Eulers Formula and Exponential Form

The document discusses Euler's formula which relates exponential and trigonometric functions of a complex number, and shows how this can be used to write a complex number in exponential form. It also explains how multiplication and division of complex numbers works in both polar and exponential forms, and provides some examples of performing operations in these different forms.

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Eulers Formula and Exponential Form

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Abdullah Saeed

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EulEr’s Formula

and
Exponential
form

Dr. Hina Dutt

[email protected]
SEECS-NUST
Advanced
Engineering
Mathematics (10th
• Chapter: 13
Edition) by Ervin • Sections: 13.2
Kreyszig

A First Course in
Complex Analysis
with Applications by
• Chapter: 1
Dennis G. Zill and • Sections: 1.3
Patrick D. Shanahan.
Euler’s Formula
Euler’s formula is given by
𝑒 𝑖 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 .

If 𝜃 is a real number, 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 will be located

somewhere on the circle with radius 1
centered at the origin because
𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 = 1
Exponential form of a Complex Number
By using the Euler’ formula, we can rewrite polar form,
𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) = 𝑟 cis 𝜃, of a complex number 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏 as:
𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) = 𝑟𝑒𝑖 𝜃 . (1)
Eq.(1) is reffered to as the exponential form of a complex number 𝑧.
The angle 𝜃 lies conventionally in the range −𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋, but, since
rotation by 𝜃 is the same as rotation by 𝜃 + 2nπ, where 𝑛 is any integer,
so,
𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃 ≡ 𝑟𝑒 𝑖 𝜃+2𝑛𝜋 , 𝑛𝜖ℤ
Polar Form and Exponential Forms

Polar Form Exponential Form

𝑧 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒𝑖 𝜃 .
Multiplication and Division in Polar Form
The polar form of a complex number is especially convenient when multiplying
or dividing two complex numbers. Suppose
𝑧1 = 𝑟1 (cos 𝜃1 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 ) and 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 (cos 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃2 ),
where 𝜃1 and 𝜃2 are any arguments of 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 , respectively. Then
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 (cos 𝜃1 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 )(cos 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃2 )
= 𝑟1 𝑟2 (cos 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 − sin 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 + 𝑖(sin 𝜃1 cos 𝜃2 + cos 𝜃1 sin 𝜃2 ))
= 𝑟1 𝑟2 (cos( 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) + 𝑖 sin( 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )).

Hence 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 and arg 𝑧1 𝑧2 = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2

Multiplication and Division in Polar Form

Similarly for 𝑧2 ≠ 0,
𝑧1 𝑟1
= [cos 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ]
𝑧2 𝑟2
Hence
𝑧1 𝑧1 𝑧1
= and arg = arg 𝑧1 − arg(𝑧2 )
𝑧2 𝑧2 𝑧2
Multiplication and Division in Exponential Form

The product of 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖 𝜃 1 and 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖 𝜃 2 is given by:

𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖(𝜃1 +𝜃2 )
Hence the relationship
𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧1 𝑧2 and arg 𝑧1 𝑧2 = arg 𝑧1 + arg 𝑧2
follows immediately.
Multiplication and Division in Exponential Form
The quotient of 𝑧1 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖 𝜃 1 and 𝑧2 = 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖 𝜃 2 is given by:

𝑧1 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 𝑟1 𝑖(𝜃 −𝜃 )
= = 𝑒 1 2
𝑧2 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2 𝑟2
Hence the relationship

𝑧1 𝑧1 𝑧1
= and arg = arg 𝑧1 − arg(𝑧2 )
𝑧2 𝑧2 𝑧2

follows immediately.
Example 1
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Simplify: 3 cos + 𝑖 sin × 4 cos + 𝑖 sin .
3 3 2 2
Solution:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
3 cos + 𝑖 sin × 4 cos + 𝑖 sin
3 3 2 2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= 12 cos + + 𝑖 sin +
3 2 3 2

5𝜋 5𝜋
= 12 cos + 𝑖 sin
6 6

𝑖 5𝜋
= 12𝑒 6 .
Example 2