports, encouragement and prayers upon us. We really appreciate their
support and co-operation.
 ABSTRACT

Digital portrait archive is an application of electronics and technology that emerge to be vital for
modern existence. This system which is also a typical consumer electronics product has shaped
cost-effective solutions for economic consideration purposes. The aim of the project is to design a
digital portrait archive that display portrait photos of past and present Rector of Yaba College of
Technology, Lagos-state, Nigeria. The essentials components coupled together to achieve the
project are - liquid-crystal display (LCD) monitor; Microprocessor (Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+);
Power adapter (5V/2.5A DC power input); Jumper wire; Power cable; Video Graphics Array
(VGA) Cable; High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) to Video Graphics Array (VGA)
converter; Aluminum Portrait frame; Input peripheral devices; Micro Secure Digital (SD) Flash
Memory Card reader or flash drive. All the components are coupled together to make the project
to be realized. In General, this project was discovered to be an alternative to the conventional
picture frames with printed photographs. The advantage of the digital photo archive over the
conventional picture frame is unique single frame that operates digitally, displaying numerous
digital photos at specific time intervals. Unlike the congestion of the numerous conventional album
frame on the wall whereby various individual who officiated in a particular organization are being
displayed on the wall with picture frames having different sizes and designs. This cause the picture
frames to occupy space on the wall of the office in an organization or various house where it is
used.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION ..................................................................................................................... 2
DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................... 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................... 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... 6
TABLE OF FIGURES ............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER ONE ......................................................................................................................... i
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 8
BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.1. SIGNIFICANCE OF PROJECT ........................................................................... 12

1.2. AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ........................................................ 12

1.3. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT .................................................................................. 13

1.4. LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT ....................................................................... 13

CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................................... 14

LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................... 14
2.0. HYPOTHETICAL BACKGROUND OF DIGITAL PORTRAIT FRAME ......... 14

2.1. HISTORY OF DIGITAL PORTRAIT FRAME ................................................... 14

2.2. PARTS OF DIGITAL PORTRAIT FRAME ........................................................ 19

2.3. FEATURES OF DIGITAL PORTRAIT FRAME Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.4. IMPORTANCE OF DIGITAL PORTRAIT FRAME........................................... 21

2.5. ASPECT RATIO OF DIGITAL PORTRAIT FRAME ........................................ 21

2.6. HOW A DIGITAL PORTRAIT FRAME WORKS .............................................. 22

2.7. RELATED RESEARCH WORK .......................................................................... 22

CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................. 25

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN ................................................................... 25
3.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 25

3.1 THE EXISTING SYSTEM ................................................................................... 25

3.2 ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM ...................................................... 25

3.3 DESIGN OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM ........................................................... 26

3.4. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................ 26

3.5 FLOWCHART OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM ................................................. 39

CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING .............................................................. 40
4.1. DESCRIPTION OF HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION .................................. 40

4.2. DESCRIPTION OF SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION .................................... 42

4.4. Schematic Diagram of The Digital Portrait Frame Connection .............................. 50

4.5 Pictorial Diagram of the Digital Portrait Frame Connection ................................. 50

4.7. Problem Encountered: ........................................................................................... 51

4.8. TESTING OF DIGITAL PORTRAIT FRAME .................................................... 51

BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION (BEME)................ 52

CHAPTER FIVE ..................................................................................................................... 53
RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION ................................................................... 53
5.1. RECOMMENDATION ......................................................................................... 53

5.2. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 53

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 55
Plagiarism Check: Chapter 1 ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Plagiarism Check: Chapter 2 .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Plagiarism Check: Chapter 3 ............................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
 CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Living in an "archival moment" (Daston 2017). When it comes to photography, this period is
marked by an unrestricted flow of creation and dissemination and, at the same time, by grave
worries about the loss of data in analog and digital resources, the brittleness of compiled picture
clusters, and the transitory nature of collections.

Numerous techniques and strategies for the storage and retrieval, indexing, interoperability, and
sustainability of digital image collections have been tried, debated, applied, expanded, questioned,
and abandoned because digitization and digital photography have been commonplace practices for
about thirty years. This has produced a wide and unequal field of institutional, commercial, and
vernacular collections, as well as hitherto unheard-of online access to visual content.

With the rise of image-making smartphones, image-focused social media platforms, and enhanced
processing and storage capabilities over the past 10 years, in particular, photography has gone "off-
scale" (Pollen 2015; Dvoak and Parikka 2021), producing more photographs than can ever be
processed. As a result of these technical advancements, an increasing number of people worldwide
are engaged in the production, augmentation, and gathering of photographs. These new types of
semi-private or semi-public archives, which are dispersed among phones, computers, servers, and
platforms, include sedimentations of applications as well as photos that have been stored for
potential future usage. In feeds, clusters, and databases, images and image data are copied, scraped,
aggregated, and rearranged depending on the user's aim, including image and data mining for
commercial or scientific purposes.

Photographs should be kept in protective primary enclosures such folders or sleeves to prevent
them from handling, dust, and light. Photographic enclosures that meet specific criteria can be
made of plastic or paper. Photographs may be used to document significant visual information that
will need to be referred to in the future as well as to capture moments that one wants to remember.

Before photography was invented, humans had figured out how lenses and cameras worked. It
was feasible to project the image onto a wall or piece of paper, but printing wasn't an option at
the time because recording light was far more difficult than projecting it. Before photography,
mankind employed a device for processing images called the Camera Obscura, which is Latin for
"dark room." It was used for several centuries.
The history of photography as a medium is under 200 years. But in that small period of time, it
has changed from a primitive method involving harsh chemicals and heavy cameras to a
straightforward but sophisticated way of producing and distributing photographs immediately.
Find out how cameras have evolved over time and how photography has altered.

The first "cameras" were employed not to form images but to understand optics. The Arab
experimenter Ibn Al-Haytham (945–1040), also known as Alhazen, is generally awarded as
being the first person to study how we see. He invented the camera obscura, the precursor to the
pinhole camera, to demonstrate how light can be employed to venture a picture into a flat
surface. Earlier researches to the camera obscura has been found in Chinese texts during about
400 B.C. and in the writings of Aristotle around 330 B.C.

The German scientist Johann Heinrich Schulze (1727) made the first experiments with light-
sensitive chemicals that showed the photosensitivity of silver salts. But Schulze did not try to
create a lasting image with his discovery. That would have to wait for the next century. According
to the Oxford Reference, the word photography is composed of the words photographic, meaning
light, and graphos, meaning writing or painting. Together, photography means painting with light.
Photography is also the art or practice of creating photographs by capturing light with an image
sensor or chemical reaction. Shooting usually consists of two parts: the camera body and the lens.
The lens focuses light onto the light-sensitive area of the camera - the sensor - which can be either
electronic or photographic film. Digital (electronic) sensors transform the light hitting the sensor's
pixels into an electrical charge, which is then processed and stored as a digital image. On the other
hand, when captured on film, the light creates a hidden image, which is later "developed" into
either a positive or a negative - the latter is usually used to create a positive image on paper, the
so-called Print Using printed paper photos with standard desktop picture frames or protective and
decorative photo borders forces the person intending to edit such a photo to manually edit it.
A difficulty in the transmission of a real-life image onto paper or another flat surface before the
introduction of the photographic camera was experienced. Leonardo da Vinci, a Renaissance artist
and inventor, initially guessed that a machine that would make painting in perfect perspective
much easier to produce, subsequently known as the camera obscura.
According to the National Science and Media Museum (2011), a camera obscura is a box-shaped
instrument that is used as a sketching tool, for the purpose of entertainment, or in a dark room in
which an image is projected onto a wall with the aid of a small hole or lens on one side of the
room. It lets light in via a small aperture on one side and projects a reversed and inverted picture
on the other, which is also known as a pinhole image.
According to Prashant (2015), in order to replace the use of printed paper, a digital photo frame or
an electronic photo archive, made up of a liquid crystal display (LCD) or light emitting diode
(LED) screen, a SD (Secure Digital) card readable interface, and display stripping, can be regarded
as an innovative approach with the aim of replacing the manual change of photographs in a photo
frame that has a stipulated time of automatic photo change or button-push to achieve an automatic
change of photographs stored inside the digital photo frame. With the invention of the camera, a
still image or a photograph may convey multiple ideas or information, indicating its essence or
meaning more effectively than a verbal description. Our history and traditions become visible
through time with the aid of the photographic image. Photographs of events give an insight as well
as a demonstrative explanation of the stories of our lives, before which these stories were formally
just reliant on mere words of expression. Observers with no first-hand or initial experience of a
particular event in a photographic image can imagine themselves in photographs shared with vivid
memories, more like a photograph among family and friends. Up to the present moment, a group
of individuals in an organization or a family preserved their legacy and shared narratives of events
and experiences with each other through the use of making photographs with film-based cameras.
In various apartments owned by individuals by any means of acquisition, either by ownership or
by rent, printed photos in photo frames on fireplace mantles, bookshelves, or coffee tables are used
in the decoration of the interior section of these apartments.
According to Kim and Zimmerman (2006), from the invention of the camera obscura to modern-
day film-based cameras, cameras allowed people to more easily capture, reproduce, and share
visual narratives. Advancements in technology aid in supporting various individuals and their
endeavors in developing improved social interaction through the use of photography. Considering
the innumerable involvement of technology in photography, the origination and instant adoption
of digitally operated cameras generated a metamorphosis in the mode of capturing and scrutinizing
images of life or events that take place. Regardless of how the cost and time required to process
the film and print the pictures had an effect on the behavior of various individuals, the expeditious
evaluation of photographs taken, replication, and dispensation of photographs were yielded by the
invocation of the digital cameras, while the need to capture and showcase visual narratives was
still supported, as well as the cogent reasons for image recording not being changed. However, the
intervention of technology enhanced and contributed to the change in experiences encountered
during photograph making. The use of photographs to capture events and the capturing of moments
taking place in various life scenarios was developed by numerous individuals as film-based
cameras became foolproof, less expensive, and robust. With these advancements in technology,
the dispensation of photographs through the mail, as well as the fabrication of albums and the
display of photographs by various individuals in their homes, workplaces, or offices in different
organizations, has not been immensely affected by the use of digital computers.
According to Katja (2003), the project on digital photo frames supports social interactions and co-
experience through mediating digital photos displayed through an electronic device, based on the
fact that traditionally printed photos supported rich social interactions. Various individuals do not
often change the photos in an album because of the effort involved and the increase in the number
of photographs to be implanted into their various album frames can be numerous, causing the wall
of a room in a home or offices in an organization to be congested with album frame photographs,
whereas the digital portrait frame can efficiently prevent this case scenario of congestion.
Meanwhile, the number of digital photos acquired as a result of events that occur makes digital
display in homes or in offices desirable. Electronic photo archives or digital photo frames can
provide great opportunities for expanding social interactions in homes or organizations,
referencing the predecessors and the successor in charge of running a particular office in an
organization, which will improve the experience of individuals and strengthen emotional,
informal, or formal connections. The use of conventional album frames is quite expensive and
consumes time as well as human resources like paper, wood, etc. and can cause the wall to be
congested or overcrowded with the album portrait photographs of various unique personalities that
have managed a particular office in an organization. Such album frames do not have the same
length and width as a result of different album frame designers designing frames with different
sizes.
According to Dalton (2011), the utilization of a digital photo frame bridges the restriction of an
individual having one photograph per album frame, whereby the digital photo frame features
memory chips that enable the storage of numerous pictures to be displayed at a time. The digital
photo frame exists in various sizes up to twenty inches, in which most seven-inch frames display
photos at 480 by 234 pixels. In addition, it allows the digital photos to stretch to fit the screen of
the digital photo frame, which is dependent on the aspect ratio of the screen. Also, the photos
stored in the digital photo frames are usually in Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) format,
as well as graphics interchange formats and other formats depending on the manufacturer's design
specification.
According to Yekini et al. (2021), the creation of a digital electronic portrait frame that can display
numerous digital images at a time encourages social engagement, rapid display of frame contents
at home or work to promote social connection, and also recent and distant past events or scenarios,
in order to encourage recollecting present and reserved previous experiences. Among other things,
the work possesses the following features, which include: electronic display of photographs,
slideshows, and short clip films using a digital photo frame. This was accomplished through the
use of a light crystal diode (LCD) display panel, a WAV/MP4 player as a controller, and a pen
drive for data storage (photos, short video-clips, etc.) temporarily, from which the contents can be
updated at convenience.
This project is focused on the development and design of a digital photo archive and management
system, and this paper will cover the introduction, literature review, research methodology, design
and implementation, as well as summary, conclusion, and recommendation.

1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The office of the Rector, Yaba College of Technology is filled with photo frames, but eventually
there won't be enough room to display any more as a new Rector takes over. Because of how the
photo frames are arranged, the rector's office appears to be overly crowded.
The output of this project will help to find solution to this problem because every photograph of
past, present, and future Rectors of Yaba College of Technology, along with the duration of their
tenure will be included in this Digital photo archive.
Additionally, it will lower the cost of purchasing new photos frame. This project will also be
built such that as new Rectors are hired, it will be simple to add their photos to the digital photo
archive that is been displayed in the office. Additionally, the project's results will keep visitors
occupied while they wait to see the rector in his office.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The Yaba College of Technology Rector's office will benefit from this project, and it may also be
useful to other parts of the institution, such as the head of department's office, Office of the Dean
of each faculty in the school or financial institutions like the banking industry. When erected in
the rector's office, it replaces the wall-cluttering collection of traditional album frames from
previous rector's offices with a single, distinctive digital frame that cycles through a variety of
digital images at predetermined intervals. It also serves as a traffic number indication for cars.

1.4. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The main aim of this project and research work is to design a digital portrait frame that can be
operated remotely with the aid of a censor and to also interact with a computer system in order to
be able to update the digital photos stored inside of the memory expansion cards. If the aim of the
project is fulfilled, the following objectives will be achieved:
i. The use of conventional photo frames will be exterminated due to technological
intervention on development of the digital portrait frame.
 ii. An avenue for the digital portrait frame to be able to operate far-flung with the aid of the
censor is provided as well as update of photographs.
iii. Provision of an automated unique display of digital portrait photographs as a slideshow as
it possesses over 100 photographs on capacity and usually with an adjustable time interval.
iv. To replace the numerous photos on different album frames that may have situated on the
wall and to also reduce the amount of space used up by this album frame.
v. To avoid congestion or overcrowding of the wall with the album portrait photograph of
various unique personalities that had managed a particular office in an organization.

1.5. SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

This project focuses on the design and construction of electronic system device that archives photo,
that presents a slideshow and usually with an adjustable time interval; remotely access the photos
in order to skim through the numerous photos stored in the memory expansion card, which will
replace traditional photo frame that can only display a photo at a time. This project on digital
portrait frame will be utilized at the office of the Rector Yaba College of Technology for the
display of the past and present rectors of Yaba College of Technology in order to help any outsiders
or visitors know all the Rectors that has served in office and their tenure duration.
The project also focuses on designing a digital electronic portrait frame that conveniently shows
several time frames, it presents two systems where the digital photo frame promotes social
interaction; quick presentation of the content of the frames in the principal's office to increase
social interaction, facilitate and inspire the near and distant past to recall current and reserved
past events. This work reaches e.g., the following objectives: Using a digital picture frame to
display pictures, slides and short videos electronically. Using an LCD screen or monitor to
achieve this, using a WAV/MP player as a controller, and using a memory stick to temporarily
store data (images, slideshows, etc.) that can be updated when needed.
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. WHAT AND WHY PHOTOGRAPHY

Photography is the art, application and practice of creating permanent images by recording light
either electronically using an image sensor or chemically using a light-sensitive material such as
photographic film. It is used in many areas of science, production (such as photolithography),
and business, as well as more directly in the arts, film and video production, entertainment,
hobbies, and mass communication. Photography is the result of combining technical discoveries
related to seeing and capturing multiple images. A camera obscura (Latin for "dark chamber"),
which provides an image of the scene, was found in ancient China. Greek mathematicians
Aristotle and Euclid independently described the camera obscura in the 5th and the centuries BC.
In the 6th century AD The Byzantine mathematician Anthemius of Tralles used a kind of camera
obscura in his experiments. (Aristotle, Eucleides and Anthemius Tralles, 2009, 2011).
Photography is important because we can document something and have it forever. Photography
allows us to see something we wouldn't otherwise notice.
According to (Zimmerman, 2003), photography is a great way to document every moment of our
life so that the memory will last forever. You can look back at a photo and remember what was
special about the time it was taken. Zimmerman says that even if your loved one is gone, pictures
of them are "proof that they exist." Photography allows you to document every stage of your life
and the life journey of the people you care about. Photography is not only a way to document
events in your life, but also a way to create history in the world. These photos are important so
that we don't forget what happened and to have evidence for future generations. Photos play an
important role in everyone's life, they connect us to the past and also help to remind us of people,
places, feelings and stories. They can help us discover who we are. Photos are especially
important to people who grew up in institutions - unfortunately that's because most of us take
photos for granted because they don't exist. Images are often associated with a tangible object
that represents a scene, while an image is seen as a file that represents the scene in digital form.
The difference is visible compared to digital. The key to sharing is accessibility, and nothing is
easier than opening a printed photo album or photo book. Photos are easily accessible to anyone,
regardless of age or ability.
2.2. APPROACH TO PHOTOGRAPH STORAGE
Camera Obscura (500 BCE - 1600 CE): The camera obscura was a tool for some artists that
allowed them to easily draw or paint realistic landscapes and architecture. In its simplest form, a
pinhole projects a scene in a dark room or box that the artist can essentially observe. Since the
word photography is literally defined as drawing with light, we can look at the concept of the
camera obscura as the possible beginning of our photographic timeline, Nicéphore Niépce
(1827).

Early Optics (1400s - 1700s): In the early 16th century, the amazing artist, scientist and
inventor Leonardo da Vinci drew diagrams and wrote instructions for the Leonardo da Vinci
camera obscura (18th century). In these articles, he not only added holes, but also simple glass
lenses. Lenses and optics were a relatively new but established science at the time, and
astronomers used them to expand our knowledge of the universe. According to our photo
timeline, it is interesting that astronomers were also the driving force behind the creation of the
film.

Developing a Film Timeline (1604 – 1827): Johannes Kepler (1827), an astronomer and all-
round smart guy, is credited with coining the term photo for drawing with light in 1604. He was
referring to the use of telescopic optics to project an image onto a sheet of paper or canvas. draw
letters Astronomers and inventors are looking for a way to make paper or fabric itself light
sensitive. Various people have also used glass or metal plates in experiments. Although it was
sensitive to light, it was not very sensitive. It took 8 hours to save the image. You can see the
sunlight lighting up the buildings on either side. From here, the shooting timeline moves quickly.
Astronomers, other scientists, and the new artist/scientist naturalists began to use various sheet
metal techniques.
Daguerreotype (1839): It was at this time that the word photography was used to describe that
new field. Louis Daguerre (1839) created the popular metal plate process known as the
daguerreotype, opening this combination of art and technology to the masses. While this may
have been one of the simpler sheet metal imaging processes, it was messy, expensive, extremely
time consuming, and somewhat dangerous.

Enter the Camera (1841): Photographers of that era typically used cameras designed and
manufactured by themselves or by skilled craftsmen who adapted lenses made by optical
manufacturers for photographic use. At the beginning of the camera timeline in the history of
photography, optical companies such as Zeiss, Leitz and others began designing lenses
specifically for photography, Peter Friedrich Voightlander (1841).
Photojournalism (1848 – 1865): Besides scientific use and all the art produced, photography
also made the news. The June Days 1848 workers revolt in France, the Crimean War 1853-1856,
and the American Civil War 1861-1865 brought photographic images of war to the public.
Written journalistic descriptions and hand-drawn or painted illustrations were replaced by
photographic images. These images were shown at public screenings and published in
newspapers and magazines.

Celluloid Roll Film (1835-1887): Metal and glass plates were fragile, cumbersome and hard to
work with, and somewhat costly for the average person. A more accessible method continued to
be looked for by photographers. A combination of two technologies, silver halides and celluloid
based emulsions continued getting improved upon. In (1835), Henry Fox Talbot invented a
viable method of spreading a gelatin emulsion on paper. In (1839), John Herschel came up with a
way to fix the image recorded by silver halides. In 1887, these two technologies were first
manufactured together as a photographic film. This film could be produced in individual sheets
or as a roll. Sheets of metal and glass were delicate, cumbersome and difficult to work with, and
quite expensive for the common man. Photographers are still looking for an easier method. The
combination of two technologies, silver halides and celluloid-based emulsions, has been
continuously improved. In (1835) Henry Fox Talbot invented a working method for applying
gelatin emulsion to paper. In (1839) John Herschel invented a way to correct an image recorded
with silver halides. In 1887, these two techniques were produced together for the first time as
photographic film. This film can be produced as single sheets or as a roll.

KODAK (1888): George Eastman of Rochester (1888) had the idea to use this new film to build
a simple, easy-to-use camera and market it as a fun, useful product. In the history of
photography, Eastman was a master at marketing photography to the masses. "You push the
button; we do the rest.

Moving Pictures (1878 – 1900): Movies, moving images or films are an integral part of the
photographic timeline. In a short time, cameras and related projects were invented to film
continuous motion and display it by projecting it on a large screen. Eadweard Muybridge (1879)
also adds later inventions in his time, such as sound recordings.
35mm Film and the Leica (1913): One of the more common formats of roll film was 135
formats, also called 35mm. This format was used primarily for motion pictures, but it also started
getting spooled into small cartridges for miniature still cameras, as they were called then. The
movie cameras transported 35mm film through the cameras vertically, with an image frame of
18x24mm. In (1913), Oskar Barnack, an engineer at Leitz, designed a prototype still camera that
transported the film horizontally, producing a 24x36mm image frame.

35mm SLRs (1957-1959): Although there are many film and camera formats, 35mm has
become one of the most popular formats in our photographic history. Asahi Optical (1957)
introduced the first eye-level single-lens reflex camera with instant reflex, called the Pentax.
1959 saw the release of the Nikon F, a professional caliber 35mm SLR camera with a whole
system of lenses, motor vehicles and other accessories around it.

Digital Reigns Supreme (1975 – Present): The history of the timeline of photography continues
to the present, when digital photography is a priority for most photographers. Digital is a great
medium for photography because of its variety of formats, storage and display capabilities, and
easy image transfer. The first known digitally recorded images were created at a Kodak
laboratory in 1975 and took 23 seconds to capture a 0.01 MP image. The camera was very
simple, but the recording device weighed 8 kilograms. Among the first digital cameras of the
1980s and 1990s were several point-and-shoot style cameras from computer manufacturers and
major camera manufacturers. Around (1989-2000) Fuji and Kodak teamed up with Canon and
Nikon to create digital cameras to meet the needs of professionals. Then in 1999, Nikon
launched the D1 camera. It was the first time a major camera manufacturer designed and built a
camera specifically as a digital SLR. Although much attention is paid to 35mm cameras, film or
digital cameras, there are many other formats. We can also look at the implementation of video
recording of movies. One of the most interesting aspects of the photo timeline is the modern
smartphone. Just think, we can have a camera in our pocket that records pictures and videos. We
can then transfer these photos and movies almost instantly to almost anywhere in the world.

2.3. DIGITAL PHOTO ARCHIVE

According to Spiwak (2011), the futuristic digital photo archive can be referred to as a miniaturized
LCD monitor, designed to look like a conventional photograph frame that uses digital technology
to display images without the intervention of a computer or printer. It has the advantage of
displaying photos on a television as well as digital photos. Some digital photo frames come in a
variety of styles. Some can only display photos in JPEG format, but most digital photo archive
display photos in a slide presentation. Some can only show pictures in JPEG format, but most
digital photo archive displays the pictures in a slide show. The digital photo archives are usually
designed with memory and/or a memory card port, which greatly enhances the storage capacity
needed by the user in order for the user to operate and interact with the device effectively.

Digital photo archive is a relatively recent creation based on technological advancements, so their
history is brief by definition. Yet, digital photo archives are essentially primitive computers,
designed specifically for the purpose of displaying digital photographs in the best light, but they
require the same components as a personal computer PC or laptop, like a microprocessor or central
processing unit (CPU), memory, and others.

According to 3wisemonkeys (2010), a digital photo archive embedded in read-only memory

(ROM) stores a software component, such as a rudimentary operating system, that manages
hardware and software resources, such as sending output to a screen. Instead of using volatile
random access memory (RAM), which cannot store data when there is no power source, the digital
photo archive uses non-volatile solid state memory. Non-volatile memory is a type of electrically
erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) that can be erased and reprogrammed or
"flashed" in large blocks. This type of memory is found in digital cameras in the form of removable
memory expansion cards. LCD screens used to display photos are similar to screens on flat panel
televisions and computer systems. This makes it easy to trace the history of digital picture frames
by looking at the technical development of each of their components. Together, they enabled the
digital photo archive to grow in sophistication and popularity. Because digital photo frames often
have little or no internal memory (256MB is usually the absolute limit), they rely on memory
expansion card technology to determine the number, quality, and size of digital photos they can
store.

According to Agomuoh (2020), secondary personal computer (PC) displays may be utilized by
connecting the digital photo archive to a computer through USB and then installing or
downloading the necessary software. To utilize the function, you must first connect the frame to a
computer through USB and then install or download the necessary software. In the design of a
digital photo archive, Wi-Fi and/or Bluetooth connectivity can be included, which allows users to
wirelessly link the digital photo archive to a home or office network, another computer, or a
smartphone to update the contents. A significant number of digital photo archives may even be
configured with a unique email address, allowing friends and family to send photographs to them
from anywhere.

According to Brown and Lelii (2017), the development of memory expansion card technology,
digital cameras and picture frames can now reduce storage capacity without compromising storage
capacity. Many digital photo frames now have multiple slots for the most common memory
expansion cards, making them more versatile if you switch digital cameras or want to display
digital photos taken by others. Screen sizes vary from 112 inches (suitable for hanging on a key
ring) to 15 inches (suitable for hanging on a wall), 7 inches or 8 inches being considered a good
compromise for a coffee table, table or fireplace. The size, resolution, or individual picture
elements or "pixels" that make up the screen, as well as the brightness and viewing angle of the
LCD panel used in the frame, affect how easy it is to see digital picture frames, especially from a
camera. far away or from different points in space. Thanks to a technology known as "active
matrix" or Thin Film Transistor (TFT), modern digital picture frames tend to score high in all of
these functions. The first Thin Film Transistor (TFT) LCD was created in 1979 and the technology
was first introduced to the market in the 1980s when flat panel televisions were introduced. Thin
film transistors are identified as small-sized transistors and capacitors arranged in a matrix on the
glass substrate of the LCD panel, which allows precise control of the voltage applied to the
molecules of the liquid crystal. As a result, the degree of molecular twist that allows light to pass
through can be precisely controlled.

Since the late 1990s, LCD panel resolution has increased from Video Graphics Array (VGA)
resolution (640 x 480 pixels, 16 or 256 colors) to Extended Graphics Array (XGA) resolution
(1024 x 768 pixels) to Ultra Extended Graphics Array (UXGA). ) resolution. ) resolution (1920 x
1200 pixels) and more. Thanks to these advances, a standard 7-inch digital frame can now display
bright, sharp images;480 x 234 resolution is usually the standard resolution for digital picture
frames of this size with a 170° viewing angle, even in low light or poor ambient light Although
some early digital picture frames could only display Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG)
photos, others image formats such as Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) and Tagged Image File
Format (TIFF) ) and officially MPEG-1 Audio Layer III or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III (MP3 ) Music
and Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG-) or Digital video express (DivX), video taken with a
digital camera in "film mode" and files downloaded from the Internet are increasingly supported.
Wireless network technologies such as USB, Bluetooth and Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) are also
becoming more common, allowing wireless download of digital photos from a Bluetooth® device
p. ed camera phone to, say, a digital picture frame. Many of the latest digital picture frames have
Internet access and a remote control that allows you to send not only digital photos, but also
broadcast content, such as Resource Description Framework (RDF) site summaries, RSS feeds or
online galleries. shot from anywhere with an internet connection. (3wisemonkeys, 2010).
2.3.1. PARTS OF DIGITAL PHOTO ARCHIVE

In terms of physical appearance, a typical digital photo archive consists of three main parts. These
includes: -

• The LCD panel: - This is available in several sizes and it exist in two types, which includes
the analog and digital.
• The Printed Circuit Board (PCB): - This is at the core of the digital photo frame, and it
functions as a compartment that houses the primary software.
• The outer frame: - This comprises of memory card slot, an interface like Universal Serial Bus
(BUS) for establishment of connection with a Personal Computer or a computer system for
digital photo transfer and a button used in powering up/down or turning ON/OFF the digital
photo archive.

According to Nice (2001), In reality, the digital portrait archive is a basic computer as it
features the majority of the similar components found in a personal computer or a desktop
computer, but the digital portrait archive is much simpler due to the fact that it only has to execute
a specific task. In some digital photo frame, there components features and part that enable the
functional operation of a digital photo archive. This includes: - The central processing unit (CPU),
Memory, Modem, Display, Controls, Operating System

• The central processing unit (CPU): - This is similar to the kind of processors used in
miniaturized electronic handheld games, and can be regarded as a microprocessor. The most
processor-intensive task performed by the CPU is downloading pictures from the Web feed,
while other operation is of minor tasks being executed.
• Memory: - In the digital photo archive, the operating system is stored in Read Only Memory
(ROM) and it also features Flash memory, where the photos, settings, and certain operating
software are stored, in which both forms of memory are non-volatile or permanent, meaning
that if the device is disconnected, no data is lost.
• Modem: - The digital photo archive may or may not accommodate this feature. If present, they
may have a 33.6-Kbps modem, which it uses to connect to the Internet and download the new
photos uploaded by the user.
• Controls: - The frame's sole user-operated controls are a red switched that controls the power
ON and OFF of the digital portrait frame and a black button that switches the frame on when
it is initially connected and it can also be used to dial in manually.
• Display: - The display is a passive-matrix liquid crystal display (LCD) with a viewing area of
around 5 by 7 inches and a resolution of 640x480 pixels (13 by 18 cm). The digital portrait
 frame isn't much thicker than a regular photo frame because of this sort of display. The images
are shown in 12-bit color, which implies that the screen can display about 4,100 distinct colors.
• Operating System: - The digital photo archive can be designed to uses a real time operating
system or an embedded operating system like Portable Software on Silicon (PSOS). This
operating system is designed for and utilized by devices like Personal Digital Assistant PDAs,
electrical-testing equipment and set-top boxes.

2.3.2. IMPORTANCE OF DIGITAL PHOTO ARCHIVE

A digital photo archive is usually designed specifically for the fixed, aesthetic display of photos
and thus usually provides an attractive framework and power system for continued use. Users can
choose between a digital portrait frame with or without Wi-Fi, cloud storage, and/or USB and SD
card ports. It couldn't be easier to insert a memory card from your camera or a USB stick full of
photos and then select an image to display from there. The biggest advantage of going digital is
the frame's ability to constantly change and scroll through images, as well as the ability to easily
add new ones to the frame, as well as the ability to play videos and animated GIFs.

It possesses an internal memory for automated slideshow photographs, slideshow capabilities that
allow you to display several photos at stipulated time intervals, and compatibility with additional
formats including audio, text, and video. Due to these functionalities, digital portrait frames can
be regarded as miniature multimedia gadgets. (Palmer, 2018).

2.3.3. ASPECT RATIO OF DIGITAL PHOTO ARCHIEVE

According to Donnell (2011), the aspect ratio of a digital portrait archive can vary between the
ratios of 4:3, 3:2, and 16:9 (in certain cases, 16:9 ratios are actually 15:9). Images that do not
perfectly suit the aspect ratio of the frame may be cropped, stretched, or reduced to fit, depending
on the model and features. This might result in photos that are either lacking content, distorted, or
surrounded by blank space. This may be prevented by purchasing a frame with an aspect ratio that
matches your camera perfectly, or by altering images before transferring them to the frame to get
the desired aspect ratio. The relationship between the height and width of an image is referred to
as the aspect ratio. In the majority of digital frames, aspect ratios of 4:3 or 3:2 are used. Digital
picture frames have different proportions than High-Definition Television (HDTV) and computer
screens. The picture will occupy the entire screen if the aspect ratio of a digital frame nearly
matches the size of the photo. In digital photo frames, the most common aspect ratios include:
standard (4:3) which means that for every 4 inches of length, there will be 3 inches of height),
which is compatible with the majority of picture print sizes; the photographs will occupy the whole
digital portrait frame if they are of standard size; and widescreen (16:9), which is mostly utilized
in films and television shows. It is great for individuals who want to use their digital frames to
display both films and static photographs.

2.3.4. HOW A DIGITAL PHOTO ARCHIEVE WORKS

The digital portrait frame is connected to a telephone line and electrical outlet. It will display
images originally stored in a digital portrait frame, using a Compact Flash memory slot to display
images directly from the digital camera and a small remote control to control functions such as
printing. Some procedures require the use of a digital portrait frame. Specify content in the form
of images that the framework can load; sends images to a digital portrait frame and can be set to
randomly select images from a specific album; adjust some settings and add text or borders;
Preview the contents of the digital photo frame; change frame settings. (Kiva, 2001).

Most digital photo frames consist of an internal storage device and a common serial bus port, the
connector connects via USB to a computer, after which the photo can be dropped and dragged into
the frame until the memory is full. That meant that the amount of memory determines the number
of photos that can be stored in digital picture frames.

2.4. RELATED RESEARCH WORK

Huang et al. (1993) in their paper "Implementation of a large-scale image archiving and
communication system (PACS)" in the health care environment is described in their work. A PACS
is an infrastructure system consisting of a PACS controller, a database management system,
communication networks, and an optical disk archive. It is integrated in our routine radiology
practice as a clinical component. It is sometimes used by radiologists, fellows, residents, and
physicians for case review, discussion, and initial diagnosis.

Weatherburn et al. (2000) examined the benefits of a hospital-wide picture archiving and
communication system in accidents in their study, "Impact of a Picture Archiving and
Communication System (PACS)on diagnostic Performance in the Accident and Emergency
Department". and the Emergency Department (A&E). The study was divided into two parts: first,
when the hospital still used traditional X-ray films, and then when PACS was used.

Strickland (2000), in his work entitled “PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication systems):
filmless Radiology, it is a computerized system that replaces traditional radiological film by
digitally acquiring, storing, transmitting, and displaying pictures. A filmless clinical environment
is created when such a system is implemented across the institution. A filmless clinical
environment is created when such system is implemented.
Lehmannet al, (2003), in their work entitled “Content-Based image Retrieval in Medical
Application for Picture Archiving and Communication Systems”, the goal of this system is to
provide radiologists with all pictures of reasonable quality for diagnosis in a timely manner.
Alphabetical descriptions of research, patient, and technological data are included in modern
digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) standards. projected to have a
significant impact when incorporated into PACS since textual descriptions are insufficient to
represent the wide diversity of information in medical pictures.

Cooke Jr. et al. (2003), in their work entitled “Picture Archiving and Communications System” a
picture archiving and communication system (PACS) is made up of many key components that
are grouped together. An archive station with long-term storage for image data and a reviewing
station with a display for presenting pictures based on received image data are among the key
components. A network gateway is also provided, which interfaces with a non-core component to
accept image data and directs the image data to at least one of the archiving stations and the
reviewing station, depending on the network gateway's criteria. Finally, a database server controls
access to pictorial or image data while also storing information about it.

Lamer and Malecha (2004), in their work entitled “Method of Integrating a Picture Archiving
Communication System and a Voice Dictation or Voice Recognition System” this invention is
related to picture archiving and communication systems (“PACS”), and more specifically, to a
technique for integrating PACS with voice dictation or speech recognition systems. Picture
Archiving and Communication Systems are used for storing, viewing, and analyzing photographs
obtained in medical applications, among other things.

Peng et al (2013), in their work entitled “Digital Photo Frame” A body compartment, as well as a
rear shell defining a hole, and a rotary support make up a digital photo frame. The rotary support
is rotatable connected to the back shell, includes a rotary base rotatably received in the hole, a
connection member pivoted connected to the rotary base, and an elongated support body slid ably
coupled to the connection member.

Obeichine, Okechukewu and Don Okpala (2013), in their work entitled “Design and Construction
of Dot Matrix Information Display” The design, building, and operation of a Dot Matrix
Information Display were completed in three stages. The research entailed a thorough examination
of a Dot Matrix Information Display. Digital instruments, signals, and the numbers and codes that
go with them were all covered. The numerals 0 and 1 abstractly represented the two potential
voltage levels described as HIGH or LOW, ON or OFF, TRUE OR FALSE, PRESENT OR
ABSENT. The Dot Matrix Information Display has been meticulously developed to function with
electrical power from any source, alternative or direct current.

Pilling (2014), in his work entitled “Picture Archiving and Communications System: The User’s
View” Due to the obvious advantages, picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) are
becoming the most appropriate ways of capturing, storing, and sharing all types of radiological
imaging. It is a pricey technology, but it is getting cheaper. The advantages it provided the hospital
as compared to film-based imaging have been highlighted. It is viewed as a necessary component
in the move toward a complete electronic patient record. Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital
is a brand-new acute care facility with 989 beds that serves a population of over 550,000.

Yekini (2021), in his work entitled “Smart Digital Electronic Portrait Pool” This project focuses
on the creation of an electronic digital portrait in the form of a slideshow in which numerous
photographs may be exhibited in a single frame. We employ Raspberry Pi 3 motherboard
technology with certain design elements connected to an LCD monitor through HDMI. The parts
were connected using a phase testing method, and the result was a packaged hanging and display
of the saved portrait.
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter introduces and explains in detail the existing system, the proposed system, the design
of the proposed system, components of the proposed systems and their various functions, materials
needed for the proposed system, and hardware and software specifications of the proposed system.

3.2 THE EXISTING SYSTEM

The existing system is an electronic photo archive that displays photos as a slideshow at a pre-
programmed time intervals or duration of time by reducing the large number of photo frame in
houses, offices and all other place photo frames are present. Also, this system operates with some
major hardware components which includes: - a controller (HUIDU D10 processor); light emitting
diode (LED) display module (P 2.5) and different cables needed to achieve the system function.
The drawbacks of this existing system led to the design of the digital portrait frame. Some of the
observed drawbacks of the existing system are: -

• The unavailable storage unit in the system design requires the use of external flash memory
devices to achieve the display of photos.
• The use of the conventional light emitting diode (LED) display module (P 2.5) is outdated,
thus, images displayed on through the display module are not visibly clear enough.
• The system consists of various modules and cables to achieve the function of the project.

3.3 ANALYSIS OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system is a digital portrait frame which is made up of a micro processing unit and
some vital units that makes up a computer but built-in as various part of a raspberry pi printed
circuit board; a light crystal display (LCD) monitor that will be incorporated to the wooden frame
in order to have a unique resemblance as the conventional photo frame that possesses the portrait
orientation. Also, this system will utilize a microprocessor in the project design using a raspberry
pi model to be connected to a light crystal display (LCD) monitor. The digital portrait frame is
specifically designed to display images of the past and present governors of Osun State, Nigeria
and it also possess the capacity to store over 200 photos at a specified interval. In designing this
system, the system was specified in details that involve: identifying components required to
achieve the intended function of the project; consideration of the frame; architectural or hardware
design of the system; and software design of the system. The proposed system, however, possesses
the following features:
 • It provides the ability to interact with a computer system or a pen drive or cloud storage
for the purpose of receival and storage of digital photos as well as update of the digital
photos stored inside of the memory expansion cards.
• It provides the avenue for it to be accessed or operated far-flung with the aid of a censor
device embedded inside the chassis and an external dedicated remote control
• It provides effective and efficient use of human resources (like paper, wood, etc.) for other
specific purposes.
• It provides a unique display of digital photographs as a slideshow at adjustable time
intervals.
• It provides the ability to display over 200 images per frame unlike the conventional album
frame that displays a single photo per frame.
• It provides the reduction of the congestion of conventional album photo frames on the wall
of an office in an organization.
• It provides the ability to operate over a period of time with the aid of a battery storage or
back-up system embedded inside the chassis, as it requires power to function.

3.4 DESIGN OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

The design and development of the digital portrait frame displaying a series of images showing
the past and present governors of Osun State, Nigeria, will utilize methodologies consistent with
the design and development of a prototypical application. The conventional photo frame is
modified for areas specific to the digital portrait frame, such as the display of different photos at
time intervals and the ability to change the photo displayed remotely. components of a digital
portrait frame, hardware and software design of the digital photo frame, coupling of components
and materials needed to actualize the digital photo frame prototype, and a manual guide to be
utilized to provide the basic knowledge needed to successfully accomplish the design and
development of the digital photo frame project.

3.5. METHODOLOGY
In this section will describe the design of the proposed digital portrait frame, the process of its
operation, and the method used for material selection. Any proposed or designed system in
engineering must serve a specific purpose and solve a specific problem. However, while designing
a system, several critical factors must be considered, such as the issue of safety, system
functioning, and target audience. Our target audience in this study effort are persons working in
an organization, particularly the gubernatorial office of the Osun State government, and those
interested in getting a digital photo frame that would automatically display a slide show of
portraitures or pictures, at a specific time interval and can be operated remotely.
3.5.1 Components of The Proposed System
The digital portrait frame consists of different components that are required to achieve the
implementation of the architectural design based on theoretical principles. In order to achieve a
functional system balance on design implementation, these components are essential in the
development of this project. These components are: the Micro-processing Unit; Memory Unit;
Power Supply Adapter; battery; data cable; display module; and the frame.

3.5.1.1 The Micro-processing unit

Microprocessor is a type of computer processor in which the data processing logic and control are
contained on a single integrated circuit or a small number of integrated circuits. The
microprocessor includes the arithmetic, logic, and control circuitry needed to accomplish the
functions of a computer's central processing unit. It is built-in with a processor, memory, wireless
Local Area Network hardware and Bluetooth hardware. It consists of a Micro Secure Digital (SD)
Flash Memory Card Slot that enables the loading of operating system and storage of data. It
operates with the aid of input power via micro universal serial Bus (USB) Power Input Jack
(5V/2.5A DC) or general-purpose input/output (GPIO) header interfaces (5V DC). This is
processing core of this application system known as Raspberry Pi. This micro-processing unit
comprises of a microprocessor, circuits and components (e.g., memory unit, Wide Local Area
Network (WLAN), video graphics processor, etc.) which are integrated together on a single chip,
which is typically called a microcontroller. A microprocessor operates synonymously to a
computer on a chip whereby it acts as a device that interface with a peripheral device. Utilization
of a microprocessor greatly ease the hardware architecture design of the proposed system,
especially when the necessary peripherals are available for the system undergo development. The
name of the processor on the raspberry pi used is Broadcom BCM2837B0, Cortex-A53. The
raspberry pi is asynchronous (i.e., It has sender and receiver card). It has 1 x USB Port (with a
maximum output of 1.2A); An Integrated Video core 4 graphics GPU capable of playing full 1080p
HD video via a HDMI video output connector; 1 Stereo and Composite Video Output; a 40-pin,
2.54mm header expansion slot (Which allows for peripheral connection and expansion boards).
Among all its noted advantages, it also offers the following merit over other microcontrollers. It
possesses 4.2; it offers fast 802.11ac Wi-Fi; and it has a more powerful CPU/GPU pair. It
consumes less power and it cost less than some other microcontroller and other processors.
 Figure 3. 1: Raspberry pi 3 B+
The specification of the raspberry pi include: -

• Model: Raspberry pi 3 B+.

• Processor: Broadcom BCM2837B0, Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz
• Memory: 512MB LPDDR2 SDRAM
• Connectivity: 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz IEE 802.11.b/g/n/ac wireless LAN, Bluetooth 4.2/BLE
• Access: Extended 40-pin GPIO header
• Video & sound: 1 × full size HDMI MIPI DSI display port MIPI CSI camera port 4 pole
stereo output and composite video port
• Multimedia: H.264, MPEG-4 decode (1080p30); H.264 encode (1080p30); OpenGL ES
1.1, 2.0 graphics
• SD card support: Micro SD format for loading operating system and data storage
• Input power: 5 V/2.5 A DC via micro-USB connector 5 V DC via GPIO header
• Environment: Operating temperature, 0–50°C

3.5.1.2 Memory unit

This is the storage that secures data to be processed or undergo processing as well as instructions
required to initiate the processing of the data are stored. The memory unit are made up of two types
which includes: - Main memory and Auxiliary memory.
• Main memory: - This is the physical memory that is directly accessed by the micro-processing
unit. This is also known primary or internal memory. The micro-processing unit establish
constant interaction with the main memory whereby it reads and executes instructions when
 required. There are two types of primary memory which includes: - Random Access Memory
(RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM).
❖ Random Access Memory (RAM): - This can be described as a temporary memory and
often regarded as the working-area of the proposed system. Based on the fact that
contents are accessible only when the proposed system is powered on and such contents
are lost whenever there is a power cut-off, hence, it is referred to a as volatile memory.
❖ Read Only Memory (ROM): - This can be described as a special type of memory that
is non-volatile as it retains data when power is cut off. The ROM is utilized in the
storage of the operating system software in the modeling of the proposed system.
• Auxiliary memory: - This is a non-volatile memory like the read only memory (ROM) in which
data stored or archived are preserved in a long-term. This is also known as secondary or
external memory. The micro-processing unit indirectly access contents from the auxiliary
memory, since the contents are initially transferred to the main memory before the contents
can be accessed. Types of secondary memory includes: - Hard disk; floppy disks; CDs and
DVDs; Flash Memory, etc.
In the implementation of the architectural design of the proposed system, the flash memory
will be utilized in the storage of pictures needed to be displayed by the digital photo frame.
3.5.1.3 Power Supply Adapter or Charger
This is electronic device designed to convert alternating current (AC) voltage to regulated direct
current (DC) voltage required to power the internal components of the system or charge in-built
battery inside the case of the proposed system. The Power Supply Adapter or Charger is made up
of core components that allows the supply of power to be achieved. These components include: -
The transformer; the rectifier circuit, the filter circuit; the regulator circuit.
• The transformer: - The transformer is used to step-up or step-down the alternating current (AC)
voltage and to provide isolation between the electronic system and the alternating current (AC)
power. It transmits electrical energy between the primary and secondary windings at constant
frequency. The primary winding of the transformer is connected to the frequency voltage
source, while the secondary winding is connected to the output supplying charges to the
components of the proposed system.
• The rectifier circuit: - This circuit converts alternating current (AC) power into pulsing direct
current (DC) electricity. Diodes are the most basic used components for a rectifier circuit, as
it is a unidirectional device that operates as a rectifier in the forward direction.
• The regulator circuit: - The circuit ensure that the direct current (DC) output voltage is steady
regardless of any variation in the input voltage, which enables the internal components of the
proposed system to operate in a normal condition.
3.5.1.4 Display Module
A display module is a deeply integrated real-time embedded system that is designed to interact and
communicate with its surroundings as efficiently as possible. The display module can be referred
to as a flat panel display that makes use of an array of light emitting diodes as pixels for a
photographic or video display, which is also known as light emitting diodes LED display or makes
use the liquid crystal display (LCD) technology and connects to a computer or embedded system
device for the display of clear images. Due to the brightness of LED displays, they may be utilized
outside for signs and billboards that are visible in the sun. LED displays may provide general
illumination as well as visual display when utilized for stage lighting or other ornamental purposes.
LED screens are classified into two types: graph-text screens and video screens, both of which are
made up of LED matrix blocks. The graph-text screen can show Chinese characters, letters, and
images in real time with the computer. A computer-controlled video screen may not only show
synchronous and vivid spot text and graphs, but also two-dimensional, three-dimensional flash,
video, TV program, VCD program, and live broadcast. Types of LED by display includes: - Video
Display: Generally full color display; Text display: generally single-color display; Graphics
display: Generally dual color display; Quote display: generally, a digital tube or single primary
color display. In general, a photo display system screen is built of two parts: the primary display
body, which is made up of many display units (display panel units or display cabinet units) that
may be linked together, and a collection of controllers (main control board or control system).
Diverse display panels (or cabinet (units) with varying specifications and controllers with varying
control technologies may be assembled into numerous types of LED displays to meet the needs of
various application settings with varying requirements. The LED screen classified according the
following: -
• Based on environmental usage: Indoor LED screen and outdoor LED screen;
• Based on display colors: single base color LED screen, double base color LED screen and
full color LED screen;
• Based on grey scale: 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 grey scale LED screen;
• Based on display performance: text screen, graph screen, synchronous video screen, TV
video communication screen and market LED screen and so on.
The liquid crystal display (LCD) technology replaced the conventional cathode ray tube (CRT)
monitors, which were the previous standard and were considered to have better picture quality than
early LCD variants. There are types as well as screen size of the LCD monitor. The types of LCD
monitor include: - In-Plane Switching (IPS) panels, Vertical Alignment (VA) panels and Twisted
Nematic (TN). Also, the screen size of LCD monitors 14, 15, 17,21, 27,32 and 42 inches.
In the proposed system, a liquid-crystal display (LCD) monitor will be utilized. This liquid-crystal
display (LCD) monitor is computer monitor or a flat panel screen that uses the liquid crystal display
(LCD) technology and connects to a computer or embedded system device for the display of clear
images. A 15inches monitor that possess In-Plane Switching (IPS) panels, is used for this project
due to its specification. The specification of this monitor is: -
o Model name and Number: - 1505FP
o Monitor Size (VIS): - 15” (15.0”)
o Monitor Type: - Active Matrix Thin-Film Transistor (TFT)
o Response time: - 16ms
o Optimal Resolution: -1024 x 768 @75Hz
o Weight (monitor only): - 4.6kg
o Interfaces: - Analog / Digital
o Brightness (cd/m^2) (typical): 250cd/m^2
o Number of colors: - 16.7 million
o Connector type: Video Graphic array(VGA)/Digital Visual Interface–Digital(DVI-
D)
o Power Consumption: 56W(Max).

Below figure is a picture of liquid crystal display (LCD) technology

Figure 3. 2: A light crystal display (LCD) monitor

The display screen is made up of a structure that is made visible on physical appearance. An
example of a display screen is a LCD technology monitor, which is composed of the following:
a) Wooden Frame: The inner frame of an indoor screen is typically made of wood to support the
display panel and other circuit boards, as well as the switching power supply; the outer frame
is typically made of brown Al alloy tube or stainless steels wrapped in Al alloy or a piece of
 sheet metal. Outdoor screen frames are chosen based on the size of the screen and the frame's
bearing capacity. Angle iron and I steal are frequently used. The exterior frame can be
decorated with Al/Plastic board.
b) Display Unit: The primary body of the screen is the display unit. It is composed of light-
emitting materials and a driving circuit. The display unit of an indoor screen is a unit display
panel with varying specifications, whereas the display unit of an outdoor screen is a unit
cabinet.
c) Female VGA port: This ensure that the input RGB digital video communication signals is
cushioned while changing the grey scale and reorganizing them to create all of the kinks of
video signals.
d) Power Supply Switch: It converts 220V alternating electricity into various types of direct
current to power various circuits.
3.5.1.7 Frame
This is usually a structural system that supports other components of a physical building and/or a
steel frame that restricts the amount of the contraction. A frame can be regarded as a box that holds
other widgets in a graphical user interface. The Portrait frame is a wooden frame that is similar to
that of a picture frame connected to the display screen of the monitor in order to provide a unique
and distinctive appearance on sight.

Figure 3. 3: Portrait Frame

3.5.1.8 Micro Secure Digital (SD) Flash Memory Card
This is a flash memory device that enables the storage and transfer of data in and out of the digital
portrait frame with the aid of a card reader. This system will require one primary flash memory
card that will accommodate the operating system and the another one to serve as secondary to
enhance the transfer of files in and out of the raspberry pi.

Figure 3. 4: Micro Secure Digital (SD) Flash Memory Card

3.5.1.9 Jumper wires

This is utilized in the design to connect a push-button terminal to the Pin (Ground) or Pin 5 and
Pin0 or Pin6 of the of raspberry pi Extended 40-pin GPIO header, which automatically shuts down
the operating system in the raspberry pi whenever it is pressed-down.

Figure 3. 5: Jumper wires

 Figure 3. 6: Raspberry pi Extended 40-pin GPIO header
3.5.1.10 Power cable
This also mains cable or flex, a power cord. It is the primary cable that provides power to the
monitor within the digital portrait frame. The 18 AWG cord is universally compatible and works
with the monitor which has 3-pin shroud power connectors at the back.

Figure 3. 7: Power Cable.

3.5.1.11 Video Graphics Array (VGA) Cable
This is a device used to transfer video signals from the raspberry pi through the HDMI to VGA
converter to the monitor based on the design of the system. It does this by acting as a link between
the raspberry pi and the monitor. The video graphic cable comes in two types, male and female
connector. The male connector VGA cable is used in this design of digital portrait frame.

Figure 3. 8: VGA Cable

3.5.1.12 High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) to Video Graphics Array (VGA)

converter
HDMI to VGA converter (also called an adapter) allows the raspberry pi to connect directly to the
VGA cable in order to send display output to the monitor.

Figure 3. 9: HDMI TO VGA Converter

3.5.1.13 Input peripheral devices
This consist of wireless keyboard and mouse that can be connected to the raspberry pi via
Bluetooth in order to perform on operations on the user interface of the operating system installed
on the raspberry pi.
 Figure 3. 10: Keyboard & Mouse
3.5.1.14 Micro Secure Digital (SD) Flash Memory Card reader
This is a device that allows the files on an SD flash memory card to be accessed. In this design,
the Micro Secure Digital (SD) Flash Memory Card reader or flash drive is used to transfer photos
or data in and out of the digital portrait frame. It is usually connected to the 1 x USB Port (with a
maximum output of 1.2A) that is available on the raspberry pi.

Figure 3. 11: Sd Card Flash Memory Card Reader

3.5.2 Architectural Design of Digital Portrait Frame
The implementation of the design of the digital portrait frame consists of the development of the
required components needed to be incorporated or integrated in order to achieve the functionality
of the proposed system. These include: -
➢ Power supply adapter: The power pack or power supply adapter converts 220V AC to SV DC
at 40 Amperes. It has 1AC input and 3DC outputs each with its negative counterpart and is
capable of delivery 40 Amperes at SV at every output.
➢ The Microprocessor: This retrieves or retracts images from the universal serial bus (USB) port
and sends it to the display module. It operates at 5v and can be connected directly to the output
of the power pack. The controller has 8 data ports, 1 USB port, 1 RJ45 port and 1 power inlet.
The data ports convert to the display module through the data cable
➢ High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) to Video Graphics Array (VGA) converter: Its
major function is to establish communication path between the microprocessor and the display
module.
➢ The display module: this is a liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor. It is capable of showing
texts, images, animation and videos. The module used has 32 by 32 dots on each module and
4 of them was used making 64 by 64-pixel display screen. Each module has a power port and
a data hub. The power port connects to one of the modules to the controller.

Figure 3. 12: Block Diagram of the Architectural Design of the Proposed system

Figure 3. 13: Circuit diagram of Raspberry PI and Display

3.5.3 Software Design of Digital Portrait Frame

To achieve the hardware design of the proposed system, software was utilized to enable the user
interface to be friendly as well as establish an ease of interaction between the user and the digital
portrait frame. The software that enables the operation of the system is HD Player. The HD Player
will enable the user to organize the display program as well as execute instructions and data to be
 Raspberry pi
Raspbian Feh
Operating Application Data-Transfer
System package Display
Module
Digital Portrait frame

Figure 3. 14: Software Design of the Proposed system

In the diagrammatic expression above in figure 3.2, the Raspbian operating system
software is installed on the raspberry pi, and then the Feh application software is installed on the
raspberry pi through the operating system. The digital portrait frame display module is connected
to the raspberry pi through the designated interface and the required high-definition multimedia
interface (HDMI) to (VGA) converter to a Video Graphics Array (VGA) Cable, which allows the
raspberry pi processor to interact video graphics array with the digital portrait frame whereby
instructions are passed into it and the photos or content can be sent into it or accessed for the
purpose of organization of the display program.
3.6 FLOWCHART OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

START

FLASH
MEMORY
EMPTY?
YES

ACQUIRE NUMBER OF PICTURES IN

THE FLASH MEMORY
NO

SERIALIZE PHOTO INDEX

DISPLAY CURRENT PHOTO

ON INDEX

DELAY PHOTO ON DISPLAY

FOR 5 SECONDS

INCREAMENT IN SERIAL
COUNT

YES SERIAL
NO.
< = INDEX

NO
YES EXIT LOOP
Figure 3. 15: Flowchart of the Proposed system Design
 CHAPTER FOUR
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING

This chapter entails the details of the implementation of the digital portrait frame based on the
requirements needed to achieve the functionality of the system. The implementation of the digital
portrait frame is divided into the system hardware implementation and the software
implementation.

4.1. DESCRIPTION OF HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

In the aspect of achieving the design of the system, some hardware components were utilized and
connected together to achieve the digital portrait frame. These hardware components include: -
liquid-crystal display (LCD) monitor; Microprocessor (Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+); Power adapter
(5V/2.5A DC power input; Power cable; Video Graphics Array (VGA) to High-Definition
Multimedia Interface (HDMI) adapter; Aluminum Portrait frame (Front); Wooden casing (Back);
Input peripheral devices; Micro Secure Digital (SD) Flash Memory Card reader or flash drive.

The implementation of the system hardware is first implemented by connecting Raspberry

Pi 3 Model B+ and placing the PCB on a non-metallic surface, which is a paper and then connected
to a monitor to test and verify the functioning of the system hardware before implementation of
the proposed system. The following steps were taken to realize the complete implementation of
the hardware components.

Step 1: Main System Implementation

Figure 4. 1: Main System connection

The first step of the hardware implementation is the preparation and connection of the main PCB
circuit to the monitor using the HDMI port on the Raspberry Pi and HDMI to VGA converter
linked to a VGA cable that is connected to the monitor. Here the Processor (Broadcom
BCM2837B0, Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC 1.4 GHz) and other electronic components like Memory
(512MB LPDDR2 SDRAM), are all embedded on the PCB created by the raspberry pi
manufacturer.

Step 2: Implementation of 220/240V, 2.5A DC switch to micro-USB port

The output from the power adapter is connected positive to the one of terminal of the switch by
soldering the wire to the terminal of the switch. The positive of the micro-USB Cable is connected
to the second terminal of the switch which enables the switching ON and OFF of the raspberry pi.

Figure 4.2: Switch to micro-USB port

TEST OF HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
On establishment of the required connection the raspberry pi was functioning alongside all other
components connected to it. The power input required to power the system was achieved and the
LCD monitor displayed the operation performed by the raspberry pi. Apart from the above
description of test carried out, the following are also executed
1. The voltage and current required to be supplied to the digital portrait frame are being
tested using multimeter before final analysis of compatibility usage.
2. The power adapter is being tested before it was being connected to the project
3. A proper check on all the connections was conducted before connecting power from the
Mains to the project
 Figure 4.3: Connection of hardware components
4.2. DESCRIPTION OF SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
The microprocessor requires an open-source operating system software, configuration and a Linux
terminal to allow the utilization of Linux script command or the set of instructions required to
prompt the installation of the application package needed to achieve the function of the digital
photo frame. The operating system software installed is Raspberry PI OS.
➢ Procedures used to install the operating system software.
On a computer system that is operating based on Microsoft Windows operating system or any
computer system using operating system like Mac, Ubuntu, and Raspberry Pi OS, execute the
following step by step instructions. These include: -
1. Download Raspberry Pi Imager from https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/ and install it
on the computer system.
 Figure 4. 4: Raspberry Pi Imager download
2. Run Raspberry Pi Imager and Format the Micro Secure Digital (SD) Flash Memory Card
o Connect the SD Card to computer or Micro Secure Digital (SD) Flash Memory Card
reader to the computer, open Raspberry Pi Imager.

Figure 4. 5: SD
Card to the Micro Secure Digital (SD) Flash Memory Card reader to the computer USB port
o When run Raspberry Pi Imager is launched two options are presented: Choose OS and
Choose SD Card.

Figure 4. 6: Raspberry Pi Imager two option

 o Scroll down to the bottom of the list and click on the Erase option.

Figure 4. 7: Raspberry Pi Imager two option

o Then, click the "Choose SD Card" Option and select the SD Card that is connected to
the computer system (N.B. any data still on this SD card will be erased forever and
ensure that you have a backup of any files).
o With the SD Card Selected, the "Write" option becomes available. Click Write and wait
for the process to complete. Once the process is complete, a notification window will
open letting you know that it's now ok to remove the SD card from the reader. Remove
the SD Card and reinsert it into the reader to make it available again.
Figure 4. 8: Choose SD Card

3. Burn the Raspberry Pi OS Image to the SD Card

o With a freshly formatted SD card, install the operating system.
o Click the "Choose OS" button, and select one of the available operating systems.
Raspberry Pi OS (32-Bit) for this project.
o Now select the SD card was formatted in the previous step.
 o The "Write" option will become available. Click "Write" to begin burning the image to
the SD card.

Figure 4. 9: Choose OS and Click "Write" to begin burning the image to the SD card.
o It can take anywhere from a few minutes to upwards of half an hour for the process to
complete depending on the quality and speed of the SD card, card reader, and computer.
If the SD card is removed, the card reader is unplugged, or the computer shut down at
any point during this process, the card will become bricked and unusable.
o Once Raspberry Pi Imager has finished writing the files to the SD card, it will verify
that the image on the SD card is identical to the image file used to burn the image. This
usually takes less than a minute but could take longer.
o When the verification process is complete, a notification window will open letting you
know that the write was successful and that it's now safe to remove the SD card.
➢ Procedure to operate the Raspberry pi remotely
Connect to the raspberry pi with the aid of VNC viewer application package installed on a
personal computer (PC) to operate the Digital Portrait frame far-flung, which is functional
when the raspberry pi and the PC are connected to the internet. The raspberry pi can also be
operated using wireless input peripheral devices to be connected via Bluetooth.
 Figure 4. 2: Operation of VNC Viewer using a PC.
➢ Procedures used to configure the Raspberry Pi OS
Based on research, if a username and password is prompted, the default username is "pi", and
the password is "raspberry" but it was changed for security reasons. On first boot, a "Welcome
to the Raspberry Pi" dialog box is being displayed, which enables the process of choosing
important settings.
1. Click Next on the dialog box and then select your country, language and keyboard type.

Figure 4. 11: select your country, language and keyboard type

 2. Change of default password on the next screen or leave it blank for it remain as
"raspberry."

Figure 4. 12: Change of default password on the next screen

3. Select the appropriate Wi-Fi network on the screen after, provided that you are
connecting via Wi-Fi.

Figure 4. 13: Select the appropriate Wi-Fi network

➢ Procedures used to install the application software package
The application software package utilized for the operation of the digital photo frame is
called Feh. In order to install this application package, the Linux Terminal or LXDE must be
located at the ribbon of the desktop screen and some steps will be taken in order to achieve it.
The following are the steps taken to achieve it: -
• Update and upgrade apt-get.
✓ The first step is to Update and upgrade apt-get. Apt-get is a package manager, similar
to using an app store, but for the terminal. Using the following command: -
 sudo apt-get update && sudo apt upgrade

Figure 4. 14: Execution of "sudo apt-get update && sudo apt upgrade" command.

• Feh Installation and Test

✓ The next step is to install the feh program. Raspbian OS uses the APT package
management so installation is made simple as using the following command: -
sudo apt-get install feh
✓ Next, in order to run feh in the way we want, enter the following command in the
terminal: feh \
--recursive \
--randomize \
--fullscreen \
--quiet \
--hide-pointer \
--slideshow-delay 5 \
\home\display\Pictures
✓ These command line switches are self-explanatory. The idea is to give feh a directory
containing pictures copied to the Pi and then have it cycle through them randomly,
displaying each for five seconds.
✓ To exit the slideshow, press the Esc key.
• Disabling Blank Screen
✓ By default, the screen will go blank after a few minutes of mouse and keyboard
inactivity. In order to disable the screen blanking the lightdm.conf file, needs to be
modified:
nano /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf
✓ Add the following line under the [Seat:*] section:
xserver-command=X -s 0 dpms
• Auto-Start Slideshow on Boot
 ✓ To have the slideshow automatically start on boot, a small shell script file will have to
be created to hold the feh command:
nano /home/pi/slideshow.sh
✓ and paste the following:

#!/bin/bash
feh \
--recursive \
--randomize \
--fullscreen \
--quiet \
--hide-pointer \
--slideshow-delay 5 \
\home\display\Pictures
✓ Be sure to make the new shell script executable:
chmod 755 /home/pi/slideshow.sh

✓ Finally add it to the pi user's LXDE autostart file:

echo "@/home/display/slideshow.sh" >> /home/display/.config/lxsession/LXDE-

pi/autostart
✓ The slide show will start automatically when the Raspberry Pi undergo a reboot
sequence.

✓ To exit the slideshow, hit the Esc key and you will see the normal LXDE desktop.
4.4. Schematic Diagram of The Digital Portrait Frame Connection

4.5 Pictorial Diagram of the Digital Portrait Frame Connection

Figure 4.15: Back of the proposed system

 Figure 4.16: Image of the Project
4.7. Problem Encountered:
1. The Raspberry pi board is not available to be found for purchase in Nigeria. It is made in
the United Kingdom. Getting the Raspberry pi cost more money than expected and took
more time to achieve the Digital Portrait Frame project as a result of the raspberry pi
being shipped from the United Kingdom.
2. The screen given to us from the department was not working after we had fixed the
frame. We then had to go complain and collect another Light crystal display screen and
we fixed a new frame to it.
3. Getting the intended application package failed so many times until it was discovered that
the right raspberry pi to be used is meant to be a higher version of the current one in use
which is Raspberry pi 4.
4. Inability to provide power back-up system due to unavailability of more financial
support.
5. The pictures are not displaying in the right size as intended due to poor quality of pictures
gotten from the PRO office.

4.8. TESTING OF DIGITAL PORTRAIT FRAME

1. The Digital Portrait Frame display portraits of the past and present Rectors of Yaba
College of Technology.
2. The Digital Portrait Frame can be connected to a flash to download the pictures needed
for display.
BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION (BEME)

The detail of the costs incurred during the development of this project are shown below

S/N Item description Quantity Unit price (₦) Amount (₦)

1 Raspberry pi 3B + and 1 55,000.00 55,000.00

Casing

2 LCD Monitor (15 Inches) 1 Gotten from the Gotten from the
Department Department

3 220/240vdc Power Adapter 1 1,000.00 1,000.00

4 Display frame 1 10,000.00 10,000.00

5 HDMI Adapter 1 3,000.00 3,000.00

6 USB Cord and Adapter 1 2,000.00 3,000.00

7 Transport - 8,000.00 8,000.00

30 Total 80,000.00
 CHAPTER FIVE
RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1. RECOMMENDATION

This project is recommended for usage in office, homes, and schools. Digital Portrait Frame will
give significant potential for improving social interactions in the offices of various organization,
which will enhance information about a particular by supporting and expanding knowledge of
unique individuals who have participated in carrying out activities in a particular office in an
organization. Similarly, how traditionally printed images facilitated social interactions, this project
aims improve social interactions and co-experience by mediating digital photos exhibited
electronically. To enable existing user behavior of sharing social narratives at home, digital images
must be shown in the context of how photos are now viewed at homes via albums and photo
frames. Using digital images to display in the house opens up a world of interaction options and
also, in an organization gives opportunity to have an insight about the individual that carried out
official duty or activities in a particular office.

5.2. CONCLUSION

A digital portrait archive can be regarded as consumer electronics product. Directly speaking, the
digital picture frame replaces paper photographs by displaying the images on a light crystal display
(LCD) screen, reading photos from a secure digital (SD) card, and displaying stripping. Compared
to a conventional photo frame, it is more flexible, more elegant. Rapid advancements in digital
technology have ushered in a new digital age for conventional photography, indicating a revolution
in the photography business as well as the beginning of the demise of traditional film photography.
Simultaneously, rapid advances in digital technology significantly alter the design of several
photo-related peripheral goods.

5.3. LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

The project is limited to some features that may actually increase the efficiency of the system if
utilized and functioning. These features consist of the use of wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) and cellular
network to increase the ease of operation of the digital portrait frame in term of photograph upload
from the cloud storage or the Really Simple Syndication (RSS).

It's also very crucial to keep in mind that, like any electronic device, this project might occasionally
experience electrical problems. This project requires access to and utilization of some electricity
in order to provide a maximum, efficient, and uninterrupted power supply because it is a pretty big
electronic equipment that does not rely on a battery as its major power source.

5.4. DELIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

Massive amounts of storage space make it practical to take hundreds, if not thousands of photos.
This can lead to issues with organizing and labeling them.

Users can end up with unlabeled photos stored in multiple places, for example: downloaded onto
different computers, tablets or portable hard drives, kept on multiple phones, memory cards,
sticks, or stored online. This makes them difficult to find and easy to lose. The problem is even
worse because many users keep backup copies as well as the originals. The entire process can be
overwhelming for many.
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