CHAPTER-1

TRAVEL- MEANING, FACTORS AFFECTING TRAVELLER, TOURIST, TRAVEL GUIDE

(MEANING ONLY).
TOURISM: MEANING AND DEFINITION, OBJECTIVES, TYPES OF TOURISM: INTER-
REGIONAL, INTRA-REGIONAL, INBOUND AND OUTBOUND TOURISM, DOMESTIC,
INTERNATIONAL, FORMS OF TOURISM, RELIGIOUS, MEDICAL, HISTORICAL, SOCIAL,
ADVENTURE, HEALTH, BUSINESS, CONFERENCE, SPORTS, IMPACT OF TOURISM
Introduction to Tourism: Tourism has turned out to be an economic booster contributing to the
economic development of many countries over the last few decades. People see holidays as a necessity,
and not as luxury in the present scenario. Tourism calls for coordination and cooperation between travel
agents, tour operators, and tourists.
Tourism has a few major elements — destinations, attractions, sites, accommodation, and all ancillary
services.

What is Tourism?
Tourism involves the activities of people travelling and staying in a place away from their home
environment for leisure, business or other purposes.

Mathieson and Wall (1982) define tourism as follows:

"The temporary movement of people to destinations outside their usual places of work and residence,
the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations, and the facilities created to cater to
their needs."
Tourism was mainly been traditional in its early form. With the evolution of cultures, economies, and
knowledge, tourism took a different form called sustainable tourism with the aspect of well-planned
tour, well-studied destination, and conservation of destination.

Tourism market is divided into Two categories:

1. Leisure tourist : recreation / enjoyment activities
2. Business tourist: main motive is to make profit or to expand business

Tourism is of two types

1. Domestic tourism: tourist / residents of a country explore within the boundary of country
2. International tourism: tourists explore from one country to another
 Inbound tourist: incoming tourist / tourist entering a country
 Outbound tourist: tourist leaving their country of origin to another country

What do you mean by Travel Guide?

Travel guides plan, sell, and arrange tours for groups or individuals that are normally at long
distances from their customer's homes
FACTORS THAT MOTIVATE PEOPLE TO TRAVEL
The most common reasons for the people to travel away from home are:
1. To spend holidays leisurely : people ability to spend leisure depends on the availability of
holidays to working population as well as number of holidays to kids too, like summer or winter
vacation
 2. To visit friends and relatives: how often will they visit friends/ relative places depends on the
relationships existence, say like friends visit every week to Nandi hills, some falls people
always want new places to explore instead of visiting same places again in group
3. To attend business and professional engagements: business man can expand the business by
exploring different places which is gifted with technology, capital good marketing, and better
business platform. All these are not available in one single location, business man suppose look
around the globe and also some business man travel across the world to expand to make some
collaboration with other company because of these it necessitates them to travel all over the
country or across the globe
4. To get health treatment: different country has been gifted with different medical expertise.
Compare to other countries Indian hospital are having better treatment at an economical price.

5. To undertake religious pilgrimages: this is one of the major reason across the globe why
people do travel. Religious sentiment brings people to different location like kashi, Dwaraka,
Jerusalem, Vatican, Mecca etc. while travelling to these places they do travel to many others
related towns.

People who do travel for pilgrimage purpose also consumes different products these activities
shall bring lot of business and develops the whole network
Example: people who visit to Chamundi hills @ Mysore do purchase and visits lot of nearby
places of Mysore and enjoys the local food and hospitality
6. Any other personal motives: like Education, delivery of gifts or medicine, relationship,
adventure activities, exhibition, entertainment etc.
Man is dynamic animal, his activities are quite unpredictable due to this personal
motives shall also change over a period of his/her growth. These gradual changes provides
opportunities who are in the business like young-age, adulthood and old- age

What is Tourism Management?

It involves the management of multitude of activities such as studying tour destination, planning the
tour, making travel arrangements and providing accommodation. It also involves marketing efforts to
attract tourists to travel to particular destinations. There is a subtle difference between just travelling
and tourism.

Travelling is going from the place of residence or work to another distant or a neighboring place by
any means of transport. Routine commutation can be termed

as travelling.

Tourism is travelling with an objective. All tourism necessarily include travel but all travel does not
necessarily include tourism. We can say, travelling is a subset of tourism. One similarity between travel
and tourism is, they both are temporary movements.

VARIOUS TYPES OF TOURISM AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS.

1. Mass Tourism: It involves tourism of organized large groups of people to special tourist
locations. It is a traditional way where the daily program is fixed by the tour organizer. It is a
social activity. The tourists generally desire for souvenirs and site-seeing. For example,
religious places, theme parks, boat cruises, resort towns.

2. Alternative Tourism: It includes individually organized tours to find first-hand information

about a place, local culture, and environment. For example, biking tour planned by an individual
while accommodation is catered for on the go.

3. Business: It is touring for conducting business transactions, attending business meetings,

workshops, or conferences. The objective of business tourism is mainly professional.

4. Pleasure: It includes tourism for improving one’s physical or spiritual well-being. For example,
vacation at a Yoga or rehabilitation center.

5. Nature: It is tourism at places famous for pristine nature and serene beauty. The main objective
is to experience and enjoy nature such as farms and wildlife. Ecotourism is a part of nature
tourism.
 6. Cultural: This type of tourism has an objective of understanding the local history of the place,
foods, local productions, and local culture.

7. Social: It includes tours conducted among relatives, friends, and others.

8. Recreational Tourism: It includes travelling to escape from routine life. This is often done for
enjoyment, amusement, or pleasure. For example, Camping or beach visit.

9. Active Tourism: It is conducted with a clear objective such as climbing a mountain,touring

around the world, or learning local culinary arts or languages.

10. Sports Tourism: It is tourism for attending some sports event such as World Cup Cricket
Match, FIFA, or Olympics.

11. Religious Tourism: It involves travelling to places of religious significance such as Vaishno
Devi in Jammu-Kashmir and Golden Temple at Amritsar (India), Mecca in Saudi Arabia,
Bethlehem, and other such places.

12. Health or Medical Tourism: It involves travelling to improve one’s health. It is with the
objective of visiting weight-loss camps, naturopathy centers, and health resorts.

13. Adventure Tourism: It involves tourism for adventurous activities such as rock climbing,
bungee jumping, sky-diving, hiking, horse-riding, surfing, rafting, or skiing.

New Trends in Tourism

Tourism is an ever changing industry. A few previously unknown or unnoted forms of tourism are
establishing today. Some of them are:

Polar Tourism

Arctic and Antarctic polar regions have always attracted tourists. Polar tourism is a dynamically
growing industry due to the efforts tour operators take to provide various attractions, destinations,

and activities for their customers. Adventure tourists and common tourists who long for unique

weather experience, solitude, and view of wild life in its natural habitat opt for polar tourism.
Space Tourism

It includes orbital and suborbital rocket flights into the space. Riding into the space for recreation and
unique experience was the idea behind this tourism. Till date, only very rich tourists paying very large
sum of money could possibly realize the dream to see beyond the blue planet. In coming years, this
extravagant tourism can be made available for common people too.

Dark Tourism

Dark tourism is the oldest form of tourism developed recently. Due to the fear and natural attraction to
uncover mystery of death human beings always have, some tourists prefer to visit the destinations such
as battlefields, places of violent homicides, or any places where large number of people lost their lives
naturally or forcefully in the span of last 100 to 125 years.

For example, tourists visit Pompeii to see the corpses of the victims of the volcanic disaster literally
turned into plaster casts. The volcano on Mt. Vesuvius had destroyed the ancient town of Pompeii.
Though the disaster occurred and claimed thousands of lives long ago, the threat of more such volcanic
eruptions still exist today. Hence, Pompeii is an archeological and also a dark tourism site.

Some more places the tourists visit for dark tourism are:

Chernobyl and Prypiat, Ukraine: Tourists visit this place to see the ruins of the nuclear disaster that
took place on 26 Apr 1986.

Ground Zero, USA: It is The World Trade Centre site attracting tourists since the 9/11 attacks that
took place in 2001.

Auschwitz, Germany: This dark site is famous for Nazi concentration camps with various rooms piled
with thousands of pairs of glasses, shoes, and human hair. It displays the walls of the corridor exerting
the lists of their victims' names and the dates of their death, and the house of the camp commandant.
Costa Concordia: On the coasts of Tuscany, Italy; the site of this wrecked ship attracted tourists for
around two years.

Voluntourism

It is taking volunteered vacation and touring for charity. People do not just go touring for recreation and
fun but also to serve the community dealing with natural calamities. In case of flash floods or

cyclones, the people in the affected areas need support. Some tourists voluntarily visit such places and
extend their hands for help in whichever possible way they can.

Also, tourists are travelling to care for orphans, for plantation, protecting wildlife, and similar other
tasks.

Luxury Tourism

It mainly pertains to the rich business tourists, who strongly believe that time is of prime importance
and they must pay to save time at any cost. Wealthy tourists are inclined to undergo unique experience
such as staying at a private island, personal attention from the service providers and access to elite class
attractions and amenities.

Culinary Tourism

The tourists who like to receive local culinary experience, like to tour for this purpose. They attend

food festivals, food competitions, visit local farms, vineries, and cheese manufacturing companies,

interact with local community or cooks for special culinary experience.

BRIC Tourism
The four major developing countries namely Brazil, Russia, India, and China have a great potential for
driving global economy through hospitality and tourism industry. These countries are important for
both inbound and outbound tourism. Global tour operators are adapting their tourism businesses to
exploit the huge market these countries provide.

TERMS THAT ARE FREQUENTLY USED IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY.

1. Attraction: It is a physical or cultural feature of a place that can satisfy tourists’ leisure based
need.

2. Cultural Heritage: It is an expression of the manner of living developed by a community and

passed on from one generation to the next. It includes customs, practices, places, objects, artistic
expressions and values.
3. Dark Tourism: (Black or Grief tourism) It is the tourism involving travel to places historically
associated with death and tragedy.

4. Destination: It is a place the tourist visits and stays there for at least 24 hours. The destination
supports staying facilities, attractions, and tourist resources.

5. Ecotourism: It involves maintenance and enhancement of natural systems such as water, air,
woods and forests, and flora and fauna through tourism.

6. Excursionist: Persons traveling for pleasure in a period less than 24 hours

7. Foreign Tourist: Any person visiting a country, other than that in which he/she usually resides,
for a period of at least 24 hours.

8. Hiking: A long and vigorous walk on the trail.

9. Intermediaries: They are the intermediate links between the form of goods and services
tourists do not require and the form of goods and services the tourists demand.

10. Itinerary: A documented plan of the tour.

11. Leisure: The free time when obligations are at a minimum and one can relax.

12. Recreation: The activities carried out during leisure time.

13. Site: It is a particular place bound by physical or cultural characteristics

14. Skiing: It is a recreational activity and competitive winter sport in which the participant uses
skis to glide on snow.

15. Snorkeling: It is the practice of swimming on or through a water body while being equipped
with a diving mask composed of a shaped tube called a snorkel.

16. Terrain: It is a stretch of land, especially with regard to its physical features.

17. Tourism Carrying Capacity: The maximum number of people that may visit a tourist
destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic, socio-
cultural environment, and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors' satisfaction.
 18. Travel: The act of moving outside one's home community for business or pleasure but not for
commuting or traveling to or from usual places.

19. United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO): It is the United Nations (UN)
agency responsible for the promotion of responsible, sustainable, and universally accessible
tourism.

20. Visitor: A non-residential person visiting the place.

21. WTO: World Tourism Organization.

FACTORS AFFECTING TOURISM

There are many factor that influence the running of the tourism industry. Some show immediate effect
while, there are also factors which affect in the long run.

1. Environment at Destination : Tourism is in its best form when the destination boasts of conducive
climate. In contrast, any undesired changes in the environment such as high winds, flash floods,
drought, and extreme climate can affect tourism adversely. For example, during harsh summer months
in India, people prefer to travel to colder climate regions like hill stations.

2. Economy of the Country : When a country is undergoing economic turbulence and when people are
facing unemployment issues, tourism is affected adversely. On the contrary, when a country’s economy
is doing well and people can afford to spend money on leisure, tourism progresses.
3. Historical or Cultural Importance of Destination : The place or destination of travel affects the
tourism business to a great extent. If the destination is of great historical or cultural significance then
tourists will certainly like to visit the place for seeing monuments, castles, forts, ancient architecture,
sculptures, caves, antic paintings and utensils, clothes, weapons, ornaments, and other allied heritage.

For example, the world famous places of historical and cultural importance are Taj Mahal (India),
Pyramids of Gaza (Egypt), Began City (Burma), Acropolis (Athens, Greece).

4. Research Importance of Destination :There are tourists who visit places with the objective of
studies and exploration. Need for research promotes tourism. Archeologists, Geologists,
Oceanographers, Biologists and Zoologists, Architects, and People researching Arts and Cultures seek
places that have great significance in the field of research.

5. Religious Importance of Destination :The places of religious importance or worship are always
flooded with tourists. At these places, tourism is at its peak at particular time periods in a year. The
tourists often go on pilgrimage to find inner peace and invoke blessings of the deities they worship and
to cleanse their sins before death. For example, Mecca, Bethlehem, Kashi.

4. Factors Affecting

6. Technology : Internet has penetrated to almost every corner of the world. Tourists are enjoying the

benefits of Internet. While planning a tour, the tourists try to get the idea about the places they are
going to visit, the quality of amenities and services, and the attractions at the destination. After visiting
a destination, the experienced tourists share their opinions on various platforms of the Internet.

Thus, the reviews of experienced tourists shared on the internet work as guidelines for the

following tourists. Hence, just like a double-edged sword, the Internet can boost as well

as bring down the tourism business.

IMPACTS OF TOURISM
Let us see how tourism impacts economy, environment, and society
Economic Impacts of Tourism
Let us see the positive and negative impacts of tourism on economy:

Positive Economic Impacts of Tourism

1. Inbound tourism helps to generate revenue from foreign shores.
2. Inbound and domestic tourism create job opportunities.
3. Inbound and domestic tourism stimulate the development of infrastructure.
4. It generates opportunities for small scale local businesses.

Negative Economic Impacts of Tourism

1. Outbound tourism creates economic leakage.
2. All types of tourism create a sense of dependency on the customer or economic recession.
3. It can also promote parallel economies.
4. The revenue earned from the tourism business seldom is beneficial to the local population if the
destination has accommodation provided by international hotels

Environmental Impacts of Tourism

Let us see the impacts of tourism on environment:
Positive Impacts of Tourism on Environment
1. It promotes investment in conservation of natural habitats.
2. It thus in turn, contributes to the stability of the ecosystem.
3. In developing countries, it discourages deforestation and over-fishing in large water bodies.
4. It contributes to creating awareness of the value of environment for humans.

Positive Impacts of Tourism on Environment

1. It promotes vandalism and littering.
2. It makes way for destruction of wild life and vegetation.
3. It invites air, and water pollution.
4. It creates a large carbon footprint.
5. It creates a sense of dependency on the natural resources.

Social Impacts of Tourism

Let us see the impacts of tourism on society:
Positive Impacts of Tourism on Society
1. The infrastructure development also benefits the local population.
2. It tends to make people aware of the superfluous customs prevailing in the region.
3. It helps eradicate poverty by promoting the arts and crafts made by people who search for a source
of income.
4. It fosters a sense of pride among locals.
5. The bonds among communities are strengthened.

Negative Impacts of Tourism on Society

1. It impedes the life of local population because of congestion, noise, and pollution.
2. It can bring problems of alcoholism, drug addiction, and prostitution in the local society.
3. To make place for new accommodations or recreational facilities, the locals may be displaced by
acquiring their lands and violating human rights.
4. It may act as a platform for the spread of contagious diseases.
5. Tourism can change local community structure, family relationships, collective traditional life
styles, ceremonies and morality.

OBJECTIVES OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

the objectives can be classified as follows: Economic, environmental, socio-cultural and political.
Economic Objectives
Tourism is the world's largest industry and one of the objectives of tourism development is evonomic
gain. This is not a narrow matter of private sector providers of tourism services making a profit.
In economic terms the travel and tourism industry is able to do three key things:
1- It gives vigour to economies.
2 - It offers people jobs and career prospects.
3 - It stimulates development.
It does this through:
a. Creating employment - direct and indirect
b. Increasing foreign currency earnings
c. Increasing visitor numbers and visitor spending withing the local economy
d. Increasing income for commercial operators
e. Economic development and regeneration.

Environmental Objectives
The saying 'tourism destroys tourism' is well known: protection of the environment is essential in areas
that are subject to damage by tourist numbers. Thus the main environmental objective of tourism are as
follows:
1 - Habitat preservation
2 - Regeneration and conservation of the build and natural environment
3 - Environmental education
4 - Environmental improvements.

Socio-cultural Objectives
You need to be aware of and understand how tourism development cane effect the lives of people who
lives in the tourist destination. Tourism brings people of different countries together and we all need to
increase our awareness and understanding of different cultures. Tourism can generate income and
provide funds to keep traditional cultures alive and to improve the quality of life for the host
population. The main socio-cultural objectives of tourism development are:
1 - To promote understanding of different cultures
2 - To improve quality of life for the local population
3 - To provide community facilties, as well as tourist facilties
4 - To develop a sense of pride in traditional culture and identity.

Political Objectives

Governments can have a influence on the patterns of travel not only directly, through their policies but
also indirectly, through their wider activities and the political climate that they promote. Changes in the
political system in Eastern Europe, South Africa and the Far East (e.g Cambodia and Vietnam) have led
to greater freedom of movement for travellers. Investment by governments in the infrastrusture of
countries such as the United Arab Emirates has also led to an increase in visitor numbers and visitor
spending. Beyond the economic and environmental objectives considered above, political objectives
can include the following:
1 - Enhancing the image of an area
2 - Creating a regional or national identity.
Medical tourism can be defined as the process of traveling outside the country of residence for the
purpose of receiving medical care. Growth in the popularity of medical tourism has captured the
attention of policy-makers, researchers and the media.
Merits
Cost: Medical tourism represents a worldwide, multibillion-dollar phenomenon that is expected to
grow considerably in the next decade.
For the individual interested in health services, cost is the key factor involved in the decision to receive
medical care abroad.
Opportunities: Medical tourism providers have developed as intermediaries which unite potential
medical tourists with surgeons, provider hospitals and other organizations.
De-merits
1. The quality of post-operative care can also vary dramatically, depending on the hospital and
country, and may be different from US or European standards
2. Medical tourism carries some risks that locally provided medical care. such as South Africa, or
Thailand have very different infectious disease-related epidemiology to Europe and North
America. Exposure to diseases without having built up natural immunity can be a hazard for
weakened individuals
Sports tourism refers to travel which involves either observing or participating in a sporting event while
staying apart from the tourists' usual environment. Sport tourism is a fast-growing sector of the global
travel industry
Sport events of various kinds and sizes attract tourists as participants or spectators and destinations try to
add local flavours to them to distinguish themselves and provide authentic local experiences.
Mega sport events such as Olympics and World Cups can be a catalyst for tourism development if
successfully leveraged in terms of destination branding, infrastructure development and other economic
and social benefits

List of games in Olympics like

Questions for references:

CHAPTER -2 TOURISM PRODUCTS

The term tourism resources describes natural and man-made attractions,
infrastructure, services, and the conditions that attract tourists to an area and
may contribute to the formulation of a tourism destination.
Tourism resources: Tourism is dependent upon the attractive power of the
destination's primary resources: Natural resources (climate, landscape,
ecosystems); Cultural resources (urban heritage, arts, archaeological values,
traditions, science values, folk crafts and sub-cultural formations)
Natural tourism resources: It is tourism based on the natural attractions of an area.
Examples include birdwatching, photography, stargazing, camping, hiking,
hunting, fishing, and visiting parks. These experiential tourists are interested in a
diversity of natural and cultural resources
Types of tourism resources
 Tourism Oriented Products (TOP) These are the products and services created
primarily for the tourists and also for the locals. ...
 Residents Oriented Products (ROP) ...
 Intangible Products of Tourism. ...
 Accommodations. ...
 Reservations. ...
 Guided Tours. ...
 Transport Facilities. ...
 Dining Facilities.
Tourism resources in India
 Wildlife sanctuaries - National parks - Biosphere reserves - Mountain Tourist
Resources and Hill stations – Islands – Beaches - Caves & Deserts of India.


 Wild life sanctuaries:
 A Wildlife Sanctuary is a protected area of importance for flora, fauna, or features
of geological or other interest, which is reserved and managed for conservation and to provide
 opportunities for study or research. The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 provides for the
establishment of Protected Areas in India
 As of December 2020, 553 wildlife sanctuaries were established in India
Karnataka
1. Adichunchanagiri Hills Wildlife Sanctuary
2. Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary
3. Attiveri Bird Sanctuary
4. Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary
5. Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary
6. Biligiriranga Hills
7. Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary
8. Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary
9. Chincholi Wildlife Sanctuary
10. Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary
11. Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary
12. Ghataprabha
13. Gudavi Bird Sanctuary
14. Gudekote Wildlife Sanctuary
15. Malai Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary
Cultural Resources: Arts & Architecture
Dances of India

• Classical Dances

- Bharatnatyam Dance

- Kathakali Dance

- Kathak Dance

- Manipuri Dance

- Odissi Dance

- Kuchipudi Dance

- Sattriya Dance

- Mohiniyattam Dance
2. Music of India

• Hindustani Classical Music

• Carnatic Classical Music

• Regional Music

• Musical Instruments

3. Theatre Forms of India

• Theatre Forms

4. Puppet Forms of India

• Puppet Forms

Bharatnatyam Dance

1. Bharatnatyam Dance is considered to be over 2000 years old.

2. Several texts beginning with Bharata Muni's Natya Shastra (200 B.C.E. to 200 C.E.)
provide information on this dance form.
3. The Abhinaya Darpana by Nandikesvara is one of the main sources of textual
material, for the study of the technique and grammar of body movement in Bharatnatyam
Dance.
4. Bharatnatyam dance is known to be ekaharya, where one dancer takes on many roles
in a single performance.
5. The style was kept alive by the devadasis, who were young girls 'gifted' by their
parents to the temples and who were married to the gods.
6. The devadasisperformed music and dance as offerings to the deities, in the temple
courtyards
7. The repertoire of Bharatnatyam is extensive, however, a performance follows a regular
pattern.
 8. At first there is an invocation song. The first dance item is the alarippu, literally
meaning - to adorn with flowers. It is an abstract piece combining pure dance with the
recitation of sound syllables.
9. A Bharatnatyam performance ends with a tillana which has its origin in the tarana of
Hindustani music.

Kathakali Dance: Kerala is the home of several traditional dance and dance - drama forms,
the most notable being Kathakali.

1. Kathakali, as a dance form popular today, is considered to be of comparatively recent

origin. However, it is an art which has evolved from many social and religious theatrical
forms which existed in the southern region in ancient times.
2. Kathakali is a blend of dance, music and acting and dramatizes stories, which are mostly
adapted from the Indian epics. It is a stylised art form, the four aspects of abhinaya-
angika, aharya,vachika, satvika and the nritta, nritya and natya aspects are combined
perfectly.
3. The dancer expresses himself through codified hastamudras and facial expressions,
closely following the verses(padams) that are sung.
4. Kathakali derives its textual sanction from Balarama Bharatam andHastalakshana
Deepika.
5. Kathakali is a blend of dance, music and acting and dramatizes stories, which are mostly
adapted from the Indian epics. It is a stylised art form, the four aspects of abhinaya
angika, aharya,vachika, satvika and the nritta, nritya and natya aspects are combined
perfectly.
6. Chakiarkoothu, Koodiyattam, Krishnattam andRamanattam are few of the ritual
performing arts of Kerala which have had a direct influence on Kathakali in its form and
technique
Kathak Dance: The word Kathak has been derived from the word Katha which means a
story. Kathakars or story-tellers, are people who narrate stories largely based on episodes
from the epics, myths and legends. It probably started as an oral tradition
1) With the coming of the Mughals, this dance form received a new impetus. A transition
from the temple courtyard to the palace durbar took place which necessitated changes in
presentation. In both Hindu and Muslim courts, Kathak became highly stylised and came
to be regarded as a sophisticated form of entertainment.
2) The nineteenth century saw the golden age of Kathak under the patronage of Wajid Ali
Shah, the last Nawab of Oudh. He established the Lucknow gharana
3) In Kathak- The full foot contact is of prime importance where only the toe or the ball of
the foot are used, their function is limited
4) Kathak has emerged as a distinct dance form. Being the only classical dance of India
having links with Muslim culture, it represents a unique synthesis of Hindu and Muslim
genius in art.
5) Further, Kathak is the only form of classical dance wedded to Hindustani or the North
Indian music.

Kuchipudi is the name of a village in the Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh

Kuchipudi is one of the classical styles of Indian dance. Around the third and fourth decade of
this century it emerged out of a long rich tradition of dance-drama of the same name.
The music that accompanies the dance is according to the classical school of Carnatic music
and is delightfully syncopatic.
besides the vocalist are: a mridangam player to provide percussion music, a violin
or veena player or both for providing instrumental melodic music, and a cymbal player who
usually conducts the orchestra and recites the sollukattus(mnemonic rhythm syllables)
Rajasthani women, their faces covered with flowing veils, are swirls of colour as they
pirouette in the Ghoomar dance,

while their counterparts in Gujarat perform the famous Garba, dancing in a circle with batons
The Lazim dances of Maharashtra, the Kalaripayattu of Kerala, and the highly stylized
masked Chhau dances of Orissa, West Bengal and Bihar.

Classical Music:

Today we recognise two systems of classical music: the Hindustani and the Carnatic.

Carnatic music is confined to Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
The classical music of the rest of the country goes under the name, Hindustani Classical
Music.

Carnatic Music
The history of the system of music that prevailed in India from ancient times, goes back to the
Vedas. The Indian musical system shows to what heights the genius of man could soar in quest
of new forms of musical expression.
The earliest treatise we have on music is the Natya Sastra of Bharata. Other treatises on music
after Bharata, such as the Brihaddesi of Matanga, Sangeeta Ratnakara of Sharangadeva,
Sangeet Sudhakara of Haripala, Swaramelakalanidhi of Ramamatya, etc., provide us a fund of
information about the different aspects of music and its development during the different
periods.
The Tamil classic of the 2nd century A.D. titled the Silappadhikaram contains a vivid
description of the music of that period.
The advent of Purandaradasa, in the year 1484, marked a very important landmark in the
development of Carnatic music. He effected such a thorough systematisation and refinement in
the art, that, up to the present day, it has remained the same. He has been justly termed as
"Carnatic Sangeeta Pitamaha".
The birth of the Musical Trinity - Tyagaraja, Muthuswami Dikshitar and Syama Sastri - at
Tiruvarur between the years 1750 to 1850 A.D. ushered in an era of dynamic development in
Carnatic music

Many of the musicians and composers of the South were closely acquainted with the
Hindustani system of music also and wherever permissible, adopted Hindustani ragas for their
compositions. The ragas Yaman Kalyan, Hamir Kalyan, Malkaunsa, Brindavani Sarang,
Jaijaivanti, etc. were adopted in their compositions by the Musical Trinity. Raga Kaphi,
Kanada, Khamaj, Paraj, Purvi, Bhairav, etc. bear a very close resemblance to their
counterparts in the Hindustani system of music.

the Suladis are of a higher standard than the gitam

Svarajati paves the way for the learning of the Varnams.
Very similar to the svarajati in musical structure, this form- Jatisvaram-has no sahitya or
words
The Varnam is a musical form in Carnatic Music. Whereas musical forms like the Kirtana,
Kriti, Javali, Tillana, etc. have their similar counterparts in Hindustani Music
The Kirtanam had its birth about the latter half of the 14th century. It is valued for the
devotional content of the sahitya.
The Kriti is a development from the Kirtana. It is an highly evolved musical form. The highest
limit of aesthetic excellence is reached in the Kriti composition
Pallavi- It is in this branch of manodharma sangeeta, that the musician has ample opportunities
of displaying his or her creative talents, imaginative skill, and musical intelligence. The term
Pallavi is coined from the initial syllables of the three words: Padam, meaning words; Layam,
meaning time and Vinyasam, meaning variations. The words chosen for a Pallavi may be
either in Sanskrit, Telugu or Tamil and may be on any theme, though the devotional is always
preferred

TANAM :This is a branch of raga alapana. It is raga alapana in Madhyamakala or medium speed

Hindustani Classical Music:

The oldest music, which possessed a grammar was the vedic. Of course, the Rig-Veda is said
to be the oldest.

Natya Shastra of Bharata is another important landmark in the history of Indian music. It is
supposed to have been written sometime between the 2nd century B.C

Today we recognise two systems of classical music: the Hindustani and the Carnatic. Carnatic
music is confined to Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The classical music
of the rest of the country goes under the name, Hindustani Classical Music.

The sruti thus is the unit of measure or small difference between the various consecutive pitches
within a grama or a scale

By about the 18th century even the standard or shuddha svara in Hindustani music becomes
different. The following is the current one, accepted from the 18th century - “Sa re ga ma pa
dha ni”

All known ragas are grouped within this twelve tone scale. In the 20th century, Pt. Bhatkhande,
chose 10 out of the 72 to classify Hindustani ragas.

Tala is a cyclic arrangement of time units. The basic units of time division are laghu, guru, and
pluta. These are actually derived from poetic prosody (rhythmic pattern)
Musical instruments
food festivals in India have come a long way. Cities across the country have become

‘foodie centrals’ with an exciting lineup of food festivals that will leave you spoilt for

choice
National Street Food Festival

The NASVI National Street Food Festival brings much-loved street delicacies from different
regions of India to one place I.e. Delhi

Mei Ram-ew

A little-known ethnic food festival of Meghalaya, Mei Ram-ew is an effort by North-East Slow
Food and Agro-biodiversity Society (NESFAS) to preserve and promote the various forest-
foraged and locally-grown foods that are cooked and served by indigenous communities of the
Northeast India

Asian Hawkers Market: Spread over three days, the Asian Hawkers Market is a unique,

one-of-its kind al fresco food festival with sights, sounds, smells and tastes that could

easily be mistaken for the streets of a busy Southeast Asian market. With food stalls

serving a variety of dim sums, sushi rolls, tempura, stir fries and seafood platter, this

fiesta brings the best of Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Thai and Vietnamese cuisines under

one roof. At delhi during -October

Where: Select Citywalk, Delhi

The Grub Fest is a perfectly enthralling assemblage of food, fun and entertainment. Along
with culinary workshops, an organic food market, music performances and a host of popular
restaurants, the festival also has a special arena for mini-food trucks called the Grub Mile. To
top it all, they also screen films about food – imagine slurping up some spaghetti while
watching Ratatouille!

Where: New Delhi, Pune, Mumbai

When: March

A Goa Tourism Development Corporation (GTDC) initiative, Goa Food and Cultural Festival
is a celebration of the sunshine state’s authentic cuisine, rich heritage and vibrant folklore.
With over 70 stalls serving much-loved traditional delicacies, the festival showcases why
Goan cuisine is much more than just fish curry and rice.

Where: DB Bandodkar Grounds, Campal, Panaji

When: April

Palate Fest

A much-awaited three-day food and music festival, Palate Fest brings together some of the
most loved restaurants, food stalls and even some embassy kitchens from across Delhi. There
is also a Palate Fest Mini, a smaller version of the main festival, that sees Delhites coming
over in huge numbers for a high dose of fun, food and frolic, in no particular order.

Where: Nehru Park, Delhi

When: February

Bangalore Food Fete brings together the city’s top cafes, restaurants, bars and food trucks.
Other than creating a platform to help home chefs, amatuer bakers and aspiring restaurateurs,
the fest also play host to stand-up comedians, flamethrowers, live music and dance
performances. This year, it will stage the city’s biggest Zumbathon!

Where: Karle Infra Cricket Grounds, Bengaluru

When: April

Costumes