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1.3 Trigonometric Functions

This document provides an overview of the topics to be covered in the MATH 131 Calculus I course, including: functions and their graphs, combining functions, trigonometric functions, and graphing with calculators and computers. The section on trigonometric functions defines angles, the six trigonometric functions, periodicity and graphs of trig functions, trig identities, the law of cosines, transforming trig graphs, and two special inequalities. It includes slides with definitions, formulas, examples, and figures to illustrate key concepts in trigonometry to be learned in the course. Students are assigned homework problems to reinforce these topics.

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Meng Heang Chhay
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164 views20 pages

1.3 Trigonometric Functions

This document provides an overview of the topics to be covered in the MATH 131 Calculus I course, including: functions and their graphs, combining functions, trigonometric functions, and graphing with calculators and computers. The section on trigonometric functions defines angles, the six trigonometric functions, periodicity and graphs of trig functions, trig identities, the law of cosines, transforming trig graphs, and two special inequalities. It includes slides with definitions, formulas, examples, and figures to illustrate key concepts in trigonometry to be learned in the course. Students are assigned homework problems to reinforce these topics.

Uploaded by

Meng Heang Chhay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATH 131 Calculus I

Lecturer: Abdulkasim Akhmedov

Saturday, February 11, 2023

1
1.1 Functions and Their Graphs
1.2 Combining Functions; Shifting and Scaling Graphs
1.3 Trigonometric Functions
1.4 Graphing with Calculators and Computers

PRACTICE EXERCISES
ADDITONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES

1.3 Trigonometric Functions Slide |2


Trigonometric Functions
1.3
 Angles
 The Six Trigonometric Functions
 Periodicity and Graphs of the Trigonometric
Functions
 Trigonometric Identities
 The Law of Cosines
 Transformation of Trigonometric Graphs
 Two Special Inequalities

1.3 Trigonometric Functions Slide |3


Keywords Angle, radian, degree, standard position, terminal ray, initial ray,
periodic, identity.

1.3 Trigonometric Functions Slide |4


 Angles

Figure 1.39 Angles in standard position in the xy-plane.

1.3 Trigonometric Functions Slide |5


Figure 1.40
Nonzero radian measures can be positive
or negative and can go beyond 2𝜋𝜋.

1.3 Trigonometric Functions Slide |6


 The Six Basic Trigonometric Functions

𝒚𝒚
Sine: 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝜽𝜽 = = 𝒚𝒚
𝒓𝒓
𝒙𝒙
Cosine: 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 𝜽𝜽 = = 𝒙𝒙
𝒓𝒓
𝒚𝒚
Tangent: 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝜽𝜽 =
𝒙𝒙
𝒓𝒓
Cosecant: 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝜽𝜽 =
𝒚𝒚

𝒓𝒓
secant: 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝜽𝜽 =
𝒙𝒙
𝒙𝒙
cotangent: 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝜽𝜽 =
𝒚𝒚

1.3 Trigonometric Functions Slide |7


 Signs of Trigonometric Functions

The CAST rule, remembered by the statement “Calculus Activates Student Thinking” tells which
trigonometric functions are positive in each quadrant.

1.3 Trigonometric Functions Slide |8


 Periodicity and Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions

Definition: A function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is periodic if there is a positive number p such that


𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑝𝑝 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) for every value of x. The smallest such value of p is the period of f.

Example 1 What is the period of the following functions?

𝟏𝟏. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = sin 2𝑥𝑥 4. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = cos 𝜋𝜋𝑥𝑥


𝜋𝜋𝑥𝑥
2. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = cos 5. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = −cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑥𝑥
2
𝑥𝑥 𝜋𝜋
3. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = sin 6. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = sin 𝑥𝑥 +
2 6

1.3 Trigonometric Functions Slide |9


Example 1 What is the period of the following functions?

𝟏𝟏. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = sin 2𝑥𝑥 4. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = cos 𝜋𝜋𝑥𝑥


𝜋𝜋𝑥𝑥
2. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = cos 5. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = −cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑥𝑥
2
𝑥𝑥 𝜋𝜋
3. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = sin 6. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = sin 𝑥𝑥 +
2 6

1.3 Trigonometric Functions Slide |10


 Trigonometric Identities

1. cos2 𝜃𝜃 + sin2 𝜃𝜃 = 1

2. 1 + tan2 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝜃𝜃
3. 1 + cot 2 𝜃𝜃 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝜃𝜃

Addition Formulas
4. cos 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 = cos 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵 − sin 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵

5. sin 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐵𝐵 = sin 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐵𝐵 + cos 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝐵𝐵

1.3 Trigonometric Functions Slide |11


Double-Angle Formulas
6. cos 2𝐴𝐴 = cos2 𝐴𝐴 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝐴𝐴
7. sin 2𝐴𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴𝐴 cos 𝐴𝐴

Half-Angle Formulas
1+cos 2𝜃𝜃
6. 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝜃𝜃 =
2

1−cos 2𝜃𝜃
7. 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝜃𝜃 =
2

1.3 Trigonometric Functions Slide |12


 The Law of Cosines

8. 𝑎𝑎2 = 𝑏𝑏 2 + 𝑐𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 cos 𝛼𝛼

𝑏𝑏 2 = 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑐𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 cos 𝛽𝛽

𝑐𝑐 2 = 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑏𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 cos 𝛾𝛾

1.3 Trigonometric Functions Slide |13


1.3 Trigonometric Functions Slide |14
1.3 Trigonometric Functions Slide |15
1.3 Trigonometric Functions Slide |16
 Two Special Inequalities

For any angle θ measured in radians,

− 𝜃𝜃 ≤ sin 𝜃𝜃 ≤ 𝜃𝜃 and − 𝜃𝜃 ≤ 1 − cos 𝜃𝜃 ≤ 𝜃𝜃

1.3 Trigonometric Functions Slide |17


 Transformation of Trigonometric Graphs

The rules for shifting, stretching, compressing, and reflecting the graph of a function
summarized in the following diagram apply to the trigonometric functions we have
discussed in this section.

1.3 Trigonometric Functions Slide |18


The transformation rules applied to the sine function give the general sine function
or sinusoid formula
2𝜋𝜋
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝐴𝐴 sin 𝑥𝑥 − 𝐶𝐶 + 𝐷𝐷
𝐵𝐵

where 𝐴𝐴 is the amplitude, 𝐵𝐵 is the period, C is the horizontal shift, and D is the
vertical shift. A graphical interpretation of the various terms is given below.

1.3 Trigonometric Functions Slide |19


HOMEWORK
EXERCISE 1.3, Q 1-54

Have a great day ahead!!!

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