Citation Guide

(According to APA Manual 7th edition)

In-text Citations
Referencing an idea
The leading medical cause of Aboriginal mortality is due to
circulatory system disease. Other important causes of death
include diseases of the respiratory system and injury or poisoning
(Anderson, 1999; Saggers & Gray, 1999; Thomson, 1995).
(order authors alphabetically in parentheses)
or
Anderson (1999), Thomson (1995), and Saggers and Gray (1999)
all state that the leading cause of Aboriginal mortality is due to
circulatory system disease, and that other important causes of
death include diseases of the respiratory system and injury or
poisoning.
Referencing a quotation
Indeed, one researcher commented that “technological innovations
have saved or extended the lives of many patients” (Lumby, 2001,
p. 44).
If the quotation is over 40 words, you must indent the entire quotation
and start the quotation on a new line. No quotation marks are required.
Cite the quoted source after the final punctuation mark.
Alberta is occasionally divided into two regions, Northern Alberta
and Southern Alberta. The majority of Alberta's population is
located in large urban cities, mostly located in the South. Alberta is
Canada's most populous province of all three Canadian Prairie
provinces. Edmonton is the Capital of Alberta. (Hern, 1996, p. 22)
Citing a source within a source
Where your source quotes or refers to another source, for example
Unsworth refers to previous work by Halliday on linguistics, the citation
might read thus:
(Halliday, as cited in Unsworth, 2004, p. 15)
Only Unsworth will appear in the reference list at the end of your
manuscript.
Reference List
Your reference list should be ordered alphabetically by author and then
chronologically by year of publication.
Book
De Vaus, D. A. (2014). Surveys in social research. Allen
& Unwin.
Book chapter
McKenzie, H., Boughton, M., Hayes, L., & Forsyth, S. (2008).
Explaining the complexities and value of nursing practice and
knowledge. In I. Morley & M. Crouch (Eds.), Knowledge as value:
Illumination through critical prisms (pp. 209-224). Rodopi.
Note: The publisher location is no longer included in the reference of
the book and the book chapter.
Journal article
Bartoszeck, A. B., & Bartoszeck, F. K. (2017). Brazilian primary
and secondary school pupils´ perception of science and
scientists. European Journal of Educational Research, 6(1), 29-
40. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.6.1.29
If you have the DOI for the journal article, you should include it in the
reference, otherwise, it is not necessary.
Note: DOIs are formatted the same as URLs. The label “DOI:” is no
longer necessary.
Journal article advance online publication (In press / Online first)
Min, M. H., & Chon, Y. V. (2020). Teacher motivational strategies
for EFL learners: For better or worse. RELC Journal. Advance
online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688219900812
Thesis/dissertation
Unpublished
Considine, M. (1986). Australian insurance politics in the 1970s:
Two case studies [Unpublished doctoral dissertation/
Unpublished master's thesis]. University of Melbourne.
Fron a database
Hollander, M. M. (2017). Resistance to authority: Methodological
innovations and new lessons from the Milgram
experiment (Publication No. 10289373) [Doctoral dissertation,
University of Wisconsin–Madison]. ProQuest Dissertations and
Theses Global.
Web/online
Hutcheson, V. H. (2012). Dealing with dual differences: Social
coping strategies of gifted and lesbian, gay, bisexual,
transgender, and queer adolescents  [Master’s thesis, The
College of William & Mary]. William & Mary Digital
Archive. https://digitalarchive.wm.edu/bitstream/handle/10288/16
594/HutchesonVirginia2012.pdf
Webpage with an author
Welch, N. (2000, February 21). Toward an understanding of the
determinants of rural health. Rural Health.
http://www.ruralhealth.org.au/welch.htm
Note: URLs are no longer preceded by “Retrieved from” unless a
retrieval date is needed. The website name is included (unless it’s the
same as the author), and web page titles are italicized.
Conference Proceedings
Published online:
Blakey, N., Guinea, S., & Saghafi, F. (2017). Transforming
undergraduate nursing curriculum by aligning models of clinical
reasoning through simulation. In R. Walker, & S. Bedford
(Eds.), HERDSA 2017 Conference: Research and Development
in Higher Education: Curriculum Transformation  (pp. 25-37).
Higher Education Research and Development Society of
Australasia. Herdsa. http://www.herdsa.org.au/research-and-
development-higher-education-vol-40-25
   Published in book:
Armstrong, D. B., Fogarty, G. J., & Dingsdag, D. (2007). Scales
measuring characteristics of small business information systems.
In W-G. Tan (Ed.), Proceedings of Research, Relevance and
Rigour: Coming of age: 18th Australasian Conference on
 Information Systems (pp. 163-171). University of Southern
Queensland.
   Paper presentation:
Green, D. B. & DeSilva, A. (2015, June 10-12). The toxicity
levels of household chemicals  [Paper presentation]. National
Symposium on Air Pollution, University of Southern California,
CA, United States.
Newspaper article
Bagnall, D. (1998, January 27-28). Private schools: Why they are
out in front. The Bulletin, pp. 12-15.
Government publication
The Health Targets and Implementation (Health for All)
Committee. (1988). Health for all Australians.  Government
Publishing Service.
Company and Industry Reports
Magner, L. (2016). IBISWorld Industry Report OD5381. Coffee
Shops in Australia. Retrieved from IBISWorld database.
To cite a dictionary definition
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Citation. In Merriam-Webster.com
dictionary. Retrieved November 28, 2019 from
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/citation
In order to distinguish between works by the same author with the
same publication date, use the suffixes a, b, c, etc. after the year. The
first resource would be (1995a), the second resource would be
(1995b), etc. This format must also be used in the corresponding
reference in the references list.
Cheever, J. (1995a). The enormous radio. In R. V. Cassill
(Ed.), The Norton anthology of short fiction (5th ed., pp. 182–
191). Norton. (Original work published 1947)
Cheever, J. (1995b). The five-forty-eight. In R. V. Cassill
(Ed.), The Norton anthology of short fiction (5th ed., pp. 191–
202). Norton. (Original work published 1954)
Arrange works by the same author by year of publication with the
earliest year first.
Paraphrasing: 
The lecturer's understanding of teaching has an effect on the
quality of student learning (Ramsden, 1992, 1994). …
Reference list entry:
Ramsden, P. (1992). Learning to teach in higher education.
Routledge.
Ramsden, P. (1994). Using research on student learning to
enhance educational quality. Griffith Institute for Higher
Education.
Proper use of et al. in APA style
Author type Parenthetical citation Narrative citation
One author (Savas, 2020) Savas (2020)
Miller and Romine
Two authors (Miller & Romine, 2020)
(2020)
Three or more
(Sasson et al., 2020) Sasson et al. (2020)
authors

Group author with American

abbreviation- First (American Psychological Psychological
citation Association [APA], 2020) Association (APA,
2020)
Note: The in-text citation for works with three or more authors is now
shortened right from the first citation. You only include the first author’s
name and “et al.”.
Surnames and initials for up to 20 authors (instead of 7) should be
provided in the reference list.
Miller, T. C., Brown, M. J., Wilson, G. L., Evans, B. B., Kelly, R.
S., Turner, S. T., Lewis, F., Lee, L. H., Cox, G., Harris, H. L.,
Martin, P., Gonzalez, W. L., Hughes, W., Carter, D., Campbell,
C., Baker, A. B., Flores, T., Gray, W. E., Green, G., … Nelson, T.
P. (2018).
Citing translated sources in APA style
 
If a source is in another language, write the original title then add its
English translation in square brackets as the below example:
Grangeat, M. (2011) (Ed.). Les demarches d’investigation dans
l’enseignement scientifique pratiques de classe, travail collectif
enseignant, acquisitions des eleves. Ecole Normale Supérieure.
should be written as,
Grangeat, M. (2011) (Ed.). Les démarches d’investigation dans
l’enseignement scientifique pratiques de classe, travail collectif
enseignant, acquisitions des élèves [Investigative approaches in
science teaching class practices, collective teacher work, student
acquisitions]. Ecole Normale Supérieure.
Here is an example of an article in a journal.
Bussieres, E.-L., St-Germain, A., Dube, M., & Richard, M.-C.
(2017). Efficacite et efficience des programmes de transition a la
vie adulte: Une revue systematique [Effectiveness and efficiency
of adult transition programs: A systematic review]. Canadian
Psychology/ Psychologie canadienne, 58(1), 354–365.
https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000104
Here’s another example, from a German journal. Again, brackets
contain an English translation of the work’s title (the article, not the
journal).
Janzen, G., & Hawlik, M. (2005). Orientierung im raum: Befunde
zu entscheidungspunkten [Orientation in space: Findings about
decision points]. Journal of Psychology/ Zeitschrift für
Psychologie, 213(4), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1026/0044-
3409.213.4.179
Here’s how you would cite the original French edition of a work by
Piaget (note that an English translation of the title is included in
brackets):
Piaget, J. (1966). La psychologie de l’enfant [The psychology of
the child]. Presses Universitaires de France. 
If you read an English translation of a foreign work, by including
translator:
Piaget, J. (1969). The psychology of the child (H. Weaver,
Trans.).  Basic Books. (Original work published 1900)
 In-text citation: (Piaget, 1900/1969)