bee29400_ch02_014-071.

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REVIEW AND SUMMARY

In this chapter we have studied the effect of forces on particles, i.e.,

on bodies of such shape and size that all forces acting on them may
be assumed applied at the same point.

Resultant of two forces Forces are vector quantities; they are characterized by a point of
application, a magnitude, and a direction, and they add according to
R
the parallelogram law (Fig. 2.35). The magnitude and direction of
P the resultant R of two forces P and Q can be determined either
graphically or by trigonometry, using successively the law of cosines
and the law of sines [Sample Prob. 2.1].
A Q
Fig. 2.35
Components of a force Any given force acting on a particle can be resolved into two or more
components, i.e., it can be replaced by two or more forces which
have the same effect on the particle. A force F can be resolved into
two components P and Q by drawing a parallelogram which has F
for its diagonal; the components P and Q are then represented by
the two adjacent sides of the parallelogram (Fig. 2.36) and can be
determined either graphically or by trigonometry [Sec. 2.6].
Q
F
A force F is said to have been resolved into two rectangular
A components if its components Fx and Fy are perpendicular to each
other and are directed along the coordinate axes (Fig. 2.37). Intro-
P
ducing the unit vectors i and j along the x and y axes, respectively,
Fig. 2.36 we write [Sec. 2.7]

Rectangular components Fx 5 Fxi Fy 5 Fy j (2.6)

Unit vectors and
F 5 Fxi 1 Fy j (2.7)
y where Fx and Fy are the scalar components of F. These components,
which can be positive or negative, are defined by the relations

Fy = Fy j
Fx 5 F cos u Fy 5 F sin u (2.8)

F When the rectangular components Fx and Fy of a force F are

j given, the angle u defining the direction of the force can be obtained
␪ by writing
i Fx = Fx i x
Fy
tan u 5 (2.9)
Fig. 2.37 Fx
The magnitude F of the force can then be obtained by solving one
of the equations (2.8) for F or by applying the Pythagorean theorem
and writing
F 5 2F2x 1 F2y (2.10)
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When three or more coplanar forces act on a particle, the rectangular Review and Summary
65
components of their resultant R can be obtained by adding algebra-
ically the corresponding components of the given forces [Sec. 2.8]. Resultant of several coplanar forces
We have
Rx 5 oFx Ry 5 oFy (2.13)
The magnitude and direction of R can then be determined from
relations similar to Eqs. (2.9) and (2.10) [Sample Prob. 2.3].
A force F in three-dimensional space can be resolved into Forces in space
rectangular components Fx, Fy, and Fz [Sec. 2.12]. Denoting by ux,
uy, and uz, respectively, the angles that F forms with the x, y, and z
axes (Fig. 2.38), we have
Fx 5 F cos ux Fy 5 F cos uy Fz 5 F cos uz              (2.19)

y y y

B B B

Fy Fy Fy
A A A
F ␪y F
␪x F
O O O
Fx D x Fx D x Fz Fx D x
Fz Fz ␪z

E C E C E C

z z z
Fig. 2.38 (a) (b) (c)

The cosines of ux, uy, uz are known as the direction cosines of the Direction cosines
force F. Introducing the unit vectors i, j, k along the coordinate axes,
we write
F 5 Fxi 1 Fy j 1 Fzk (2.20) y

or
Fy j
F 5 F(cos uxi 1 cos uy j 1 cos uzk) (2.21)
λ (Magnitude = 1)
which shows (Fig. 2.39) that F is the product of its magnitude F and
cos ␪y j
the unit vector
l 5 cos uxi 1 cos uy j 1 cos uzk F = Fλ

Fxi x
Since the magnitude of l is equal to unity, we must have cos ␪z k
cos2 ux 1 cos2 uy 1 cos2 uz 5 1 (2.24) cos ␪x i
When the rectangular components Fx, Fy, Fz of a force F are Fz k
given, the magnitude F of the force is found by writing
F 5 2F2x 1 F2y 1 F2z (2.18) z
Fig. 2.39
and the direction cosines of F are obtained from Eqs. (2.19). We have
Fy
cos ux 5
Fx
F
  
cos uy 5
F
cos uz 5  
Fz
F
(2.25)
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66 Statics of Particles When a force F is defined in three-dimensional space by its

magnitude F and two points M and N on its line of action [Sec. 2.13],
y its rectangular components can be obtained as follows. We first express
¡
the vector MN joining points M and N in terms of its components
dx, dy, and dz (Fig. 2.40); we write
N(x2, y2, z2) ¡
MN 5 dxi 1 dy j 1 dzk (2.26)
d y = y2 – y1
F We next determine the unit vector l along the line of action of F
¡
by dividing MN by its magnitude MN 5 d:
λ d z = z2 – z1 < 0 ¡
MN 1
M(x1, y1, z1)
L5 5 (dxi 1 dy j 1 dzk) (2.27)
d x = x 2 – x1 MN d
Recalling that F is equal to the product of F and l, we have
O x F
F 5 FL 5 (dxi 1 dy j 1 dzk) (2.28)
d
from which it follows [Sample Probs. 2.7 and 2.8] that the scalar
z components of F are, respectively,
Fig. 2.40 Fdy
Fx 5
Fdx
d
    
Fy 5
d
    
Fz 5
Fdz
d
(2.29)

Resultant of forces in space When two or more forces act on a particle in three-dimensional
space, the rectangular components of their resultant R can be
obtained by adding algebraically the corresponding components of
the given forces [Sec. 2.14]. We have
Rx 5 oFx Ry 5 oFy Rz 5 oFz (2.31)
The magnitude and direction of R can then be determined from
relations similar to Eqs. (2.18) and (2.25) [Sample Prob. 2.8].
Equilibrium of a particle A particle is said to be in equilibrium when the resultant of all the
forces acting on it is zero [Sec. 2.9]. The particle will then remain
at rest (if originally at rest) or move with constant speed in a straight
line (if originally in motion) [Sec. 2.10].
Free-body diagram To solve a problem involving a particle in equilibrium, one first should
draw a free-body diagram of the particle showing all the forces acting
on it [Sec. 2.11]. If only three coplanar forces act on the particle, a
force triangle may be drawn to express that the particle is in equilib-
rium. Using graphical methods of trigonometry, this triangle can be
solved for no more than two unknowns [Sample Prob. 2.4]. If more
than three coplanar forces are involved, the equations of equilibrium
oFx 5 0 oFy 5 0 (2.15)
should be used. These equations can be solved for no more than two
unknowns [Sample Prob. 2.6].
Equilibrium in space When a particle is in equilibrium in three-dimensional space [Sec. 2.15],
the three equations of equilibrium
oFx 5 0 oFy 5 0 oFz 5 0 (2.34)
should be used. These equations can be solved for no more than
three unknowns [Sample Prob. 2.9].
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REVIEW PROBLEMS
2.127 The direction of the 75-lb forces may vary, but the angle between
the forces is always 50°. Determine the value of a for which the 240 lb
A
resultant of the forces acting at A is directed horizontally to the 30°
left. α
75 lb
2.128 A stake is being pulled out of the ground by means of two ropes 50°
as shown. Knowing the magnitude and direction of the force
exerted on one rope, determine the magnitude and direction of 75 lb
the force P that should be exerted on the other rope if the resul- Fig. P2.127
tant of these two forces is to be a 40-lb vertical force.

30 lb P

25° α

Fig. P2.128
Q
40°
2.129 Member BD exerts on member ABC a force P directed along
line BD. Knowing that P must have a 240-lb vertical component, A B C
determine (a) the magnitude of the force P, (b) its horizontal
component. Fig. P2.129

2.130 Two cables are tied together at C and loaded as shown. Determine
the tension (a) in cable AC, (b) in cable BC.

A B

8.5 ft C 9 ft
5 ft 600 mm
396 lb

12 ft 7.5 ft
A B
Fig. P2.130 250 mm
P
3
2.131 Two cables are tied together at C and loaded as shown. Knowing 4
C
that P 5 360 N, determine the tension (a) in cable AC, (b) in
cable BC.

2.132 Two cables are tied together at C and loaded as shown. Determine Q = 480 N
the range of values of P for which both cables remain taut. Fig. P2.131 and P2.132

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68 Statics of Particles 2.133 A force acts at the origin of a coordinate system in a direction
defined by the angles ux 5 69.3° and uz 5 57.9°. Knowing that
the y component of the force is 2174 lb, determine (a) the angle uy,
y (b) the other components and the magnitude of the force.

2.134 Cable AB is 65 ft long, and the tension in that cable is 3900 lb.
Determine (a) the x, y, and z components of the force exerted by
A
the cable on the anchor B, (b) the angles ux, uy, and uz defining the
direction of that force.

2.135 In order to move a wrecked truck, two cables are attached at A

56 ft and pulled by winches B and C as shown. Knowing that the ten-
sion is 10 kN in cable AB and 7.5 kN in cable AC, determine the
magnitude and direction of the resultant of the forces exerted at
A by the two cables.

D
α
B
O
20° C
9.60 m
50°
x
C
z
B 15 m
Fig. P2.134
6m 12 m 18 m

A
30°

Fig. P2.135

2.136 A container of weight W 5 1165 N is supported by three cables

as shown. Determine the tension in each cable.

360 mm C 450 mm
D
O

500 mm
B 320 mm

z x
A 600 mm

Fig. P2.136
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2.137 Collars A and B are connected by a 525-mm-long wire and can Review Problems
69
slide freely on frictionless rods. If a force P 5 (341 N)j is applied
to collar A, determine (a) the tension in the wire when y 5 155 mm,
(b) the magnitude of the force Q required to maintain the equi-
librium of the system.

y 200 mm
O

z z
B x
Q

Fig. P2.137

2.138 Solve Prob. 2.137 assuming that y 5 275 mm.

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COMPUTER PROBLEMS
2.C1 Write a computer program that can be used to determine the magnitude
and direction of the resultant of n coplanar forces applied at a point A. Use
this program to solve Probs. 2.32, 2.33, 2.35, and 2.38.

Fi

qi F1

qn q1
x
A
Fn

Fig. P2.C1

2.C2 A load P is supported by two cables as shown. Write a computer pro-

A B gram that can be used to determine the tension in each cable for any given
a value of P and for values of u ranging from u1 5 b 2 90° to u2 5 90° 2 a,
b
using given increments Du. Use this program to determine for the following
three sets of numerical values (a) the tension in each cable for values of u
ranging from u1 to u2, (b) the value of u for which the tension in the two
cables is as small as possible, (c) the corresponding value of the tension:
C
(1) a 5 35°, b 5 75°, P 5 400 lb, Du 5 5°
q P
Fig. P2.C2 (2) a 5 50°, b 5 30°, P 5 600 lb, Du 5 10°
(3) a 5 40°, b 5 60°, P 5 250 lb, Du 5 5°

2.C3 An acrobat is walking on a tightrope of length L 5 20.1 m attached

to supports A and B at a distance of 20.0 m from each other. The combined
weight of the acrobat and his balancing pole is 800 N, and the friction
between his shoes and the rope is large enough to prevent him from slip-
ping. Neglecting the weight of the rope and any elastic deformation, write
a computer program to calculate the deflection y and the tension in portions
AC and BC of the rope for values of x from 0.5 m to 10.0 m using 0.5-m
increments. From the data obtained, determine (a) the maximum deflection
of the rope, (b) the maximum tension in the rope, (c) the smallest values of
the tension in portions AC and BC of the rope.

A B
y
C

x
20.0 m

Fig. P2.C3

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2.C4 Write a computer program that can be used to determine the magni- Computer Problems
71
tude and direction of the resultant of n forces Fi, where i 5 1, 2, . . . , n,
that are applied at point A0 of coordinates x0, y0, and z0, knowing that the
line of action of Fi passes through point Ai of coordinates xi, yi, and zi. Use
this program to solve Probs. 2.93, 2.94, 2.95, and 2.135.

A2(x2, y2, z2)

y A1(x1, y1, z1)

F2 F1
A0(x0, y0, z0)
Fn
O
x
An(xn, yn, zn)
Fi

z
Ai(xi, yi, zi)
Fig. P2.C4

2.C5 Three cables are attached at points A1, A2, and A3, respectively, and
are connected at point A0, to which a given load P is applied as shown. Write
a computer program that can be used to determine the tension in each of
the cables. Use this program to solve Probs. 2.102, 2.106, 2.107, and 2.115.

y
A2(x2, y2, z2)

A3(x3, y3, z3)

A1(x1, y1, z1)

A0(x0, y0, z0)

O
P x

AP(xP, yP, zP)

z
Fig. P2.C5