Created by T.

Madas

ADVANCED
PROJECTILES

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

GENERAL
PROJECTILES

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 1 (***)

C A 7 ms −1

15.6 m

O
D
θ

The figure above shows the cross section of a vertical tower OACD standing on a
plane inclined at an angle θ to the horizontal, where tan θ = 0.1 .

A particle is projected horizontally from A hitting the incline plane at the point B .

The journey of the particle is in a vertical plane containing O , A and B .

Given that OA = 15.6 m determine the vertical distance through which the particle
falls as it travels from A to B .

You may assume that the only force acting on the particle is its weight.

14.4 m

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 2 (***)
A particle is projected from a point A on level horizontal ground with speed of
U ms −1 at an angle of elevation θ .

The particle moves through still air without any resistance, reaching a maximum
height H above ground, before it first hits the ground at a point which is R m away
from A .

a) Show clearly, in any order, that …

U 2 sin 2θ
i. … R = .
g

U 2 sin 2 θ
ii. … H = .
2g

It is now given that the particle reaches a greatest height above the ground of 40 m ,
after travelling a horizontal distance of 60 m from A .

b) Determine in any order the value of U and the value of tan θ .

U = 35 , tan θ = 4
3

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 3 (***)
A particle P is projected from the point A on level horizontal ground with a speed of
21 ms −1 at an angle θ to the horizontal. In the subsequent motion P is moving
under gravity, without any air resistance.

The particle passes through the point B , t s later. The horizontal and vertical
displacement of B from A are 12 m and 2 m , respectively.

a) By considering the horizontal component of the motion of P show

t = 4 secθ .
7

b) By considering the vertical component of the motion of P show

4 tan 2 θ − 30 tan θ + 9 = 0 .

c) Determine, to three significant figures, the smallest possible flight time of P

from A to B .

t ≈ 0.599

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 4 (***)
In a golf driving range, a golf ball is struck with a speed of 49 ms −1 at an angle of
elevation α from a point A , which lies 4.9 m above level horizontal ground.

The ball first strikes the ground at the point B which lies at a horizontal distance of
98 m from A .

The ball is modelled as a particle moving under gravity, without any air resistance.

a) Show clearly that

4 tan 2 a − 20 tan α + 3 = 0 .

b) Hence find, to three significant figures, the two possible values of α .

c) Determine, to three significant figures, the smallest possible flight time of the
ball from A to B .

α ≈ 8.80°,78.34° , t ≈ 2.02 s

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 5 (***+)
A particle is projected with speed u ms −1 at an angle θ below the horizontal, from a
point O above level horizontal ground. The particle’s horizontal and vertical
distances from O at time t s after projection, are x m and y m , respectively. The
particle is moving under gravity, without any air resistance.

a) Show clearly that

gx 2
y = x tan θ + .
2u 2 cos 2 θ

A child is throwing a tennis ball from tower block aiming at a target on the ground.

The ball is thrown from a height of 18 m , with a speed of 28 ms −1 , aiming directly

at the target which is at a horizontal distance of 9 m , from the foot of the block.

The tennis ball lands D m short of the target because of the effect of gravity.

b) Determine the value of D .

D =1

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 6 (***+)
A fixed origin O is located on level horizontal ground and the vectors i and j are
unit vectors pointing horizontally and vertically, respectively.

A mortar shell is fired from O with velocity (Ui + Vj) ms −1 , where U and V are
positive constants. The shell lands on the enemy target which is located on the same
level horizontal ground as O . The highest point on the path of the shell has position
vector ( 300i + 122.5 j) m .

The shell is modelled as a particle moving freely under gravity.

a) Show that the time it takes the shell to hit the target is 10 s .

The shell was projected at an angle of elevation θ .

b) Determine the value of tan θ .

tan θ = 49
60

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 7 (***)
A cannon fire a shell with a speed of u ms −1 at an angle of elevation θ from a point
O on level horizontal ground. The shell has horizontal and vertical displacements of
x m and y m from O at time t s . The shell is modelled as a particle moving under
gravity, without any air resistance.

a) Show clearly that

gx 2
y = x tan θ −
2u 2 (1 + tan 2 θ ) .
The cannon is aimed at the gate of a fortress which is on a hill at a height of 150 m
above the level of the cannon, and a horizontal distance d m from the cannon.

A shell is fired at 70 ms −1 at an angle of elevation arctan 2 , which hits the gate of the
fortress on its way down, with a speed U ms −1 , T s after it was fired.

b) Determine in any order the value of d , the value of T and the value of U .

d = 300 , T = 30 5 ≈ 9.58 , U = 14 10 ≈ 44.27

7

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 8 (***+)
A footballer sees the goalkeeper off his line and kicks the ball from level horizontal
ground with speed U ms −1 , at an angle of elevation θ , where tan θ = 5 .
12

When the ball was kicked, it was at horizontal distance of 52.8 m from the goal line
and perpendicular to it. Consequently a goal is scored as the ball passes just under the
horizontal cross bar which stands 2.40 m in vertical height.

The ball is modelled as a particle moving freely under gravity, whose path lies in a
vertical plane perpendicular to the goal line and the cross bar.

a) By considering the horizontal and vertical displacements of the ball, show

clearly that U = 28.6 .

The goalkeeper whose vertical reach is 3.211 m could not prevent the goal.

b) Given that the keeper jumped to save the goal when the ball was on its way
down determine the distance of the goalkeeper from his goal line when he
jumped for the ball.

h = 2.64 m

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 9 (***+)

P
24
5m

30°
O x

The point O lies at the bottom end of a fixed smooth plane, inclined at 30° to the
horizontal. A positive y axis is defined up the line of greatest slope of the plane and a
positive x axis is defined perpendicular to the y axis through O , as shown in the
figure above.

At particle P is projected along the plane with speed 24 ms −1 in a direction parallel

to the x axis, from the point with coordinates ( 0,5) , relative to O .

P reaches the bottom of the plane at the point ( X ,0 ) , with speed V , after time T .

Determine in any order the value of X , V and T .

M456-D , ≈ 4.464° , ≈ 33960 m , ≈ 54′ − 14′′

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 10 (***+)
A particle is projected from a point O on level horizontal ground with a speed of
34.3 ms −1 at some angle of elevation.

The particle is moving freely under gravity, reaching a greatest height above the
ground before it passes through the point P , 3 s after it was projected.

When the particle passes through P it has a speed of 14.7 ms −1 , at an angle ψ to the
horizontal.

()
Show that ψ = arcsin 1 , stating further whether this angle is above the horizontal or
9
below the horizontal.

X , proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 11 (***+)

20

h
40
O
d

The point O lies on level horizontal ground and the point A is at a horizontal
distance d m away from O and at a height d m above the ground.

A particle is projected from O with speed 40 ms −1 at an angle of elevation

( )
arctan 3 .
4

At the same time another particle is projected from A with speed 20 ms −1 at an

( )
angle of elevation arctan 4 , as shown in the figure above.
3

The motion of the two particles takes place in the same vertical plane.

Assuming that there is no air resistance present, show that, if the two particles collide
during their flights, then

d : h = 11 : 2 .

MMS-U , proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 12 (***+)
In this question take g = 10 ms −2 .

Two particles, A and B , are projected from the same fixed point O , with the same
speed u ms −1 , at angles of elevation θ and 2θ respectively.

It is further given that …

… B is projected 2 s after A
3

... tan θ = 3 .
4

If A and B collide in the subsequent motion determine the value of u .

u = 12.5

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 13 (****)

u ms −1

A θ

125m

A particle P is projected with a speed of u ms −1 at an angle of elevation θ , from a

point A which is 125 m above level horizontal ground. The particle is moving freely
under gravity and first strikes the ground at a point B , as shown in the figure above.

It took T s for P to travel from A to B , and the speed of the particle at B is 3u ms −1 .

a) Find the value of u .

b) Show clearly that …

49T 2 − 1250
i. … sin θ = .
175T

ii. … 25 2 < T < 50 .

7 7

u = 17.5

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 14 (****)
Relative to a fixed origin O the unit vectors i and j are oriented horizontally and
vertically upwards, respectively. The origin lies on level horizontal ground.

A particle is projected with velocity ( 7i + 14 j) ms −1 from O and moves freely under

gravity passing through the point P with position vector ( xi + yj) m , in time t s .

a) Show clearly that

y = 1 x ( 20 − x ) .
10

The particle reaches a maximum height of H m above the ground and has a
horizontal range of R m .

b) Find the values of R and H .

The point Q lies on the particle’s trajectory so that its velocity at P is perpendicular
to its projection velocity.

c) Show that the position vector of Q is k ( 4i + 3j) m , where k is an exact

constant to be found.

R = 20, H = 10 , k = 25
8

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 15 (****)
In this question take g = 10 ms −2 .

A projectile is fired from a fixed point O with speed u ms −1 at an angle of elevation

α so that it passes through a point P .

Relative to a Cartesian coordinate system with origin at O the point P has

(
coordinates 10 5,5 5 . )
It is assumed that O and P lie in the same vertical plane, and the projectile can be
modelled as a particle moving freely under gravity.

a) Show clearly that

500 tan 2 α − 2 5u 2 tan α + 500 + 5u 2 = 0 .

b) Hence determine the minimum value of u .

u ≥ 19.021...

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 16 (****)
At time t = 0 , a particle is projected from a point O on level horizontal ground in a
non vertical direction.

At some time later the particle is passing through a point P with speed 48 ms −1 , at
an angle of 35° above the horizontal.

Given that P is at a height of 190 m above the ground, determine the time when the
particle is again at a height of 190 m above the ground

t ≈ 9.744... s

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 17 (****)

P
15ag

12 a
5

O θ
12a

A projectile is fired from a fixed point O with speed 15ag at an angle of elevation
θ so that it passes through a point P . Relative to a Cartesian coordinate system with
(
origin at O the point P has coordinates 12a, 12 a .
5 )
It is assumed that O and P lie in the same vertical plane, and the projectile can be
modelled as a particle moving freely under gravity.

Show clearly, that the respective minimum and maximum flight times of the projectile
from O to P are

6a 3a
4 and 2 .
g g

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 18 (****)
A particle P is projected from a point O on level horizontal ground with speed
26 ms −1 , at an angle θ to the horizontal.

At the same time, another particle Q is projected horizontally with speed 10 ms −1 ,

from a point A , which lies 78.4 m vertically above O .

The motion of both particles takes place at the same vertical plane with both particles
moving through still air without any resistance.

The particles hit the ground at the same time at two points which are d m apart.

a) Calculate the value of d .

b) Given instead that the particles collide before they reach the ground, determine
by detailed calculations whether P is rising or falling immediately before the
collision.

d ≈ 28.33...

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 19 (****)
Relative to a fixed origin O the unit vectors i and j are oriented horizontally and
vertically upwards, respectively.

The gravitational acceleration constant g is taken to be −10 j ms −2 in this question.

A particle is projected with velocity ( ui + vj) ms −1 , where u and v are positive

constants, from a point P with position vector 105 j m .

The particle moves freely under gravity passing through the point Q with position
vector 210i m .

a) Show clearly that

u 2 + 2uv = 2100 .

b) Given that when t = 2 the particle is moving parallel to i , determine the time
it takes the particle to travel from P to Q .

The particle passes through the point R with a speed of 10 29 ms −1 .

c) Show R is 80 m below the level of P .

M456-B , u = 30, v = 20 , flight time = 7 s

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 20 (****+)

30 ms −1

α β
O 10 m A

A particle is projected from a point O on level horizontal ground with speed 30 ms −1

at an angle of elevation α . The particle is freely moving under gravity, heading
towards a plane, inclined at an angle β to the horizontal.

The foot, A , of this incline plane is located at a horizontal distance of 10 m from O ,

as shown in the figure above.

The particle strikes the incline plane at the point B , so that AB is a line of greatest
slope in the same vertical plane which contains O .

Determine the distance AB , given further that α = arctan 3 and β = arctan 4

4 3

−1550 + 400 21
M456-F , AB = ≈ 13.48 m
21

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 21 (****)
Two particles are projected from the same fixed point, with the same speed u , at
angles of elevation θ and 2θ .

If the particles collide in the subsequent motion show that

gT ( 2 cos θ − 1)( cos θ + 1)

u= ,
2sin θ

where T is the time delay between the projection of the two particles.

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 22 (****+)

ag

A θ

B
O x

A particle is projected from a point B down an incline plane with a speed of ag ,

where a is a positive constant, at an angle of elevation θ .

The particle is moving freely under gravity and first strikes the ground at a point B .
The point O lies vertically below A and at the same horizontal level as B , as shown
in the figure above. The plane has constant inclination and the particle moves in a
vertical plane which contains the angle of greatest slope of the plane.

a) Show that

x 2 tan 2 θ − 2ax tan θ + x 2 − 2ab = 0 ,

where OA = b and OB = x .

b) Hence show that the maximum value of x and the corresponding angle of
projection θ satisfy

a
x = a ( a + 2b ) and tan θ =
a + 2b
proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 23 (****+)
A particle is projected from a point O on level horizontal ground with speed u at an
angle θ above the horizontal, towards a smooth vertical wall which is at a horizontal
distance a from the point of projection.

The particle moves in a vertical plane perpendicular to the wall and hits the wall
before it hits the ground. On impact with the wall the particle rebounds and first
strikes the ground at O .

Given that e is the coefficient of restitution, show that

ag ( e + 1)
u2 = .
e sin 2θ

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 24 (*****)
A particle is projected at an angle α above the horizontal, from a vertical cliff face of
height H above level horizontal ground. It first hits the ground at a horizontal
distance D , from the bottom of the cliff edge.

Assuming that air resistance can be ignored, show that the greatest height achieved by
the particle from the level horizontal ground is

D tan 2 α
H+ .
4 ( H + D tan α )

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 25 (*****)
A tennis player standing on a level horizontal court serves the ball from a height of
2.25 m above the court. The ball reaches a maximum height of 2.4 m above the
court and first hits the court at a horizontal distance of 20 m from the point where the
player served the ball. The ball rises for T1 s and falls for T2 s .

The ball is modelled as a particle moving through still air without any resistance.

a) Show clearly that

T2
= 4.
T1

b) Determine the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the ball …

i. … when it was first served.

ii. … as it lands on the court.

U ≈ 22.926... ms −1, tan α = 3 , α ≈ 4.289°... ,

40
V ≈ 23.8685... ms −1, tan β = 3 , β ≈ 16.699°...
10

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 26 (*****)
A particle P is projected from a fixed point O with speed v and at an angle of
elevation θ ° .

It passes through a point Q which is at a horizontal distance a from O , and a vertical

distance h below the level of O .

P is then projected from O with speed v at an angle of depression ( 90 − θ ) ° and

passes through Q again.

a) Show that

v 2 + ag cot ( 2θ ) = 0

b) Deduce that

h + a tan ( 2θ ) = 0 .

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

PROJECTILES
ON INCLINE PLANES

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 1 (***)
The point A lies on a smooth plane which is inclined at an angle α to the horizontal,
where tan α = 5 .
12

A particle is projected from A , up a line of greatest slope of the plane, with a speed of
24.5 ms −1 at an angle of elevation α + θ , where tan θ = 3 .
4

The particle is moving freely under gravity and first hits the plane at B .

Given that the coefficient of restitution between the plane and the particle is 1 3 ,
2
−1
show that the particle first rebounds from B with a speed of 14.7 ms .

M456-A , proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 2 (***+)

O
α

P
θ

The figure above shows a particle projected from a point O on a plane inclined at an
angle θ to the horizontal. The particle is projected down the plane with speed u , at
an angle α to a line of greatest slope of the plane.

The particle lands for the first time at the point P , in time T .

The gravitational acceleration g is assumed constant and air resistance is ignored.

a) Determine an expression connecting u , θ , α and T .

b) Hence show that

2u 2
OP = sin α cos (α − θ ) 
g cos2 θ

2u sin α = gT cos θ

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 3 (***+)
The point O lies on a plane which is inclined at an angle of 30° to the horizontal.

A particle is projected from O , up a line of greatest slope of the plane, with a speed of
U ms −1 , at an angle ψ to the plane.

The particle first strikes the plane at right angles, at the point A .

The gravitational acceleration g is assumed constant and air resistance is ignored.

a) Determine the value of tanψ .

b) Given further that OA = 35 m , determine the value of U .

M456-E , tanψ = 1 3 , U = 49 = 24.5 ms−1

2 2

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 4 (****)

d
B
α

The figure above shows the path of a particle, released from rest, from a height h
above a smooth plane, inclined at an angle α to the horizontal.

The particle strikes the plane at the point A , and rebounds striking the plane for the
second time at the point B .

The coefficient of restitution between the plane and the particle is e .

The gravitational acceleration g is assumed constant and air resistance is ignored.

Given that AB = d , show that

d = 4eh ( e + 1) sin α .

M456-C , proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 5 (****)
The point O lies on a plane which is inclined at an angle θ to the horizontal.

A particle is projected from O , up a line of greatest slope of the plane, with speed of
V at an angle of elevation α , along a line of greatest slope of the plane.

The gravitational acceleration g is assumed constant and air resistance is ignored.

The particle lands at a point P on the plane, at time T after projection.

a) Find an expression for T in terms of V , g , θ , and α , and hence show that

2V 2 sin (α − θ ) cos α
OP = .
g cos 2 θ

The value of α can vary so that OP is greatest.

b) Express α in terms of θ when OP is greatest.

c) Show further that greatest value of OP is

V2
.
g (1 + sin θ )

2V sin (α − θ )
T= , α = 1 ( 2θ + π )
g cos θ 4

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 6 (****)
The point O lies on a plane which is inclined at an angle α to the horizontal.

A particle is projected from O , up the line of greatest slope of the plane, with speed
of V at an angle θ to the line of greatest slope of the plane.

Show that the maximum range of the particle up the plane is

V2
,
g (1 + sin α )

where g is the gravitational acceleration, assumed constant.

Air resistance is ignored in this question.

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 7 (****)
The point O lies on the foot of a fixed plane which is inclined at an angle of 45° to
the horizontal. A particle is projected from O , up the line of greatest slope of the
plane, with speed of u .

The gravitational acceleration g is assumed constant and air resistance is ignored.

Given that the particle achieves the greatest range up the plane, determine the angle of
projection.

M456-B , 22.5° to the plane or 67.5° to the horizontal

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 8 (****)
The point O lies on a plane which is inclined at an angle of 30° to the horizontal.

A particle is projected from O , up a line of greatest slope of the plane, with speed of
V ms −1 at an angle of elevation ( 30 + α ) ° .

The gravitational acceleration g is assumed constant and air resistance is ignored.

The particle first hits the plane at right angles at a point P , 16 s after projection.

Determine the exact value of tan α and the distance OP .

tan α = 1 3 , OP = 64 g = 627.2
2

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 9 (****)
The point O lies on a plane which is inclined at an angle of 1 π to the horizontal.
6

A particle is projected from O , up a line of greatest slope of the plane, with speed of
U ms −1 at an angle of elevation θ + 1 π .
6

The gravitational acceleration g is assumed constant and air resistance is ignored.

The particle first hits the plane when it is moving horizontally.

Determine the exact value of tan θ .

tan θ = 1 3
5

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 10 (****)
A particle is projected with speed U , from a point O on a plane which is inclined at
an angle 1 π to the horizontal.
6

The particle is projected up the plane at an angle θ to the plane and moves in a
vertical plane which contains a line of greatest slope to the plane. When the particle
first strikes the plane at the point A , it is moving at right angles to the plane.

The gravitational acceleration g is assumed constant and air resistance is ignored.

4U 2
Show that OA = .
7g

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 11 (****)
A particle is projected from a point O on a smooth plane inclined at an angle α to
the horizontal.

The particle is projected up the plane with speed u , at an angle β to the plane, and
moves in a vertical plane which contains a line of greatest slope of the plane.

The particle first hits the plane at the point A and rebounds in a vertical direction.

The gravitational acceleration g is assumed constant and air resistance is ignored.

If the coefficient of restitution between the particle and the plane is e , show that

cot α cot β = e + 2 .

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 12 (****+)
The point O lies on a plane which is inclined at an angle of 15° to the horizontal.

A particle is projected from O , up a line of greatest slope of the plane, with speed of
30 ms −1 at an angle of 75° to the horizontal.

The particle first strikes the plane at the point A .

When the particle strikes the plane it rebounds and strikes the plane again at the point
B , where B is further up the plane than A .

The gravitational acceleration g is assumed constant and air resistance is ignored.

The coefficient of restitution between the particle and the plane is e .

Given further that tan15° = 2 − 3 , show that e < −1 + 2 3 .

3

M456-G , proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 13 (****+)
The point O lies on a plane which is inclined at an angle of 30° to the horizontal.

A particle is projected from O , up a line of greatest slope of the plane, with speed of
V ms −1 at an angle θ to the plane.

The gravitational acceleration g is assumed constant and air resistance is ignored.

Show that as θ varies the greatest range of the particle up the plane is achieved when
the direction of V bisects the angle between the plane and the upward vertical.

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 14 (****+)
The point O lies on a plane which is inclined at an angle θ to the horizontal.

A particle is projected from O , up a line of greatest slope of the plane, with speed of
U ms −1 at an angle θ to the plane. When the particle hits the plane it rebounds with
speed V ms −1 . After rebounding the particle first hits the plane at the point B .

The coefficient of restitution between the particle and the plane is 2 .

3

The gravitational acceleration g is assumed constant and air resistance is ignored.

U2
Show that OB = .
8g

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 15 (****+)
The point O lies on a plane which is inclined at an angle of 45° to the horizontal.

A particle is projected from O , up a line of greatest slope of the plane, with speed of
U ms −1 at an angle θ to the plane. When the particle hits the plane it rebounds with
speed V ms −1 .

The coefficient of restitution between the article and the plane is 1 .

3

Given further that at the instant when the particle first hits the plane it travels in a
horizontal direction show that V = 1 U .
3

The gravitational acceleration g is assumed constant and air resistance is ignored.

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 16 (*****)
A particle is projected from a point O on a smooth plane inclined at an angle α to
the horizontal.

The particle is projected up the plane with speed U , at an angle θ to the plane, and
moves in a vertical plane which contains a line of greatest slope of the plane.

The particle first hits the plane at the point A , rebounds and next hits the plane at O .

The gravitational acceleration g is assumed constant and air resistance is ignored.

If the coefficient of restitution between the particle and the plane is e , show that

cot θ = (1 + e ) tan α .

proof

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 Created by T. Madas

Question 17 (*****)
The point O lies on a plane inclined at an angle θ to the horizontal.

A particle is projected from O , with speed u up and in a direction up the plane, at an

angle α to the horizontal.

The particle first strikes the incline plane at the point A .

The motion of the particle takes place in a vertical plane which contains a line of
greatest slope of the incline plane.

The gravitational acceleration g is assumed constant and air resistance is ignored.

Given that the particle is travelling horizontally as it strikes A , show that

tan α = 2 tan θ .

M456-S , proof

Created by T. Madas
Created by T. Madas

Created by T. Madas