WHY STUDY LITERATURE? 3.

Play

Latin “litera” means letter - Divided into act

1. So we can better appreciate our literary 4. Legend

heritage.
2. Educates people in the society. - Fictious narrative about origin
3. Expresses people’s culture.
5. Fables
4. To entertain people.
5. To influence people in the society - Animals, provides children with moral
6. To develop language. and lessons
7. To liberate people mentally and physically.
8. To criticize the society. 6. Anecdotes
9. Enables us to connect with the mind of the
authors. We are able to see their thoughts and - Aim is to give moral
ideas and become one with them. - Tell a single lesson
10. Gives us an incredible power.
11. Has the power similar to the space stone that 7. Essay
enables a holder to create a portal to go to any - Viewpoint
place he would like.
- opinion
12. Connect our souls as Filipinos.
13. Allows us to unlock and past and go back to 8. Biography
important historical events.
14. The power for reality or the power of literature - Life of a person that is about himself
to open their eyes of its audiences.
15. literature as any printed matter written within a 9. Autobiography
book, a magazine or a pamphlet
- Life of person written by someone else.
16. literature as a faithful reproduction of man’s
manifold experiences blended into one 10. News
harmonious expression
17. Brother Azurin, said that “literature expresses - Things happened around the world
the feelings of people to society, to the - Everyday report
government, to his surroundings, to his
fellowmen and to his Divine Creator.” 11. Oration
18. literature is anything that is printed, as long as
- Kind of speech with action
it is related to the ideas and feelings of people,
- Trying to promote something in order
whether it is true, or just a product of one’s
imagination Poetry

- Has patterns, rhymes, stanza

- Follows measure
Morphology – word
3 TYPES OF POETRY
Phenology – sound
1. Narrative poetry
2 GENRE OF LITERATURE
– describes important events in life either its
PROSE real or not.
Is an ordinary writing style in literature, which TYPES OF NARRATIVE
encompasses characters, plot, mood, theme, the point of
view, setting, etc. making it a distinctive form of 1. EPIC
language.
- extended narrative about heroic under
TYPES OF PROSE supernatural control

1. Novel - presents heroic events in a specific event

- True to life stories 2. METRICAL TALE

- Divided into chapters
- Written inverse, can be classified as ballad
2. Short Story
3. BALLAD
- has narrative plot/ single impression
- Shortest and simple, focusing only on one
Ex. Dead star event
 - Tells story and traditionally set to music, - A written work that both tells a story and
war, mythical, sea, moral, humorous and connects the reader to an audience through emotions or
historical behavior.

- A form narratively closely related to acting, it

usually performed physically and can be either spoken or
2. Lyric poetry sung.
- kind of poetry that meant to be sang

- a short poem TYPES OF DRAMATIC

- usually written in first person point of view 1.COMEDY
and express personal thoughts/feelings
- “komos” Greek word – festivity
TYPES OF LYRIC POETRY - Usually has happy ending, amusingSW
1. FOLK SONG 2. MELODRAMA
- Poems intended to be sang. - Has intense emotion, only amusing the
2. SONNET principle character has the happy ending

3. TRAGEDY
- Lyric poem of 14 lines dealing with
emotions - Hero struggling against dynamic forces,
TYPES OF SONNET greed over ambition excess of love

4. FARCE
- ITALIAN & SHAKESPEAREAN
 IAMBIC PENTAMETER - Exaggerated comedy
- Line of verse with 5 consisting one short
syllable followed by one long syllable 5. SOCIAL POEMS
- Penta “5”
- Purely tragic or comic
- Iamb “ foot” or unstressed syllable
- Bring out changes in social condition
3. ELEGY existing in a society

- Typically reflects on deaths or loss

- Lyric poem, expresses sorrowful
POETRY
melancholy
 EULOGY Is something that arouses a complete
- speech imaginative feeling, by choosing appropriate language
- From the Greek word, "praise," a eulogy and selective words and arranging them in a manner that
is a formal expression of praise for creates a proper patter, rhyme (two or more words having
someone who has recently died. identical ending sounds) and rhythm.
4. ODE

- Greek “aoide” or “song” to something

- No definite number of syllabu, not very
lengthy
- Written to address and praised a subject

5. DALIT
ELEMENTS OF SHORT STORY
- God
 A short story is a brief work of prose fiction,
6. AWIT shorter than a novel or novella and longer than
7. CORRIDOS anecdote.

- 8 syllabus 1. Point of view – refers to the perspective

from which a story is told.
2. Setting - is where and when it takes place.
3. Character - is a person, animal, being,
3. Dramatic poetry creature, or thing in a story. Writers use
 characters to perform the actions and  The writers know us better than we know
speak dialogue, moving the story along a ourselves. They find the word to describe the
plot line. fragile, weird, special experiences of our inner
4. Characterization - is a literary device that lives.
is used step-by-step in literature to  The writers open our hearts and minds and give
highlight and explain the details of a us maps to our own selves so that we can travel
character in a story. in the more reliably and with less of a feeling
5. Plot - is the central theme, reason, or of paranoia and persecution.
cause of this story and draws readers in  As the writer Emerson remarked: “In the works
and keeps them reading. The reader will of great writers, we finds our own neglected
begin to see the plot unfold, but it is thoughts”
essentially what makes your main  Literature is a corrective to the superficiality
characters through a sequence of events. and compromises of friendship. Books are true
6. Conflict - is opposition and struggle. It friends, always to hand, never too busy, giving
may be strife between characters who us unvarnished accounts of what things are
have opposing goals and desires, or really there.
between a character and their own inner
doubts, demons and contradictions.
7. Theme - are often universal in nature.
4. IT PREPARES YOU FOR FAILURE
Some common universal themes are based
on motifs of redemption, freedom,  Great books don’t judge as harshly or as one-
equality, sacrifice, betrayal, loyalty, greed, dimensionally as the media. They evoke pity
justice, oppression, revenge, and love. for the hero and fear for ourselves based on a
Themes can also be personal and part of new sense of how near we all are to destroying
the human condition. our own lives.
 Literature deserves its prestige for one reason
above all others because it’s a toll to help us
live and die with a little more wisdom,
goodness and sanity.

WHAT IS LITERATURE FOR? LITERATURE IN THE PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

1. GREATEST TIME SAVER – would take us to years,  Folk tales, epics, poems, chants, and other
decades, millenia for us to experience it directly. form of literature existed in most
ethnolinguistic group and were passed from
 GREATEST REALITY SIMULATOR – a generation to generation through the word of
machine that puts u through infinitely more mouth.
situations that u could witness directly. Like  Pre- colonial inhabitants of our islands
travel from one place to another.
showcase a rich past through their folk
 CURES YOU PROVINCIALISM and at speeches, folk songs, folk narratives, and
almost no cost, turns us into citizens of the
indigenous rituals and mimetic dances that
world. affirm our ties with our Southeast Asian
2. IT MAKES YOU NICER neighbors.
 Literary pieces include Tigmo in Cebuano,
 Allows us to consider the consequences of our Bugtong in Tagalog, Patototdon in Bicol, and
actions on others in a way we can otherwise Paktakon in Ilonggo
wouldn’t. it shows us examples of kindly,
generous, sympathetic people.
 Typically stand opposed to the dominant values
1. FOLK NARRATIVES
system, the one that rewards money and power.
 Writers on the other side, they make us - Are stories handed down from the remote
sympathetic to ideas and feelings that are of past by word of mouth from one
deep importance but that can’t afford airtime in generation to another, reflecting the
a commercialized status-conscious and cynical people’s tradition, feelings, beliefs, and
world. judgement.
3. IT’S A CURE FOR LONELINESS 2. MTYHS
 Thru books, we find descriptions of who we - Prose narratives which are considered
genuinely are and what events are actually like, truthful accounts of what happened in the
describes with an honesty quite different from remote past.
what ordinary conversations allows for.
 - Embodiment of dogma; sacred; and  Kudaman (Palawan)
associated with theology and ritual  An Tobig Neg Keboklagan (Subanon)
- Account for the origin.  Ulahingan (Livunganen-Arumanen Manobo)
 Ex. Myth of Malakas and Maganda  Hudhud ni Aliguyon ( The Tales of Aliguyon
 The Creation (Igorot-Luzon)
2. RIDDLES
 How the World Was Made ( Visayans-Visayas)
 Origin (Bagobo-Mindanao) - Is a question, a puzzle, a phrase, or a statement
devised to get unexpected or clever answers.
3. PHILIPPINE MYTHOLOGY - Unlike proverbs, they demand an answer and
are used to test the wits of those who are
- Includes deities, creation stories, mythical listening.
creatures and beliefs. The vary among the
many indigenous tribes of the Philippines.
 EX: Bathala (King of the Gods) 3. PROVERBS
 Apolaki (God of the Sun) - “SALAWIKAIN”
 Dal’lang (Goddess of Beauty)
- Pithy sayings that contain advice or state a
 Dian Masalanta (Maria Makiling)
basic truth.
- May have an allegorical message behind it odd
appearance.
4. LEGENDS  EX: Matibay ang walis, palibhasa’y
magkabigkis. (People gain strength by standing
- Fictious narrative which explain the origin together.
of things, places, or names.  Mahirap gisingin and natutulog-tulugan.
- More often secular than sacred (While it is easy to tell people something they
- Principal characters are humans do no know, it is much harder if they are
- Counterparts in the verbal tradition of willfully choosing not to see what is before
written history. them.
 EX: The Legend of Rice  Pagmay tiyaga, may nilaga (Hardwork and
 The Legend of Bulkang Mayon perseverance are needed to reach your goals.
 The Legend and the short history of Pila, But if you keep trying, one day you will enjoy
Laguna the results of your efforts.)
 The Legend of the Mango

4. PHILIPPINE FOLK MUSIC

- Reflects the life of common

- Have a strong connection with nature
- Reflective of the country’s history as a melting
5. FOLKTALES
pot of different cultures.
- Prose narratives of incidents the do not - The largest body of songs are those using the
belong to a specific place or time. various vernacular languages.
- Characters can be either humans, animals, - Music was created for different occasions and
pr even plants it was shared by the communities.
 EX: Pilando and Bombola (Maranao) - It id a frequently used system to classify and
 Big Belly and the Bully of the Forest (Manuvu) identify according to cultural division.
 Bata Mama and Bata Bahi (Bukidnon) - To us Filipinos it has truly manifested the
artistic of the folk songs, just like the bahay
kubo.
EARLY POETRY - Folk songs became widespread in the
Philippines.
1. EPICS  EX: Bahay Kubo (Tagalog)
 Magtanim ay Di Biro ( Tagalog)
- Considered as ethno-epics  Dandansoy (Bisaya)
- Revolve around supernatural events or heroic  Sarong Banggi (Bicol)
deeds
- Sung or chanted with the accompaniment of
indigenous musical instruments and dancing
5. RITUALISTIC CHANTS
performed.
 EX: Biag Ni Lam-Ang (Ilocano)
 - These are used in witchcraft or enchantments - Chose realistic Novel as his medium El
- Pre-colonial Filipinos believed in the unseen Filibusterismo & Noli Me Tangere
spirits and the supernatural
 EX: Darangen (Maranao)
 Guibang Ritual (Visayans) Marcelo H. Del Pilar & Graciano Lopez Jaena
 Kaibang(Tagalog Tribes)
 Tamblan(Cebuanos) - Social Reformists
- Formed the propaganda movement and printed
works that were considered submersive
Hudhud Chants
- Traditionally performed by the Ifugao
community.

Dung-aw SPANISH ERA (ADDITIONAL NOTES)

- A death chant from Ilocos
It is an accepted belief that the Spanish colonization of
the Philippines started in 1565 during the time of Miguel
Lopez de Legazpi, the first Spanish governor-general in
PHILPPINE LITERATURE IN THE SPANISH the Philippines.
COLONIAL PERIOD Literature started to flourish during his time. This spurt
continued unabated until the Cavite Revolt in 1872. The
What happened during these dates? Spaniards colonized the Philippines for more than three
centuries (303 years)
March 6, 1521
March 16, 1521- The arrival of the Spaniards in
Ferdinand Magellan arrived on the shores of Homonhon.
Samar/Samal
March 31, 1521
Homomhon- Where they stopped over
Magellan solemnly planted a cross on the summit of a
hill overlooking the sea and claimed for the King of
Spain possession of the islands, naming them During these times, many changes occurred in the lives
Archipelago of St. Lazarus. of Filipinos. They embraced the Catholic religion,
changed their names, and were baptized.
Their lifestyles changed too. They built houses mad of
stones and bricks, used beautiful furniture like the piano
April 27, 1521 and used kitchen utensils. Carriages, trains and boats
were used as means of travel. They held fiestas to honor
Magellan invaded Mactan Island. Together with his 14 the saints, the pope and the governors. They had
soldiers, Magellan was killed by Lapu-Lapu. cockfights, horse races and the theater as means of
recreation.

This gave rise to the formation of the different classes of

1543 society like the rich and the landlords. Some Filipinos
finished courses like medicine, law, agriculture and
Ruy Lopez de Villalobos named the islands of Leyte and teaching. Many Filipinos finished their schooling already
Samar Las Islas Filipinas after Philip II of Spain. had been established
January 16, 1556
SPANISH INFLUENCES ON PHILIPPINE
Philip II became King of Spain and ordered an LITERATURE
expedition to Spice Islands.
Due to the long period of colonization of the
February 13, 1565 Philippines by the Spaniards, they have exerted a strong
influence on our literature
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi with 500 other men arrived on
Cebu, conquering it despite Cebuanos’ opposition. 1. The first Filipino alphabet called ALIBATA
was replaced by the Roman alphabet.
2. The teaching of the Christian Doctrine became
the basis of religious practices.
WRITERS OF THE SPANISH ERA 3. The Spanish language which became the
literary language during this time lent many of
Francisco Balagtas its words to our
4. European legends and traditions brought here
- Also known as “Balagtas” Master of traditional became assimilated in our songs, corridos, and
Poetry Florante at Laura moro-moros language.
 Jose Rizal
 5. Ancient literature was collected and translated behavior of people in society because the letters dealt
to Tagalog and other dialects. with good behavior.

6. Many grammar books were printed in Filipino, 7.Ang Mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary).
like Tagalog, Ilocano and Visayan
7. Our periodicals during these times gained a A collection of songs praising the Virgin Mary. Fr.
religious tone. Mariano Sevilla, a Filipino priest, wrote this in 1865 and
it was popular especially during the Maytime “Flores de
Mayo” festival.

THE FIRST BOOKS

FOLK SONGS
1.Ang Doctrina Cristiana
Became widespread in the Philippines. Each region had
This was the first book printed in the Philippines in 1593 its national song from the lowlands to the mountains of
in xylography. It was written by Fr. Juan de Placencia Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. Folk songs truly
and Fr. Domingo Nieva, in Tagalog and Spanish. It manifest the artistic feelings of the Filipinos. They show
contained the Pater Noster (Out Father), Ave Maria (Hail the Filipinos’ innate
Mary), Regina Coeli (Hail Holy Queen), the Ten appreciation for and love of beauty. The examples are
Commandments of God, the Commandments of the
Catholic. Leron-Leron Sinta – Tagalog
Pamulinawen Iloko
2. Nuestra Señora del Rosario. Dandansoy – Bisaya
Sarong Banggi – Bicol
The second book printed in the Atin Cu Pung Singsing – kapampangan
Philippines was written by Fr. Blancas de San Jose in
1602, and printed at the UST Printing Press with the help
of Juan de Vera, a Chinese mestizo. It contains the
biographies of saints, novenas, and questions and RECEREATIONAL PLAYS
answers on religion.
There are many recreational plays performed by Filipinos
3. Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre (in during the Spanish times. Almost all of them were in
Spanish and Tagalog). poetic form. Here are examples:

This is the first book printed in typography. 1. Tibag – means to excavate. This ritual was brought
here by the Spaniard to remind the people about the
search of St. Helena for the Cross on which Jesus died.
4. Ang Barlaan at Josephat.
2. Lagaylay – this is a special occasion for the Pilareños
This is a Biblical story printed in the Philippines and of Sorsogon during Maytime to get together. As early as
translated to Tagalog from Greek by Fr. Antonio April, the participating ladies are chosen and sometimes,
deBorja. It is believed to be the first Tagalog novel mothers volunteer their girls in order to fulfill a vow
published in the Philippines even if it is only a made during an illness or for a favor received. In some
translation. The printed translation has only 556 pages. parts of Bicol, a different presentation is made but the
The Ilocano translation in poetry was done by Fr. objective is the same – praise, respect and offering of
Agustin Mejia. love to the Blessed Cross by St. Helen on the mound she
had dug in.
5. The Pasion.
3. The Cenaculo – this is a dramatic performance to
This is the book about the life and sufferings of Jesus commemorate the passion and death of Jesus Christ.
Christ. It is read only during Lent. There were 4 versions There are two kinds: the Cantada and Hablada . In the
of this in Tagalog and each version is according to the Hablada the lines are spoken in a more deliberate manner
name of the writer. These are the Pilapil version (by showing the rhythmic measure of each verse and the
Mariano Pilapil of Bulacan, (1814), the de Belen version rhyming in each stanza and is more dignified in theme;
(by Gaspar Aquino de Belen of Bat. in (1704), the de la the Cantada is chanted like the Pasion.
Merced (by Aniceto de la Merced of Norzagaray, The Cenaculo is written in octosyllabic verse,
Bulacan in 1856) and the de Guia version (by Luis de with 8 verses to the stanza. The full length versions take
Guia in 1750). Critics are not agreed whether it is the about 3 nights of staging. Performers come in costumes
Pilapil or the de la Merced version which is the most with wigs and performers are carefully chosen for their
popular. virtuous life. One performs the role of Jesus Christ and
another the role of the Virgin Mary. Many famous
6. Urbana at Felisa. Cenaculo players come from the Tagalog regions
although there are also those from Ilocos,
A book by Modesto de Castro, the so called Father of Pampanga,Bicol and both Sibulanon and Hiligaynon.
Classic Prose in Tagalog. These are letters between two
sisters Urbana at Felisa and have influenced greatly the 4. Panunuluyan – this is presented before 12:00 on
Christmas Eve. This is a presentation of the search of the
Virgin Mary and St. Joseph for an inn wherein to deliver
the baby Jesus.

5. The Salubong (or Panubong) - The Salubong is an

Easter play that dramatizes the meeting of the Risen
Christ and his Mother. It is still presented in many
Philippine towns.

6. Carillo (Shadow Play) – this is a form of dramatic

entertainment performed on a moonless night during a
town fiesta or on dark nights after a harvest. This shadow
play is made by projecting cardboard figures before a
lamp against a white sheet. The figures are moved like
marionettes whose dialogues are produced by some
experts. The dialogues are drawn from a Corrido or Awit
or some religious play interspersed with songs.

These are called by various names in different places:

Carillo in Manila, Rizal and Batangas and Laguna
TITRES in Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, Bataan, Capiz and
Negros

TITIRI in Zambales;

GAGALO or KIKIMUT in Pampanga and Tarlac;

ALIALA in La Union.

7. The Zarzuela – considered the father of the drama; it

is a musical comedy or melodrama three acts which dealt
with man’s passions and emotions like love, hate,
revenge, cruelty, avarice or some social or political
poems. These was originally performed by travelling
dramatic troupes organized by royal mandate of
Governer Narciso Claveria to stimulate dramatic
performances

8.The Zainete – this was a short musical comedy

popular during the 18 th century. They were exaggerated
comedies shown between acts of long plays and were
mostly performed by characters from the lower classes.
Themes were taken from everyday life scenarios.

9.The Moro-Moro.- Like the Cenaculo, the Moro-moro

is presented also on a special stage. This is performed
during town fiestas to entertain
the people and to remind them of their Christian religion.
The plot is usually the same that of a Christian princess
or a nobleman’s daughter who is captured by the
Mohammedans. The father organizes a rescue party
where fighting between the Moros and the Christians
ensue. The Mohammedans are defeated by some miracle
or Divine Intercession and the Mohammedans are
converted to Christianity.
In some instances, the whole kingdom is baptized and
converted. One example of this is Prinsipe Rodante.

KARAGATAN.
This is a poetic vehicle of a socio-religious
nature celebrated during the death of a person. In this
contest, more or less formal, a ritual is performed based
on a legend about a
princess who dropped her ring into the middle of the sea
and who offered here hand in marriage to anyone who
can retrieve it.