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Lecture 2 - Gases Gas Laws

This document contains information about a class quiz and gas properties and laws for the MMB323-Gases & Gas Laws course taught by Prof Ketlogetswe and Mr Rabasoma. It includes 3 practice problems on the class quiz covering topics like internal energy changes and energy transferred during phase changes. It also provides formulas and explanations of gas laws like Boyle's law, Charles' law, Gay-Lussac's law, Avogadro's law, and the ideal gas equation. Several examples demonstrate how to use the combined gas law to solve problems involving gas volume, pressure, temperature, and moles.

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Willie Mojatale
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66 views22 pages

Lecture 2 - Gases Gas Laws

This document contains information about a class quiz and gas properties and laws for the MMB323-Gases & Gas Laws course taught by Prof Ketlogetswe and Mr Rabasoma. It includes 3 practice problems on the class quiz covering topics like internal energy changes and energy transferred during phase changes. It also provides formulas and explanations of gas laws like Boyle's law, Charles' law, Gay-Lussac's law, Avogadro's law, and the ideal gas equation. Several examples demonstrate how to use the combined gas law to solve problems involving gas volume, pressure, temperature, and moles.

Uploaded by

Willie Mojatale
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MMB323-Gases & Gas Laws

Instructors:
Prof Ketlogetswe [[email protected]]{248/172}
Mr Rabasoma [[email protected]]{248/178}
Class Quiz
1. A rigid tank contains a hot fluid that is cooled while stirred by a paddle wheel.
Initial, the internal energy of the fluid is 800 kJ. During the cooling process, the
fluid loses 500 kJ of heat, and the paddle wheel does 100 kJ of work to the fluid.
Determine the final internal energy of the fluid, neglect the stored in the paddle
wheel.

2. A mass of 200g of saturated liquid water is completely vaporised at a constant


pressure of 100 kPa. Determine (a) the volume change and (b) the amount of
energy transferred to the water

3. The water in a large lake is to be used to generate electricity by the installation of


a hydraulic turbine-generator at a location where the depth of the water is 50m.
Water is to be supplied at a rate of 5000 kg/s. if the electric power generated is
measured to be 1862 kW and the efficiency is 95%, determine
(a) the overall efficiency of the turbine generator
(b) the mechanical efficiency of the turbine
(c) the shaft power supplied by the turbine to the generator
Gas Properties and their Units

• Pressure (P) = Force/Area


– units
• 1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 760 mmHg = 760 torr
• 1 bar = 100 kPa = 0.9869 atm = 750.1 mmHg
• Volume (V)
– unit usually m3
• Temperature (T)
– ? K = --- °C + 273.15
• Number of gas particles expressed in
moles (n)
Boyle’s Law

• The pressure of an ideal gas is inversely


proportional to the volume it occupies if the
moles of gas and the temperature are
constant.
Gay-Lussac’s Law

• The pressure of an ideal gas is directly


proportional to the Kelvin temperature of the
gas if the volume and moles of gas are
constant.
Charles’ Law

• For an ideal gas, volume and temperature


described in kelvins are directly proportional if
moles of gas and pressure are constant.
Avogadro’s Law

• For an ideal gas, the volume and moles of gas are


directly proportional if the temperature and
pressure are constant.
Ideal Gases

An “ideal” gas exhibits certain theoretical properties.


Specifically, an ideal gas …
• Obeys all of the gas laws under all conditions.
• Does not condense into a liquid when cooled.
• Shows perfectly straight lines when its V and T & P
and T relationships are plotted on a graph.

In reality, there are no gases that fit this definition


perfectly. We assume that gases are ideal to simplify
our calculations.
Ideal Gas Equation

• So far we’ve seen that


V 1/P (Boyle’s law)
V T (Charles’ law)
V n (Avogadro’s law)
• Combining these, we get
nT
V
P
The ideal gas equation

pV = nRT
Converting units for pV = nRT

Before using pV = nRT, convert units to m3, K and Pa

Examples

• cm3 to m3 × 10−6 • 220 cm3 = 220 × 10−6 cm3

• dm3 to m3 × 10−3 • 4.0 dm3 = 4.0 × 10−3 m3

• °C to K + 273 • 48 °C = 48 + 273 = 321 K

• kPa to Pa × 103 • 100 kPa = 100 × 103 Pa


Example 1

Calculate the volume of 0.125 mol of O2(g) at 75℃ and


250 kPa.
Example 2

A 0.215g sample of a
volatile liquid, X,
produces 77.5cm3 of
gas at 100℃ and
100kPa. Calculate the
relative molecular mass
of X.
Combined Gas Law Equation
Equation Stoichiometry
The Combined Gas Law
The combined gas law uses the pressure–volume–temperature
relationships from Boyle’s law, Charles’s law, and Gay-Lussac’s law
where n is constant.
Example 3
A gas has a volume of 675 mL at 35 °C and 646 mmHg pressure.
What is the volume (mL) of the gas at −95 °C and a pressure of 802
mmHg (n is constant)?

STEP 1 Organize the data into a table of initial and final


conditions.
ANALYZE Conditions 1 Conditions 2
THE P1 = 646 mmHg P2 = 802 mmHg
PROBLEM V1 = 675 mL V2 = ?
T1 = 35 C + 273 T2 = −95 C + 273
= 308 K = 178 K

Moles of gas remain the same.


Example 3 cont.…
STEP 2 Rearrange to solve for unknown quantity V2.

STEP 3 Substitute the values into the gas law equation and
calculate.
× ×
Class Problem
A sample of helium gas has a volume of 0.180 L, a
pressure of 0.800 atm, and a temperature of 29 °C. At
what temperature (°C) will the helium have a volume of
90.0 mL and a pressure of 3.20 atm (n remains constant)?
Solution
A sample of helium gas has a volume of 0.180 L, a pressure of
0.800 atm, and a temperature of 29 °C. At what temperature
(°C) will the helium have a volume of 90.0 mL and a pressure
of 3.20 atm (n remains constant)?

STEP 1 Organize the data into a table of initial and final


conditions.
ANALYZE Conditions 1 Conditions 2
THE P1 = 0.800 atm P2 = 3.20 atm
PROBLEM V1 = 0.180 L (180 mL) V2 = 90.0 mL
T1 = 29 C + 273 T2 = ?
= 302 K

Moles of gas remain the same.


Solution
A sample of helium gas has a volume of 0.180 L, a pressure of
0.800 atm, and a temperature of 29 °C. At what temperature
(°C) will the helium have a volume of 90.0 mL and a pressure
of 3.20 atm (n remains constant)?

STEP 2 Rearrange to solve for unknown quantity T2.


Solution
A sample of helium gas has a volume of 0.180 L, a pressure of
0.800 atm, and a temperature of 29 °C. At what temperature
(°C) will the helium have a volume of 90.0 mL and a pressure
of 3.20 atm (n remains constant)?

STEP 3 Substitute the values into the gas law equation and
calculate.
× ×

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