PSpice For Analog Communications Enginee
PSpice For Analog Communications Enginee
Communications Engineering
Copyright © 2007 by Morgan & Claypool
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in
any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other except for brief quotations
in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher.
DOI 10.2200/S00071ED1V01Y200612DCS009
Lecture #9
Series Editor: Mitchell A. Thornton, Southern Methodist University
First Edition
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
PSpice for Analog
Communications Engineering
Paul Tobin
School of Electronic and Communications Engineering
Dublin Institute of Technology
Ireland
M
&C Morgan &Claypool Publishers
iv
ABSTRACT
In PSpice for Analog Communications Engineering we simulate the difficult principles of ana-
log modulation using the superb free simulation software Cadence Orcad PSpice V10.5. While
use is made of analog behavioral model parts (ABM), we use actual circuitry in most of the sim-
ulation circuits. For example, we use the 4-quadrant multiplier IC AD633 as a modulator and
import real speech as the modulating source and look at the trapezoidal method for measuring
the modulation index. Modulation is the process of relocating signals to different parts of the
radio frequency spectrum by modifying certain parameters of the carrier in accordance with the
modulating/information signals. In amplitude modulation, the modulating source changes the
carrier amplitude, but in frequency modulation it causes the carrier frequency to change (and in
phase modulation it’s the carrier phase).
The digital equivalent of these modulation techniques are examined in PSpice for Digital
Communications Engineering, where we look at QAM, FSK, PSK and variants. We examine a
range of oscillators and plot Nyquist diagrams showing the marginal stability of these systems.
The superhetrodyne principle, the backbone of modern receivers is simulated using discrete
components followed by simulating complete AM and FM receivers. In this exercise we exam-
ine the problems of matching individual stages and the use of double-tuned RF circuits to
accommodate the large FM signal bandwidth.
KEYWORDS
Amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, phase modulation, radio-frequency amplifiers,
superhetrodyne receivers, phase lock loops, Nyquist plot, gain and phase margins.
I dedicate this book to my wife and friend, Marie and
sons Lee, Roy, Scott and Keith and my parents
(Eddie and Roseanne), sisters, Sylvia,
Madeleine, Jean, and brother, Ted.
vii
Contents
1. Amplitude Modulation Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.1 Baseband to Passband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 The Communications Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.1 Amplitude Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 AM Generation: Method 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.3 AM using Analog Behavioral Models: Method 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.4 AM Generation: Method 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Power in an AM Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.1 Transmission Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4 Trapezoidal Method: Speech-Modulated DSBFC AM Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5 Spectrum of Speech-Modulated AM Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.6 The Four-Quadrant AD633 Multiplier IC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7 Linear Amplitude Modulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7.1 Multiplying, Squaring, and Frequency Doubling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.8 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
7. Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.1 Sources of Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.2 Noise Factor and Noise Figure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
7.3 Defriis’ Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
7.3.1 Common Emitter Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7.4 The Output File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7.5 Probe Expression Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
7.6 The “(if, then, else)” Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
7.7 Importing Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
7.7.1 Adding Noise to the Input Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
x PSPICE FOR ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
7.8 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135