HEAT TRANSFER

Chapter 4
Objectives:
• State that heat transfer can take place by conduction,
convection, and radiation .
• Solve simple numerical problems involving heat transfer
between substances when placed in contact with each other.
 Heat - It is the transfer of kinetic energy from one system to another.
Heat transfer can occur in three ways
Conduction
• Transfer of heat through direct contact
• Heat transfer rate (𝑯𝒇 ) is the ratio between
the amount of heat that passing from one
region to another (𝑸) and time needed for
that transfer (𝒕)

𝑬 (𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚)
𝑯𝒇 = ∆𝑸/∆𝒕 𝑷=
𝒕 (𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆)

1 Watt (W) = 1 J/s

Thermal conductivity (k) of some materials:

SUBSTANCE W/m °K
Copper 385.0
Aluminum 205.0
Brass 109.0
Iron 79.5
Steel 50.2
Ordinary glass 0.8
Wood 0.12-0.04
Convection
• Transfer of heat through the fluid or gas
movement of currents.

Which of the following statement is through about hot water

molecules and cold water molecules when heated.
a. When water is heated, hot and cold molecules both descend.
b. When water is heated, hot molecules descend while cold
molecules rise.
c. When water is heated, hot molecules tend to rise while cold
molecules descend.
d. When water is heated, hot molecules rise because it is denser
than water molecules.
 Radiation
• Transfer of heat through empty space by
electromagnetic waves.
• Radiant energy is the energy transferred.
• Absorptivity is the property of a body that
determines the fraction of incident radiation
absorbed by the body.

As temperature of an object increases, the amount of radiation that the object

emits increases.
 Answer the following questions:

1. Which statement is correct in terms of heat flow?

a. heat is going to flow from cold region to hot region. B
b. heat is going to flow from hot region to cold region.

2. What term is used to describe when two objects/body have the same temperature?
a. no heat flow or thermal equilibrium A
b. there’s heat flow

3. The higher the temperature of an object, the more _________ the molecules have.
a. potential energy B
b. kinetic energy
 Equation to calculate the rate of heat flow whenever objects are in contact with each other.
What is the rate of heat flow through a glass window that is 2m x 3m and 1.4 cm thick, the
outside temperature is 22° C and the inside temperature is 25° C? The thermal conductivity
of the material is 0.84 J/s m C.
2 m x 3m (length & width) rate of heat flow = ? k = thermal conductivity of the substance
∆Q kA∆T 1.4 cm thick A = area
= 25° C (inside temperature) ∆T = change in temperature
∆t L 22° C (outside temperature) L = length
0.84 J/s m C (thermal conductivity)

0.84 𝑗
∆Q 6𝑚2 3℃
= 𝑠.𝑚.𝐶
= 1080 W or 1080 J/s
∆t 0.014 m
The thermal conductivity of the sliding glass door is 0.84 J/s m C. If the length and width of
the sliding glass door is 80 inches x 60 inches respectively and with the thickness of 4.5 cm,
what is the rate of heat flow that pass through the sliding glass door?
Inside temperature is 27°C and outside temperature is 25°C

80 in x 60 in (length & width) rate of heat flow = ?

∆Q kA∆T 27° C (inside temperature
= 25° C (outside temperature)
∆t L 0.84 J/s m C (thermal conductivity)

0.84 𝑗
∆Q 3.09𝑚2 2℃
𝑠.𝑚.𝐶
= = 115.36 W or 115.36 J/s
∆t 0.045 𝑚
Compare the rate of heat flow between two objects with different distance and temperature of heat flow.

GLASS WINDOW SLIDING GLASS DOOR

Temperature Temperature
inside temp 25°C inside temp 27°C
outside temp 22°C outside temp 25°C
Distance of heat flow Distance of heat flow
0.014 m 0.045 m
Rate of heat flow/transfer Rate of heat flow/transfer
1080 W or 1080 J/s 115.36 W or 115.36 J/s

The rate of heat flow depends on the change of temperature and length between
hot and cold region
 Equation to calculate the thermal resistance (R) of an insulator

𝑳 R = thermal resistance of an insulator Relationship between:

𝑹= L = thickness/length/distance between hot and cold section k and R are inversely related
𝒌 k = thermal conductivity R and L are directly related

Determine and compare the k Silver Glass

and R of the two substances 420 W/m °K 0.84 W/m °K

What is the R value of a steel that has 10 mm thickness and thermal

conductivity of 50.2 W/m K?

𝑳 0.01 𝑚
𝑹= 𝑅= = 1.9920318173 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 or 0.001992 𝒎𝟐 𝑲/𝑾
𝒌 50.2 𝑊/𝑚 𝐾
 The R value for a certain building material that is 2.4 mm thick is 0.015 𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊.
What is the R-value if the thickness is increased to a.) 4.8 mm b) 1.7 mm

𝐑 𝟐 𝐋𝟐 R value = 0.015 𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊

=
𝐑 𝟏 𝐋𝟏 Thickness (L) = 2.4 mm

a.) 0.015
𝑅 0.048 𝑚
b.) 0.015
2 𝑅 0.048 𝑚
= = 0.024 𝑅2 = 0.00072 2
= = 0.024 𝑅2 = 0.0000255
0.024 𝑚 0.024 𝑚

0.024 𝑅2 0.00072 0.024 𝑅2 0.0000255

= =
0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024

𝑅2 = 0.03 𝑅2 = 0.00106
 The R value for a certain building material that is 0.0032 m thick is 0.0254
𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊. What is the R-value if the thickness is a.) 0.019 m b) 0.013 m

𝐑 𝟐 𝐋𝟐 R value = 0.0254 𝑚2 𝐾/𝑊

=
𝐑 𝟏 𝐋𝟏 Thickness (L) = 0.0013 m

a.) 0.0254
𝑅2
=
0.019 𝑚
0.0032 𝑚
= 0.0032 𝑅2 = 4.826 × 10−4 b.) 0.0254
𝑅2
=
0.013 𝑚
0.0032 𝑚
= 0. 0032𝑅2 = 3.302 × 10−4

0.0032 𝑅2 4.826 ×10−4 0.0032 𝑅2 3.302 ×10−4

= =
0.0032 0.0032 0.0032 0.0032

𝑅2 = 0.15 𝑅2 = 0.10
 Equation to calculate the rate of heat flow by means of radiation
e = emissivity
∆𝐐 σ = Stephen-Boltzmann constant (5.67 𝑥 10−8 W/𝑚2 𝐾)
radiation = e σAT 4 A = Area of the object
∆𝐭
T = temperature in degrees Kelvin

A sphere (e = 0.42) of radius 25 cm is at 27° C. It is placed in a room with a temperature

of 2° C. A) What is the rate of heat energy leaving the sphere? B) What is the rate of heat
energy entering the sphere? C) What is the net rate of heat energy for sphere?

∆𝐐 A = 4π𝑟 2
A.) radiation = e σAT 4 = (4)(π)(0.25)2
∆𝐭
∆𝐐 = 0.785
radiation = (0.42) (5.67 𝑥 10−8 )(0.785)(300)4
∆𝐭 K= °C + 273
-151.42 W or 151.42 J/s
= 27 + 273 = 300
For heat entering the region the sign is positive (+)
For heat leaving the region the sign is negative (-)
A sphere (e = 0.42) of radius 25 cm is at 27° C. It is placed in a room with a temperature
of 2° C. A) What is the rate of heat energy leaving the sphere? B) What is the rate of heat
energy entering the sphere? C) What is the net rate of heat energy for sphere?

∆𝐐
B.) radiation = e σAT 4
∆𝐭
∆𝐐
radiation = (0.42) (5.67 𝑥 10−8 )(0.785)(275)4
∆𝐭
+ 106.91 W or 106.91 J/s

C.) -151.42 W + 106.91 W = -44.51 W

Which of the following statement is through about hot water molecules and cold water
molecules when heated.
a. When water is heated, hot and cold molecules both descend. C
b. When water is heated, hot molecules descend while cold molecules rise.
c. When water is heated, hot molecules tend to rise while cold molecules descend.
d. When water is heated, hot molecules rise because it is denser than water
molecules.
Which statement is correct in terms of heat flow?
a. heat is going to flow from cold region to hot region. B
b. heat is going to flow from hot region to cold region.
What term is used to describe when two objects/body have the same temperature?
a. no heat flow or thermal equilibrium
b. there’s heat flow A
The higher the temperature of an object, the more _________ the molecules have.
a. potential energy
b. kinetic energy B
As temperature of an object increases, the amount of radiation that the object emits
increases
_____________.