GR-468-CORE

Issue 2 Reliability Assurance for Optoelectronic Devices

September 2004 Contents

Contents

1 Introduction
1.1 Scope and Purpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–1
1.2 Reliability Assurance - Overview and Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–2
1.2.1 Overview of Reliability Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–2
1.2.2 Reliability Assurance Generic Requirements Philosophy . . . . . . . . . 1–3
1.3 Document History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4
1.3.1 Changes Between Issues 1 and 2 of GR-468-CORE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–4
1.3.2 Changes Between TR-NWT-000468/TA-NWT-000983 and GR-468-CORE,
Issue 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–5
1.4 Related Telcordia Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–6
1.5 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7
1.5.1 Device Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–7
1.5.2 Suppliers, Manufacturers, and Customers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–11
1.5.3 Operating Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–11
1.5.3.1 CO Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–12
1.5.3.2 UNC Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–12
1.5.4 Quality Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–13
1.5.5 Failure Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–15
1.5.6 Requirements Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–15
1.6 Requirement Labeling Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–16
1.6.1 Numbering of Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–16
1.6.2 Identification of Object Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–16
1.6.3 Requirement Object Absolute Number Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–17

2 Reliability Assurance Processes

2.1 Supplier Approval and Device Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–1
2.1.1 Specification and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–2
2.1.2 Supplier Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–2
2.1.3 Common Process-Related Criteria for Device Qualification . . . . . . . 2–3
2.1.3.1 Qualification Test Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–3
2.1.3.2 Qualification of Devices by Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–5
2.1.3.3 Levels of Assembly for Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–5
2.1.3.4 Provisional Use of Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–6
2.1.3.5 Use of Supplier-Provided Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–8
2.1.3.6 Treatment of Internally Manufactured Devices . . . . . . . . . . . 2–8
2.1.3.7 Sampling for Qualification Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–9
2.1.3.7.1 LTPD Sampling Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–9
2.1.3.7.2 Use of Nonconforming Devices for Qualification . . . . . . . 2–10
2.1.3.7.3 Treatment of Low Volume Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–11
2.1.3.7.4 Characterization Test Data for Additional Samples . . . . . . 2–11
2.1.3.7.5 Additional Considerations for Stress Tests . . . . . . . . . . 2–11
2.1.3.8 Device Codes that Fail Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–12
2.1.4 Requalification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–13

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2.2 Lot-to-Lot Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–15

2.2.1 Definition of a Lot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–15
2.2.2 Purchase Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–16
2.2.3 Sampling for Lot-to-Lot Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–16
2.2.3.1 AQL-Based Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–17
2.2.3.2 Treatment of Low Volume Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–17
2.2.4 Source Inspection/Incoming Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–18
2.2.4.1 Use of Supplier-Provided Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–18
2.2.4.2 Treatment of Internally Manufactured Devices . . . . . . . . . . . 2–19
2.2.4.3 Controls for Devices Used in Purchased Modules . . . . . . . . . . 2–19
2.2.5 Lot-to-Lot Control Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–19
2.2.6 Lot-to-Lot Control Test Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–20
2.2.6.1 Visual Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–20
2.2.6.2 Electrical and Optical Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–21
2.2.6.3 Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–21
2.2.7 Data Recording and Retention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–22
2.2.8 Summary of Supplier History Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–23
2.2.9 Treatment of Defective Devices and Lots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–23
2.2.10 Ship-to-Stock Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–23
2.3 Feedback and Corrective Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–25
2.3.1 Lot-to-Lot Control Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–26
2.3.2 Circuit Pack Test and Burn-In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–26
2.3.3 System-Level Test and Burn-In . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–27
2.3.4 Repair of Field Returns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–27
2.3.5 Unconfirmed Circuit Pack Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–27
2.3.6 Data Collection and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–28
2.3.7 Device Failure Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–28
2.4 Device Storage and Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–29
2.4.1 Nonconforming Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–29
2.4.2 Material Review System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–29
2.4.3 Stockroom Inventory Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–29
2.4.3.1 FIFO Inventory Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–29
2.4.3.2 Reworked Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–30
2.4.4 ESD Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–30
2.5 Documentation and Test Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–31
2.5.1 Availability of Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–32
2.5.2 Availability of Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–32
2.6 Availability of Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–33
2.7 Environmental, Health, Safety, and Physical Design Considerations . . . . . . 2–33
2.7.1 Environmental Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–33
2.7.2 Health Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–33
2.7.3 Safety Considerations - Flammability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–34
2.7.4 Physical Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–34
2.7.4.1 Hermeticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–34
2.7.4.2 Solder Flux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–35
2.7.4.3 Allowable Terminal and Lead Finishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–35

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Issue 2 Reliability Assurance for Optoelectronic Devices
September 2004 Contents

3 Test Procedures
3.1 General Test Procedure Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–1
3.1.1 Standardized Test Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–1
3.1.2 Test Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–2
3.1.3 Establishment of Pass/Fail Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–2
3.1.4 Alternative Test Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–2
3.1.4.1 Calculation of Equivalent Test Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–3
3.1.4.2 Activation Energies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–4
3.1.4.3 Additional Considerations Related to Multiple Failure
Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–5
3.2 Characterization Test Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6
3.2.1 Spectral Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6
3.2.1.1 Spectral Characteristics for MLM Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–7
3.2.1.2 Spectral Characteristics for SLM Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–9
3.2.1.2.1 Considerations for Continuous Wave Lasers . . . . . . . . . . 3–10
3.2.1.2.2 Considerations for WDM Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–11
3.2.1.2.3 Considerations for Tunable Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–12
3.2.1.2.4 Considerations for High Bit-Rate Applications . . . . . . . . 3–12
3.2.1.3 Spectral Characteristics for LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–13
3.2.2 Output Power/Drive Current Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–14
3.2.2.1 General Output Power and L-I Curve Measurement
Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–14
3.2.2.2 Laser Threshold Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–16
3.2.2.3 Laser Threshold Current Temperature Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . 3–16
3.2.2.4 Output Power Levels at Particular Current Levels . . . . . . . . . . 3–17
3.2.2.4.1 Laser Output Power at the Threshold Current . . . . . . . . . 3–17
3.2.2.4.2 LED Output Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–17
3.2.2.5 Linearity of the Laser L-I Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–17
3.2.2.5.1 Overall Linearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–18
3.2.2.5.2 Kinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–18
3.2.2.5.3 Saturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–19
3.2.2.6 Laser Slope Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–19
3.2.2.7 Relative Intensity Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–20
3.2.2.8 EELED Superluminescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–20
3.2.2.9 EELED Lasing Threshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–20
3.2.3 Laser Voltage-Current Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–20
3.2.4 Modulated Output Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–21
3.2.4.1 Modulated Signal Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–21
3.2.4.1.1 Eye Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–21
3.2.4.1.2 Rise and Fall Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–23
3.2.4.2 Extinction Ratio and Modulation Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–24
3.2.4.3 Turn-On Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–25
3.2.4.4 Cutoff Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–25
3.2.5 Tunable Laser Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–26
3.2.6 Optical Output Fields and Component Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–26
3.2.6.1 Far-Field Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–26

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3.2.6.2 Coupling Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–27

3.2.6.3 Front-To-Rear Tracking Ratio Deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–27
3.2.6.4 Front-To-Rear Tracking Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–28
3.2.6.5 Polarization Extinction Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–28
3.2.7 Modulator Optical and Electrical Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–29
3.2.7.1 EA Modulator Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–29
3.2.7.2 External Modulator Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–30
3.2.8 Photodetector Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–31
3.2.8.1 Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–31
3.2.8.2 Spatial Homogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–32
3.2.8.3 Linearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–33
3.2.8.4 Monitor Photodetector Photocurrent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–34
3.2.8.5 Dark Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–34
3.2.8.6 Capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–35
3.2.8.7 Cutoff Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–35
3.2.8.8 Breakdown Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–35
3.2.8.9 Excess Noise Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–35
3.2.9 Receiver Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–36
3.2.9.1 Received Optical Power Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–36
3.2.9.2 Tolerance to Incoming Signal Degradations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–37
3.2.10 Physical Characteristics of Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–37
3.2.10.1 Internal Moisture and Hermeticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–37
3.2.10.1.1 Internal Moisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–38
3.2.10.1.2 Hermeticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–38
3.2.10.2 ESD Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–39
3.2.10.2.1 ESD Threshold Testing of Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–39
3.2.10.2.2 ESD Susceptibility Testing of Integrated Modules . . . . . . 3–40
3.2.10.3 Flammability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–40
3.2.10.4 Die Shear Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–41
3.2.10.5 Solderability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–41
3.2.10.6 Wire Bond Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–41
3.3 Stress Test Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–42
3.3.1 Mechanical Integrity Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–42
3.3.1.1 Mechanical Shock and Vibration Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–42
3.3.1.1.1 Mechanical Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–42
3.3.1.1.2 Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–43
3.3.1.2 Thermal Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–43
3.3.1.3 Fiber Integrity Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–44
3.3.1.3.1 Twist Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–45
3.3.1.3.2 Side Pull Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–45
3.3.1.3.3 Cable Retention Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–45
3.3.1.4 Connectorized and Receptacle Device Durability Tests . . . . . . . 3–46
3.3.1.4.1 Mating Durability Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–46
3.3.1.4.2 Wiggle Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–46
3.3.1.4.3 Pull Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–47
3.3.2 Non-Powered Environmental Stress Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–47
3.3.2.1 Storage Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–47

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3.3.2.2 Temperature Cycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–48

3.3.2.3 Damp Heat Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–48
3.3.3 Powered Environmental Stress Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–49
3.3.3.1 High-Temperature Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–49
3.3.3.1.1 Test Time and Temperature Considerations . . . . . . . . . . 3–50
3.3.3.1.2 Other Test Condition Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–51
3.3.3.1.3 Applicability of the High-Temperature Operations Test . . . 3–52
3.3.3.2 Cyclic Moisture Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–53
3.3.3.3 Damp Heat (Powered Tests for Non-Hermetic Devices) . . . . . . 3–54
3.4 Accelerated Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–54
3.4.1 High-Temperature Accelerated Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–55
3.4.1.1 Testing at Constant Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–55
3.4.1.2 Alternative (Variable Temperature) Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–56
3.4.1.3 Additional Considerations for Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–56
3.4.1.4 Additional Considerations for Photodiodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–57
3.4.1.5 Additional Considerations for External Modulators . . . . . . . . . 3–57
3.4.2 Temperature Cycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–57
3.4.3 Damp Heat for Non-Hermetic Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–57
3.4.4 Failure Rates and Reliability Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–58
3.4.4.1 Failure Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–58
3.4.4.2 Analysis of Gradual Degradations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–58
3.4.4.3 Reliability Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–60
3.4.4.4 Reporting of Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–60

4 Qualification of Optoelectronic Devices

4.1 Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–2
4.1.1 Characterization Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–2
4.1.2 Characterization Test Pass/Fail Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9
4.2 Stress Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9
4.2.1 Mechanical Integrity and Environmental Stress Tests . . . . . . . . . . . 4–9
4.2.2 Stress Test Pass/Fail Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–15
4.3 Considerations for the Qualification of Pump Laser Modules . . . . . . . . . . 4–16
4.4 Considerations for the Qualification of Integrated Modules . . . . . . . . . . . 4–17
4.4.1 Sample Size and Level of Assembly Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–17
4.4.2 Operational Shock and Vibration Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–18

5 Optoelectronic Device Reliability Testing

5.1 Accelerated Aging Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–1
5.2 Accelerated Aging End-of-Life Thresholds and Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–4

6 Lot-To-Lot Controls for Optoelectronic Devices

6.1 Visual Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–1
6.2 Electrical and Optical Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–1
6.3 Screening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–1
6.3.1 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–1

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Contents September 2004

6.3.2 Screening Pass/Fail Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6–2

7 Qualification and Lot-to-Lot Controls for Other Component Parts

7.1 Thermoelectric Coolers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–1
7.1.1 TEC-Specific Test Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–2
7.1.1.1 Thermoelectric Cooler and Temperature Sensor Checks . . . . . . 7–2
7.1.1.2 Power Cycle Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–2
7.1.2 TEC Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–2
7.1.3 TEC Lot-to-Lot Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4
7.2 Temperature Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4
7.3 Optical Isolators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4
7.4 Fiber Pigtails and Optical Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–4
7.5 General Electrical/Electronic Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–5
7.6 Hybrids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7–5

Appendix A: Sampling Plan Tables

Appendix B: References

Appendix C: Symbols, Units, Abbreviations, and Acronyms

Requirement-Object Index

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Issue 2 Reliability Assurance for Optoelectronic Devices
September 2004 List of Figures

List of Figures

Figure 1-1 Elements of a Comprehensive Reliability Assurance Program . . . 1–3

Figure 1-2 Examples of Optoelectronic Device Module Designs . . . . . . . . 1–10
Figure 1-3 Schematic of a Common Laser Module Design . . . . . . . . . . . 1–11
Figure 3-1 Example for Two Failure Mechanisms with Different Activation
Energies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–6
Figure 3-2 Example of an MLM Laser Optical Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–9
Figure 3-3 Example of L-I and dL/dI Curves With a Kink . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–19
Figure 3-4 Example Mask for High Bit-Rate Signal Eye Pattern Test . . . . . 3–22
Figure 3-5 Rise and Fall Time Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–23
Figure 3-6 Measurement of Turn-On Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–25
Figure 3-7 Laser Far Field Pattern Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–27
Figure 3-8 Example of Spatial Homogeneity Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–33
Figure 3-9 Example of Photodetector Linearity Test Results . . . . . . . . . . 3–34

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List of Tables September 2004

List of Tables

Table 1-1 Definition of Quality Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–14

Table 2-1 Provisional Use of Devices in Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2–7
Table 3-1 Assumed Activation Energies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3–5
Table 3-2 Sample Format for Reporting Failure Rate Information . . . . . . 3–61
Table 4-1 Typical Performance Parameters for Optoelectronic Device
Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–3
Table 4-2 Physical Characteristics of Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–8
Table 4-3 Mechanical Integrity Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–10
Table 4-4 Non-Powered Environmental Stress Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–12
Table 4-5 Powered Environmental Stress Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–13
Table 4-6 Operational Shock and Vibration Conditions for Integrated
Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–18
Table 5-1 Accelerated Aging Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5–2
Table 7-1 Physical Characteristics and Stress Tests for TECs . . . . . . . . . 7–3
Table A-1 LTPD Sampling Plan1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A–1
Table A-2 Sample Size Code Letters 1 (General Inspection Levels) . . . . . . A–2
Table A-3 Single Sampling Plan for Normal Inspection (Master Table) . . . . A–2
Table A-4 Double Sampling Plan for Normal Inspection (Master Table) . . . A–3

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