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Lecture 7 Polynomials DR Nahid Sanzida

The document discusses solving systems of linear equations, polynomials, and nonlinear equations in MATLAB. It covers finding the inverse of a matrix to solve linear systems, using matrix division, solving polynomial roots with the roots command, differentiating and integrating polynomials with polyder and polyint, and using relational and logical operators like ==, >=, &, and |.

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Pulak Kundu
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55 views22 pages

Lecture 7 Polynomials DR Nahid Sanzida

The document discusses solving systems of linear equations, polynomials, and nonlinear equations in MATLAB. It covers finding the inverse of a matrix to solve linear systems, using matrix division, solving polynomial roots with the roots command, differentiating and integrating polynomials with polyder and polyint, and using relational and logical operators like ==, >=, &, and |.

Uploaded by

Pulak Kundu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ChE 208

Computer Programming and


Applications
Lecture 7
What we will learn in this
session

„ Solving systems of Linear Equations


„ Solving Polynomials/ Nonlinear Equations
„ More on Polynomials
Solutions to Systems of Linear
Equations
„ Example: a system of 3 linear equations with 3
unknowns (x1, x2, x3):
3x1 + 2x2 – x3 = 10
-x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 = 5
x1 – x2 – x3 = -1
Let :
⎡3 2 1⎤ ⎡ x1 ⎤ ⎡10 ⎤
A = ⎢⎢ − 1 3 2 ⎥⎥ x = ⎢ x2 ⎥ b=⎢5 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 − 1 − 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ x3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ − 1⎥⎦

Then, the system can be described as:


Ax = b
Solutions to Systems of Linear Equation

„ Solution by Matrix Inverse:


Ax = b
A-1Ax = A-1b
x = A-1b
„ MATLAB:
>> A = [ 3 2 -1; -1 3 2; 1 -1 -1];
>> b = [ 10; 5; -1];
>> x = inv(A)*b
x=
-2.0000
Answer:
5.0000
-6.0000 x1 = -2, x2 = 5, x3 = -6
Solutions to Systems of Linear Equations (con’t…)

• Solution by Matrix Division:


The solution to the equation
Ax = b
can be computed using left division.
„ MATLAB:
>> A = [ 3 2 -1; -1 3 2; 1 -1 -1];
>> b = [ 10; 5; -1];
>> x = A\b Answer:
x= x1 = -2, x2 = 5, x3 = -6
-2.0000
5.0000 NOTE:
-6.0000 left division: A\b Î b ÷ A
right division: x/y Î x ÷ y
Solving Polynomial/Nonlinear Equations
A polynomial in MATLAB is represented by its coefficient
vector. For example, to define the cubic polynomial
=0
we type
we can solve polynomial equations in MATLAB via the
command roots:

% compute roots of polynomial


% with coefficients in c
>> plot (r, 'bx')
% see distribution of roots
Solving Nonlinear Equations

If y is a function of x, so that, y = f(x).


or, y =

we type,

To evaluate that polynomial at any point x, we


apply the command polyval as follows

>> y=polyval(c,5)
y=
303.5500
Plotting with Polynomial Equations

If x is a vector, then y will be the vector with


corresponding function values at the points in x.
i.e. Y = f(X)

To evaluate that polynomial at a number of points X,


we apply the command polyval as follows:

This last feature is useful to make a plot of the polynomial.


Plotting with Polynomial Equations

>> c = [ 3 -2.23 -5.1 9.8 ]


>> x=-1:0.1:1
>> y=polyval(c,x);
>> plot(x,y)
>> plot(x,y,'-*G')
Differentiating Polynomial Equations

MATLAB also supports the symbolic differentiation of


polynomials via the command polyder:

>> dc=polyder(c)
dc =
9.0000 -4.4600 -5.1000
Fitting Polynomial/Nonlinear Equations

Suppose, you have a set of data x vs. y


x y
1 5.5
2 43.1
3 128
4 290.7
5 498.4

You need to plot it!


Fitting Polynomial/Nonlinear Equations
ƒ For a given data set (x; y), where x and y are vectors of
the same size.
ƒ we can ask MATLAB to compute a polynomial that best fits
(in the least squares sense) these data with the command
polyfit.
ƒ We must supply to polyfit the degree d of the fitted
polynomial. For example,

x = [1 2 3 4 5];
y = [5.5 43.1 128 290.7 498.4];
>> p = polyfit(x,y,3)
p = -0.1917 31.5821 -60.3262 35.3400
-0.1917x3 +31.5821x2-60.3262x+35.3400
Fitting Polynomial/Nonlinear Equations

Brainstorming session!!

x2 = 1:0.1:5;
y2 = polyval(p,x2);
plot(x,y,'o',x2,y2)
grid on
Adding and Subtracting Polynomials
Polynomials can be added or subtracted
Ex: f1(x) + f2(x)
f1(x) = 3x6 + 15x 5 - 10x3 - 3x2 +15x - 40
f2(x) = 3x3 - 2x - 6
---------------------------------------------
= 3x6 + 15x 5 - 7x3 -3x2 +13x - 46
by just adding or subtracting the coefficient vectors
Both vectors must be of the same size
the shorter vector must be padded with zeros
We write,
p1 = [3 15 0 -10 -3 15 -40];
p2 = [0 0 0 3 0 -2 -6];
p = p1+p2
p = 3 15 0 -7 -3 13 -46
%f(x) = 3x6 + 15x5 -7x3 -3x2 +13x -46
Multiplying Polynomials

Polynomials can be multiplied


Ex: f1(x) * f2(x)
f1(x) = 2x2+ x -3
f2(x) = x + 1

We type
a = [2 1 -3];
b = [1 1];
c = conv(a, b)
c = 2 3 -2 -3
% 2x3+ 3x2-2x -3
Dividing Polynomials

Matlab can also divide polynomials


• [q,r ] = deconv(u, v)
– u is the coefficient vector of the numerator
– v is the coefficient vector of the denominator
– q is the coefficient vector of the quotient
– r is the coefficient vector of the remainder
Ex: (x2- 9x -10) ÷ (x + 1)
u = [1 -9 -10];
v = [1 1];
[q, r] = deconv(u,v)
q =1 -10 % quotient is (x - 10)
r = 0 0 0 % remainder is 0
Integral of Polynomials
3
Integrate Quartic Polynomial, I = ∫ (3 x 4 − 4 x 2 + 10 x − 25)dx
−1
• Matlab can calculate the integral of a polynomial
g = polyint(h,k)

h is the coefficient vector of the polynomial


g is the coefficient vector of the integral
k is the constant of integration – assumed to be 0 if not present
we type, p = [3 0 -4 10 -25 ];
q = polyint (p)
q = 0.600 0 - 1.333 5.000 - 25.000 0
Integral of Polynomials

Find the value of the integral, I, by evaluating q at


the limits of integration.
a=-1;
b=3;
I = diff (polyval (q, [a b]))
We got,
I =
49.0667
Operators (relational, logical)

„ == Equal to
„ ~= Not equal to
„ < Strictly smaller
„ > Strictly greater
„ <= Smaller than or equal to
„ >= Greater than equal to
„ & And operator
„ | Or operator
Operators (relational, logical)
X = 5;
Example X >= [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 10]
ans =

1 1 1
1 1 0
X = 5*ones(3,3); 0 0 0
X >= [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 10]
ans =
1 1 1
1 1 0
0 0 0
Truth Table

and or
Inputs A and B
A&B A|B
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1

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