agnetic Particle Examination (MT) LEVEL-II Training Course Prepared by Dr. Samir Saad General Manager Cutech Arabia LLCAA) About the Author Dr. Samir Saad General Manager Cutech Arabia LLC Experience: 17 Years (Oil and Gas) Skills & Expertise Welding and Welding Inspection + Non-Destructive Testing Material Technology In Service & On-stream Inspection * Corrosion and Management Asset Integrity Management DrSamir Saad Education Certification M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Welding Engineering Technology. Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering Professional Certification ASME Authorized Inspector (Al), Soller and Pressure Vessel ASNT NDT LEVEL Illin 14 methods, ASNT 10: 190902, 4. Visual end Optical Testing (VT), 7. Magnetic fux leakage Testing (MFL), 2. Radiographic Testing (RT), 8. inferred thermal testing (IR). 3. Uttasonio Testing (U7), 8. Leak Testing (LT, 4. Liquid Penetrnt Testing (PT), 10, Acoustic Emission Testing (AE) ‘5. Magnetic Testing (MT), 11, Neutron Radiography (NR) 6._ Electromagnetic Testing ET), ‘AWS-CWEng. - Certified Welding Engineer, ID NO. 17010046. ‘AWS-CWE -Gertied Welding Educator, ID NO. 1902001 E. 'AWS-CWM - Certified Welding Inspector, ID NO. 19021321 ‘AWS-CWS - Cerfed Welding Supervisor, ID NO. 2000008. 'AWS-CWSR - Certified Welding Sales Representative, ID NO. 2003000R ‘CSWIP 3.2.2 - Senior Welding Inspector Personal, ID NO.74305, BGAS-CSMIPPainting Inspector Grade 2-BGAS, 10:589730. [API 510- Pressure Vessel Inspector ID NO. 35376. [API 570. Process Piping Inspector ID NO. 38328, ‘API 853. aboveground storage tank inspector ID NO. 26171, [APL RP 580 -Risk-Based inspection professional ID NO. 52784 [APP 871- Corrosion and Materials Professional ID NO. 55359 ‘API 996 - Refractory Personnel, ID NO. 94784 [API S77 - Welding Inspection and Metallurgy, ID NO. 94785 [API SIFE-Source Inspector Feed Equipment, ID NO. 95780 Lead aualtor according to 1S0 9001:2015 from IRCXt Qualification and Certification Requirements 3 Introduction to NDT Xf Introduction to Magnetic Particle Inspection XE Physics x Equipment and Materials xt Testing Practices Xt Example Indications xt Magnetic Particle Testing Acceptance Criteria 3, ASME SECT. V, Article 7i£The following documents outline personnel qualification and certification requirements: 1. ASNT Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A. 2. ANSI/ASNT CP-189: Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Personnel. 3. ACCP: ASNT Central Certification Program. 4. NAS 410, National Aerospace Standard Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel.i¥ Training and Qualification Process: “Certification of NDT personnel is the responsibility of the employer * Aperson who is in the process of training and qualification is considered a trainee. ‘% Three Basic Levels of Qualification 1, LEVEL! —is qualified to perform specific calibrations, specific tests, and specific evaluations, The NDT Level | should receive the necessary instruction and supervision from a certified NDT Level Il or Ill individual. LEVEL I — is qualified to set up and calibrate equipment and to interpret and evaluate results with respect to codes, standards and specifications, LEVEL II — must be capable and responsible for establishing techniques, interpreting codes, and designating the test methodand technique to be used. The NDT Level I in the methods in which certified, should be capable of training and examining NDT Level | and I! personnel for certification in those methods.LX Qualification Requirements: 1. Organized training (required class hours). Required testing (general, specific, practical). Education (depends on written practice). Experience (documented hours). Physical attributes to perform examinations (vision acuity and color contrast test performed annually). Xt Certification “% Certification is a written testimony that an individual has met all the qualifications of a company’s written practice. 6/26/2000Xf Nondestructive testing methods are used for the following reasons: . To ensure product integrity and reliability. . To avoid test object failure, prevent accidents and save lives. . To make user profits. To ensure customer satisfaction. . To aid in better product design. . To lower manufacturers’ costs. . To maintain uniform quality levels. 1 = 3. 4. & 6. 7. 8. |. To ensure operations readiness. 6/26/2000| Surface/sub-surface and SolNmeis 1Visual Testing(VT) 1.Radiography Testing(RT) 2.Magnetic Particle Testing (MT) 2.Ultrasonic Testing(UT) ( surface and near surface , applied on only ferromagnetic material) 3. Penetrant Testing (PT) (any defects open to surface) 4, Eddy Current (ET) ( surface and near surface) 6/26/2000Xf Introduction Magnetic particle testing is: 1. Cost effective. 2. Simple. 3. Fast. 4.The most reliable nondestructive testing method for detecting surface and near surface discontinuities. 5. Able to detect discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials that are not open to the surface. 6. An easier method in terms of cleaning than liquid penetrant testing. 6/26/2000 DrsamirSandXk Theories 1. Magnetic particle testing will reveal surface and slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. 2. Other nondestructive testing methods, usually liquid penetrant or eddy current testing, must be used to test materials not strongly attracted to a magnet. 3.Magnetic particle testing may be used for raw material, in-process during manufacturing to prevent further manufacturing expense for test objects containing discontinuities, and to repair internal/discontinuities such as cracks at the root of a weld. 4.Final product testing is used.on the final test object to prevent test objects with discontinuities from entering service. 5.Maintenance tests are used for in-service discontinuities that may have been formed by overloading or fatigue cycles.Xf Magnetic Particle Test UO The magnetic particle test consists of six basic operations: 1. Clean the surface to be tested. 2. Establish a suitable magnetic flux in two directions at 90° in the test object axis. 3. Apply magnetic particles in either a dry powder or a liquid suspension. 4. Test the object for discontinuities Under suitable lighting conditions. 5, Interpret and evaluate the test indications. 6. Demagnetize, if necessary. 6/26/2000O Magnetic Particle Test BS Contrast paint Magnet &, Ink Result axt Magnetic Domains 1. Materials that can be magnetized have submicroscopic regions called magnetic domains that will have positive and negative polarity at opposite ends if magnetized. 2. if a material is not magnetized, the magnetic domains{are randomly aligned. PDPVPCCPSSOR® the lav REQRaDOSSGe [HX 3. When the material is subjected to an indirectly induced magnetic external field or if current is passed directly through the test object, the magnetic domains align themselves and form a north and south pole in the test object. SIOSS'SS'SS OO N Fs eocescesescos Magnetized Materialxt Magnetic Domains 4. When all of the domains are aligned, the material is said to be magnetically saturated. 5. When a material is magnetically saturated, no additional Amount of external magnetization force will cause an increase in its internal level of magnetization. ‘SO'COSSSO SE Ss GOSSoSeoesa 6/26/2000 Magnetized MaterialXf Magnetic Poles O Magnets will have two or more opposite polarity poles, called north and south poles. 1. Opposite poles attract each other. 2. Like poles repel each other. i =}. [5 ak g Magnetic Ines of fro around a re es Attract QO These poles are where the magnetic lines of force leave or enter the magnet. 6/26/2020 Desai Sine Opposite poles _Similar poles attracting repelling“xt Characteristics of Magnetic Fields () The Magnetic lines of force have the following important: properties: 1. Magnetic lines of force form continuous loops that are néver broken. _ 2. Magnetic lines of force never cross each other. 3. Magnetic lines of force are strongest and most dénse at the poles. 4. Their density decreases with increasing distanice from the poles. 5. Magnetic lines of force always seek the shortest path of least resistance which is through metal. 6. They seek the path of least magnetic resistance or reluctance in completing their loop which'is the shortest distance through metal. 7. Magnetic lines of force only enter or leave the poles of a magnet. 8. Magnetic lines of force are called magnetic flux.xt Characteristics of Magnetic Fields CA The Magnetic lines of force have the following important properties; 9. Ifa barmagnet is broken or cracked, new magnetic poles are formed. 10. A circular magnet with no irregularities has ho poles. 11. Magnetic poles will attract magnetioparticles. 6/26/2000xt Magnetized Ring C2 There will be no poles to attract magnetic particles if a uniform ring eantains a circular magnetic field. O Acrack 90° from the magnetic field direction will create poles andjaii external flux leakage field that will attract magnetic particles and form an indication. Magnetic field is Magnetic poles of entirely within, leakage field will thus no external attract magnetic poles. particles. 6/26/2000xt Bar Magnet C2 The horseshoe magnet has north and south poles just like a bar nfagnet but the magnet is curved so the poles lie in the same plane. (| Ifa bar magnet was placed across the end of a horseshoé magnet or if a magnet was formed in the shape of a ring, the lines of magnetic force would not even need to enter the air C2 Ifa horseshoe magnet is straightened to a bar maghetyit illustrates a longitudinally SF magnetized bar. C1 A transverse machined notch or crack inva longitudinally magnetized bar will cause new poles with a flux leakage field that.will attract particles. i!) Magnetic particles 6/26/2000ce Magnetic Flux Leakage O Ifthe magnet is just cracked but not broken completely in two, @ north and south pole will form at each edge of the crack. Q The magnetic field exits the north pole and reentérs.the-at the south pole. The magnetic field spreads out when it encounter the small air gap created by the crack because the air cannot support as much magnetic field per unit volume as the magnet can. When the field spreads out, it appears to leak out of the material and, thus, it is called a flux leakage field. O Ifiron particles are sprinkled on a.cracked magnet, the particles will be attracted to and cluster not only at the poles at the ends of the magnet but also at the poles at the edges of the crack. snouene nevownes —_samgsiine ramen FLUX LEAKAGE "xe Magnetic Flux Leakage Magnetic particle testing is based on the principle that magnetic flux lines will be disrupted by a discontinuity, and Q Adiscontinuity will interfere with the magnetic field and form north and south poles. G2 this distortion will cause some of the flux lines to exit and reenter the test object forming poles at the discontinuity. O This is called magnetic flux leakage and will attract fine magnetic particles that form an indication outline of the discontinuity. “Magnetic particles,xe Effects of Discontinuities on Materials O Field Direction / Discontinuity Detection Discontinuities located in the direction of current flow have thé highest probability of detection. Discontinuities perpendicular to the magnetic lines of forcé have the highest probability of detection. If the magnetic lines of force is parallel to the Discontinuities, the field will see little disruption and no flux leakage field will be produce Flux Leakage a i > Itis critical to establish a magnetic field in two 90° directions in all areas of the test object and to use the proper current to detect discontinuities. 6/26/2000 rsa axe Effects of Discontinuities on Materials O Field Direction / Discontinuity Detection > Adiscontinuity that is 45° to 90° from the magnetic field direction will disrupt the magnetic field and will create new poles. > These poles will attract small particles and form an indication if an adequate magnetic field is used for testing. Irregular Cracks May Show Magnetic / Longitudinal See Field Crack Will Show Naan EES 6/26/2000xe Effects of Discontinuities on Materials O Surface Discontinuities > If linear and 90° from the magnetic field direction, discohtinuities will form poles and a leakage field that will attract magnetic particles and form a visible indication Leakage field. » Surface discontinuity indications are sharp and well defined. O Scratches > Scratches sometimes attract particles in a very strong field, and the field strength may have to be reduced to verify there is no deeper discontinuity present.i Effects of Discontinuities on Materials O Subsurface Discontinuities > Subsurface discontinuities are broad and fuzzy and more easily blown or rinsed away than a deep surface indication. Particle buildup at leakage field: Leakage Field from Surface and Subsurface Discontinuities > Subsurface discontinuities aré more difficult to detect unless larger than 0.15 cm (0.06 in.) and especially if more than 0.15 cm (0.06 in.) deep when direct current must be used.peu Quantifying Magnetic Properties, O Magnetic Field Strength (Magnetic force) (H) > Amagnetic field strength of 1 A/m is produced at the center of a single circular conductor with a 1 meter diameter cafrying-a steady current of 1 ampere. O Magnetic flux density (B) » Magnetic flux density is the number of lines passing transversely through a unit area (gauss). Quantity sr ‘SI Units CGS Units (sommerfetd) (Kennelly) (Gaussian) Field Alm ayn oersteds. ce Flux Density gauss (Magnetic Induction) Flux Magnetization maxwell erg/Oe-cm*xr Units of Measure and Terminology Q Each magnetic particle testing procedure and technique must specify which units of measurement are to be used and how the measifement is to be accomplished. Quantity SI Units SI Units CGS Units (Sommerfeld) (Kennelly) __ (Gaussian) Field H Alm oersteds (Magnetization r Force) CH Flux Density tesla tesla (Magnetic Induction) Flux oO weber Magnetization M Almi Magnetic Hysteresis O Amagnetic hysteresis loop or curve is a graph that plots magnetic flux density (B) and magnetic field strength (H). Itis often referred to as the B-H loop. (a) (b) Zero flux density A Residual magnetism Saturation 77 Saturation Zero magnetic r field aN point ~ point 0 6/26/20006/26/2020i Magnetic Hysteresis B FuxDensty Y, Fix Denes B fnBypente ection 6/26/2000 Desai Sinea’ The Hysteresis Loop and Magnetic Properties 2 Retentivity (Point b) > itis. materials ability to retain a certain amount of residual magnetic field when the magnetizing force is removed after achieving saturation. (Residual Magnetism or Residual Flux (Point b) > the magnetic flux density that remains in a material when the ‘magnetizing force is zero. Note that residual magnetism and retentivity are the Same when the material has been magnetized to the saturation point O Coercive Force(Point c) > The amount of reverse magnetic field which must be applied to ‘a magnetic material to make the magnetic flux return to zero. O Reluctance > Is the opposition that a ferromagnetic material shows to the establishment of a magnetic field, » Reluctance is analogous to the resistance in an electrical orneSltgt DeSamir Saadi Magnetic Permeability O Permeability > is how easily a material can be magnetized. > permeability is measured in henries per meter (H/m or H-m-1), or equivalently in newtons per ampere squared Theslepe ot teunetnat (N-A-2). dee > More specifically, itis the ratio between the flux density and the magnetizing force. n= B/H [Wectaive) = [Winateriany J PLeiey Mo air = 4 * 10-7 Hm" or NA, 6/26/2000 Drsx Magnetic Permeability Q Magnetic properties and hysteresis loops vary between materials, material conditions, shape, chemical composition, microstructure and gfain size. Q The following figure shows permeability curves of (a) high permeability (easy to magnetize) and (b) low permeability (hard to magnetize) material. @) () Saturation AU Saturation point Flux density Flux density 6/26/2000if Magnetic Permeabi O (a) is a hysterisis loop for a low permeability (hard to magnetize) - Lower Permeability - Higher Retentivity - Higher Coercivity - Higher Reluctance - Higher Residual Magnetism b) 0 (b)is a hysterisis loop for a high peffheability (easy to reset - Higher Permeability - Lower Retentivity - Lower Coercivity - Lower Reluctance Lower Residual Magnetism 6726208 Residualxt Effect of Materials on Electromagnetic Fields Q Materials with high permeability (soft or low carbon steél) > will have a stronger magnetic field strength at a givén magnetizing force than material with lower permeability (high carbon or hard material). (a) Residual magnetism (b) Residual magnetism Flux density Coercive force {High carbon or hardened steel). 6/26/2000 Coercive force Flux density {Soft or annealed low carbon steel)St Types of Magnetic Materials: 1 _Diamagnetic materials have permeability slightly less than that of a vacuum. have a small and negative susceptibility to magnetization ‘may be slightly repelled by a magnet. Permeability ur<1 "0.9998", Examples of Dia magnetic materials include copper, silvef, and gold. O Paramagnetic materials. have permeabilty slightly greater than air have a small and positive susceptibility to magnetization. may be slightly attracted to a magnet. Permeability [lr> 1 "1.00002". Examples of paramagnetic materials include magnesium, molybdenum, and lithium. Q Ferromagnetic materials. > > > > % have permeability much greater than air. have @ a large and positive susceptibility to magnetization. are strongly attracted toa magnet and may retain a residual field after the magnetic force is removed. Permeability pr>>> 1 1.1000" _,Examples of paramagnetic materials include tren, cobalt, and nickel{ Principles of Magnetic Particle Testing } it Magnets) 1.Permanent magnets. rote 2. Directly induced by current flow. —= 4 a. Head shot. Permanent magnets . i b. Prods. 3. Indirectly induced with no electri¢al\contact. E Centralcanducte! a. Central conductor. A b. Coil. ; C. Yoke. d. Wrapped cables.StElectric Currents) 1) Alternating current (AC). 2) Full wave direct current (FWDC; \ 3) Half wave direct current eos CP Ov 6/26/2020 Desai SineXf Alternating Current AC is best for surface and very near surface discontinuities, ahd full or half wave direct current is used for deeper subsurface discontinuities. AC is readily commercially available and relatively inexpensive to transform to low voltage, high amperage magnetizing ‘éurrent and rectify to half wave and full wave direct current. Standard United States alternating current alternates at cycles 60 times per second or 60 Hz. (One cycle is 1\Hz,): when AC is used to induce a magnetic field in ferromagnetic materials, the magnetic field will be limited to’a thinJayer at the surface of the component. This phenomenon‘is‘known as the "skin effect” and it occurs because the changing magnetic field generates eddy currents in the test shed. Desai Sine +Xf Alternating Current Q ACis recommended for detection of surface discontinuities, witich\comprise the majority of service- induced discontinuities. > Small subsurface discontinuities greater than 0.3 cm (0.125 in.) deep are difficult or impossible to detect and are usually found with ultrasonic or radiagraphic testing Q The advantages of AC is: a) Skin effect and so very good for surface inspection (e.g. Fatigue Cracks). b) Reversal of current and so mobility 6 good: ©) Voltage and so current can be controllée’according to the requirements. d) Demagnetization is easier, 2 The disadvantages of AC is: > limited to surface defects. 6/26/2020 Desai SinexXti rect Current i Pure DC is only obtained from batteries or generators and is séidoft used. Half wave and full wave direct current will penetrate deeper i thé test object than alternating current. XtHalf Wave Direct Current Half wave rectifiers block the negative current flow and create a pulsing current. te Perey Gee . HWDC provides the greatest sensitivity for detecting discontinuities that are below the surface.X The magnetic field has a deep penétration and the pulses increase the sensitivity of the test. > This type of current is very efféctive for detecting subsurface discontinuities, especially with dry particles. Q The disadvantages of HWDC is: > this current cannot be used to demagnetize a part espa Desai SeadX enabling the demagnetization 6f very thick parts. This demagnetization method is often called the step down method. Q The disadvantages of FWDC is > that it requires greater input current. This tends to limit the higher amperage requirement for large 4 rt, e/26/2000 Flexible insulated copper cable can be wrapped/éround/a test object using three to seven turns, and connected to a mobile or portable magnetic particle unit to induce a longitudinal field. 6/26/2000X When a ferromagnetic test object is placed inside a coi“a longitudinal field is induced and will detect transverse discontinuities (90° to the-magnetic field direction). ‘To induce a uniform longitufhal field, the length of the test object must be at least twice (or ideally three times) the diameter. For round or odd shaped test objects that don't have this length-to-diameter ratio, a special technique will have to be prepared and approved by a Level Ill. opa9paenX Formulas and rules have been vrritten governing what the conditions must be so that mathematical galculations may be used to determine a starting point for amperage. 6/26/2600. rsa 2X Calculation of Magnetic Force Requirements “a multi-furn fixed coil (or cables) + The required field strength shall be calculated based on the length Land the diameter D. = For determining a correct amperage is : (Refer ASME Sec V NDE):~ (a) Parts With LID > 4 .The magnetizing current shall be within « 10% of the ampere-turns' value determined as follows: Ampere-turns = b) 2 < LID ratio of part< 4 The magnetizing current shall be within 10% of the ampere-turns’ value determined as follows Ampere-tums = 45:00 L/D (c) Parts With LID Ratios < 2. Coll magnetization technique cannot be used. (4) Magnetizing Current, The current required as follows: Amperes (meter reading) = "P= ensnois bm :— From the previous slide, You have been requested to perform an M inspection that requires the use of wrapped cables. The item is 10” long and 2” in diameter. The wrapped cables you have contain 5- turn coil. Calculate amperages will satisfy the longitudinal magnetization requirements Answer:- 5,000 35, L/D=102=5 wm (054 wp Ampere-turns = Tip) +2 Ampere-turns = 35,000/(5+2)= 5000 ampere-turns Amperes (meter reading) = ans Ampere = 5000/5 = 1000(210%) 6/26/2000A 65 - turn coil is used to inspect a round solid part 7.5 in. long 2-1/2 ll in. diameter . what is the current required for longitudinal magnetization using this coil. Answer:- 45,000 LID=7.5/2.5=3 mp ZZU/DFaiooMparted ummm Ampere-lums = WD Ampere-turns = 45,000/3= 15000 ampere-turns Amperes (meter yeading) = ans Ampere = 15000/5 = 3000(@210%) 6/26/2000 o{Longitudinal Magnetization Q Coil Magnetization. » Fill Factor Coils (including solid/ hollow portions). = FIIFSGHSHE\(cross section area of Part)/(cross section area of Coil) Coils have been designated as low, intermediate and high fill factor coils. This and other rules were developed so'formulas could be written to obtain a starting point for amperage for different test object/coil situations A low fill factor is where the work piece takes up one-tenth of the area of the coil, or less. In other words, a fill factor of less than'0.1. A high fill factor is where the part takes up one half or more of the area of the coil. In other words, a fill factor of greater than 0.5, 6/26/2000high or low if a coil of 15 cm diameter. } Calculate the fill factor for the following items. State whether the fill factor is a solid bar of 4 cm diameter a pipe of 4 cm diameter with wall thickness of 3mm a square bar of side 10 cm Answer: ‘The area of the coil is x r° =x * (15 em)? = 707.¢m? a, The area of the 4 om diameter bar is 7(2 em)? = 12.6 em. So fill factor is 12.6/707 = 0.018, This is less than 0.1, so this is a low fill factor. b.4 cm diameter pipe. The fill factor is the same as for the bar, because the hollow areas of the item are counted as part of ifs area in this case. c. The area of the 10 cm square bar is 100 cm?, So fill factor = 100/707 = 0.14. This is an intermediate fill factor — neither high, nor low, 6/26/2000 Air Core Coil Longitudinal Magnetization = When along test object is placed in a multi-turn coil'(usually five turns) and a current is passed through the coil, a longitudinal field is produced parallel to the axis of the coil If the proper amperage is selected, the maghetic field will be strong enough to test a section about equal to the radius of the coil on each sidé of the coil «The strongest field will be inside the coil right at the inside surface of the coil. > Coil Shot + Placing a test object inside'a coll is the usual way to longitudinally magnetize the test object. The effective field will only allow testing for a distance of about 15 to 23 om (6 to 9 in.) on either side of enon coll. DrsamirSand 2X Handheld portable yokes can be used to induce a longitude! field in a test object or weld. > The yoke field strength is usually verified periodically by dead weight lifting power. ¥ AC electromagnetic yoke shall have lifting Power of at least 4.5 kg (10 tb.) ¥ DC electromagnetic yoke or permanent magnetic yoke shall have lifting power of at least.18,1 Kg (40 Ib.) > The field strength and direttion induced in a test object should be verified with a pie gage, shim or other artificial discontinuity at the edges and center of the area being tested, 6/26/2000 rsaxt Circular Magnetization O The magnetic field direction is always 90° from the current flow unless distorted due to the test object shape or the interaction from the two*fields treated. Q Circular magnetic fields are used to detect suspected defects that are perpendicular to the circular magnetic field direction. EXTERNAL Magnetic flux lines a FIELD 6/26/2000xt Circular Magnetization O The magnetic field direction is always 90° from the current flow unless distorted due to the test object shape or the interaction from the two*fields treated. Q Circular magnetic fields are used to detect suspected defects that are perpendicular to the circular magnetic field direction. EXTERNAL Magnetic flux lines a FIELD 6/26/2000xt Circular Magnetization 0 Direct Contact > Ahead shot, prods or other means of passing current through a test object will create a circular field, but there is a danger of are strikes or butns where the current contact is made. EXTERNAL ae FIELD A, Passing current through a test object B, Head shot. 6/26/2000 rsaxt Circular Magnetization Q Prods Prods must have clean and firm contact Daily maintenance of contacts should be done, Prods are not used much because of the danger of arc burns: Heavy bulky equipment with few advantages over the yoke,method for surface discontinuities, Normally only used if large, subsurface dis¢ontinuities are a concern Prods 6/26/2000 DrsamirSandxt Circular Magnetization Q Direct Contact > Contact Plates :- Stationary unit direct contact copper hadsifor contact head shot must be clean, with no fraying and a firm contact maintained to prevent burning or arcing, ‘Typical horizontal magnetic particle bench testing units.xt Circular Magnetization 0 Direct Contact > Test objects will require rotation to obtain 100% testing and)magnetization in 2° to 90° directions, usually using both circular and longitudinal magnetic filds)or a specially developed technique. 0 Indirect Contact % Acentral conductor will produce a circular fiél@with no danger of burning or ruining the test object. Stationary 6/26/2020 Desai Sinext Circular Magnetization D Indirect Contact > Acentral conductor through a hollow test object or a hole inthe test object will create a circular field with no danger of are burns. The strongest field will be next to the central conductor, so normally the test object will hang on the central conductor. ‘The larger the central conductor, the more circumference of the test object that can be tested.xt Circular Magnetization OQ Amperage Requirements > Amperage requirements will be specified in the written procedure ortechnique sheet, verified with a pie gage, shims or artificial block, or measured with a hall effect gauSsimeter or a combination of these. > Sensitivity Level (Amperage) ¥ Higher amperage gives better sensitivitys@use as high an amperage as possible without getting nonrelevant indications or a confuisinig background. > Head shot and Central contactor 1) The amperage starting point shold be 300 to 800 A/in. of test object diameter. 2) Ifa cylindrical parts is to be tésted using Circular Magnetization the part has 3. different diameter along its length , A rule-Thumb for current values each diameter provides 3 level current value that should be applied first is the lowest value and don’t use in the first the highest value because it cause over magnetized and smaller or false indication circle line of surface. 6/26/2000 rsaFrom the previous slide, What Amperage Range is required to circularly magnetize the bar shown in heat shot? Ani . For first shot :- 300-800 amp. For second shot:- 750-2000 amp. 6/26/2000 DrsamirSandll From the previous slide, What Amperage Range is required to circularly magnetize for the spacer, ring and nut shown in central conductor ? spacer 370.0. Answer:- For 1” Nut:- 300-800,amp. For 2” Ring:- 600-1600amp. For 3” Spacer:- 900-2400amp. 6/26/2000 DrsamirSandxt Circular Magnetization Q Calculation of Magnetic Force Requirements: Prods » good rule of thumb for prod testing is For sections less than 34 in.(19 mm) thick ; 90 to 110 A/in. of prod spacing. For sections 94 in.(19 mm) thick or greater ;100 to 125 A/in. of prod spacing. use a prod spacing of Minimum 3” and maximum 8” ONLY test a width of one-quarter of the\prod spacing, ‘The magnetic field strength and direction-must be verified with a pie gage, shim or other artificial discontinuity at the edges and center of the area being tested.i From the previous slide, Calculate the amperage range to be used on the figure shown below? Answer:- ¥ For sections @NKQASIMIMi)ithick or greater :100 to 125 A/in. of prod spacing. Amperage: 5 in x (100 to 125 Alin.) = 500-625 Amp.ll From the previous slide, Calculate the amperage range to be used on the figure shown below? sve p Answer:- V- For sections [ESSiEKRISATANIOIMAG) thick : 90 to 110 Alin. of prod spacing. Amperage:- 3.5 in. x (90 to 110 Alin. .) = 315-385 Amp. 6/26/2000 "X£Combined Circular and Longitudinal Magnetization C Itis essential and critical that test objects are magnetized, in two 90° directions in order to detect discontinuities in any direction. Q Multidirectional MPI Equipment > allow the component to be magnetized in two airéctions, longitudinally and circumferentially, in rapid succession.30k Magnetic Fields 1.Permanent magnets create a longitudinal field with no electrical contact. Permanent magnets 6/26/2000 Desai Sine30k Magnetic Fields 2. Acoil, yoke or wrapped cables (Solenoids) create a longitudinal field with no 4 Magnetic Crack Feld electrical contact. . te b. yoke 6/26/200030k Magnetic Fields 3. Direct electrical contact creates a circular field with electrical contact. ELECTRIC CURRENT a. Head shot. 6/26/200030k Magnetic Fields 4. Acentral conductor creates a circular field with novelectrical contact. Aq Flux Lines: Pi Curent Flow Movable” Head central conductor 6/26/2020 Desai Sinei From the previous slide regarding the optimum test sensitivity, which kinds of defect are easily found in the images below? aGNEnG FIELD Longitudinal (along the axis) Transverse (perpendicular the axis) 6/26/2000From the previous slide regarding the optimum test sensi which kinds of defect are easily found.in the images below? Likes Or MAGNETIC FORCE PROD ELECTRIC. CURRENT Cracks at 90° to line force will show Cracks at parallel to line force will not showfl From the previous slide regarding the optimum test sensitivity, which kinds of defect are easily found in the images below? CURRENT ¢ (AT OR BC) =] ES ARTICLE MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE Longitudinal (along the axis)xt Residual fields DC current Residual fields > While the DC used for magnetization is gradually reduced to zero: ¥ Internal residual circular fields remaining in, conductors after DC, Y The external field will be reduced to zero. G Ac current residual fields » While AC used for magnetizatiorris gradually reduced to zero: ¥ No residual field remains in magnetized article. Q Internal magnetizing fields “force” referred coercive force. Q Easy measurement of extertial/magnetizing fields using field indicator is Longitudinal magnetization. 6/26/2020 Desai Sinext Longitudinal Fields. O When a long component is magnetized using a solenoid having a shorter length, only the material within the solenoid and about the same length on each side of the solenoid will be strongly magnetized. This occurs because the magnetizing force diminishes with increasing distancé from the § solenoid. Therefore, a long componént must be magnetized and \ inspected at several locations along its length for complete inspection coverage. syzencz0Xt ircular Fields O When a circular magnetic field is forms in and around a conductor due to the passage of electric current through it, the following dah Be said about the distribution and intensity of the magnetic field > The field strength varies from zero at the center of the component to ‘a maximum at the surface. > The field strength at the surface of the conductor decreases as the radius of the conductor increases (when the current strength is held constant). The field strength inside the conductor.is dependent on the current strength, magnetic permeability of the material, and if magnetic, the location on the B-H curve. The field strength outside the conductor is directly proportional to the current strength and it decreases with distance from the conductor, 6/26/2000 DrsamirSandcular Fields G The magnetic field strength graphed versus distance from the center of the conductor when current passes’ through a solid circular conductor :- +» ANonmagnetic Conductor Carrying DG; » the internal field strength rises from zero at the center to a maximum value.at the surface of the conductor. 6/26/2000X The field strength within the conductor is much greater than it is in the nonmagnetic. conductor. This is due to the permeability of the magnetic material. > The external field is exactly the same for the two materials provided the current level and conductor sponokadius are the same.X The internal magnetic field will be Concentrated in a thin layer near thé surface of the conductor (skin effect): » The external field decreases with increasing distance from the surface same as with DC. 6/26/2000Xt ircular Fields O In a ROWSWICIREUIAFESRAUELOF(there is no magnetic field in the void area), ‘The magnetic field distribution in land around a hollow conductor of a nonmagnetic material carrying direct current. ‘The magnetic field distribution in and around a hollow conductor of ‘a magnetic material carrying direct current. The magnetic field distribution in and around a hollow conductor of ‘a magnetic material carrying alternating current.Circular Fields In a Rll6WTeEUIRFSERAUGKEE >» The magnetic field is zero at the inner surface and rises/until it reaches a maximum at the outer surface. > Same as with a solid conductor, when DC current is passed through a magnetic conductor, the field strength within the conductor is much greater than in nonmagnetic conductor due to the permeability of the magnetic material. > The external field strength decreases with distance from the surface of the conductor. > The external field is exactly the same-for the two materials provided the current level and conductor radius are the same. When AC current is passed through a hollow circular magnetic conductor, the skin effect concentrates the magnetic field at the outside diameter of the component. ‘As can be seen from these three field distribution images, the field strength at the inside surface of hollow conductor is very low when a circular magnetic field is established by direct magnetization. Therefore, the direct method of magnetization is not recommended when inspecting the inside diameter wall of a hollow component for shallow )26/2008 Desai Sand> A much better method of magnetizing hollow components for inspection of the ID and OD surfaces is with the use of a central conductor. As can be seen in the field distribution image, ‘when DC current is passed through a nonmagnetic central conductor (copper bar), the magnetic’field produced on the inside diameter surface‘of a magnetic tube is ‘The magnetic field distribution in and much greater and the fieldiis still strong enough for _| funda nonmagneticcentral conductor carrying DC inside a hollow defect detection on the OD surface. conductor of a magnetic material. 6/26/2000‘Q Optimum sensitivity will be AC for fine surface discontinuities, wet fluorescent for indication visibility and ‘the continuous method. however, the chart below illustrates the ability of various curfents using both wet and dry magnetic particles in locating subsurface discontinuities. MAGNETIC. PARTICLES AMPERAGE. CURRENT HOLE MUMBER AND RELATIVE DEPTHOThe depth of penetration of magnetic flux lines to detect subsurface crack depends on: > Type of current. > Strength of current > Permeability of the medium. HOLE NUMBER AMO RELATIVE DEPTHVisible (Color Contrast) Magni Particles. > Aminimum light intensity of 100 fc (1000 Lux) is required’on'the surface to be examined to ensure adequate sensitivity during the examination and evaluation of indications. “ Fluorescent Magnetic Particles With Black Light. » The examination shall be performed as follows: a) It shall be performed in a darkened area. b) Examiners shall be in a darkened area fora least min prior to performing examinations to enable their eyes to adapt to dark viewing. Glasses or lenses worn by examiners shall not be photosensitive, ¢) Black lights shall achieve a minimum of 1000 wWicm2 on the surface of the part being examined throughout the examination. Reflectors and filters shouldjbe chécked and, if necessary, cleaned prior to use. Cracked or broken filters shall be replaced immediately. The black light intensity shall be measured with a black light meter prior to use, whenever the light's power source is interrupted or changed, and at the completion of the examination or series of examinations. 6/26/2020 Dr.Samir Saad<% Visible dye penetrant (color contrast) ™ usually requires 1000 lux (100 ftc) at the test surface. ™ These levels should always be verified against the governing procedure, standard or specification. Xf Fluorescent dye penetrant = Fluorescent evaluation station should be about 1000 1 W/cm2 of near ultraviolet radiation (UV-A) as measured at the test surface, and = the ambient (white) light should not be greater than 20 lux (2 ftc). 6/26/2020 DrSamir Saadxt Adequate Illumination: Ambient Light Meters Illumination meters measure light intensity of ambient (white) light in foot- candles or lux. 6/26/2020 DrSamir Saadte Illumination: Ultraviolet RadiationMeter Typical ultraviolet radiation meter used for fluorescent processes. ounce of (black /UV) light p 6/26/2020 Dr.Samir SaadAll indications must be interpreted to verify that a false or nonrelevant indication is not hiding or covering a relevant indication. This may require lowering amperage and reverifying/adequate field strength for that area O Relevant Indications, > Are produced by magnetic leakage fields caused'by discontinuities. ¥ ASurface Defect produces an indication which is Sharp and district. O Nonrelevant Indications > Are caused by magnetic leakage fields that are not discontinuities and may be/BX6SSSIVe) amperage, changes in section, changes in permeability or magnetic writing. 6/26/2000Y Magnetic Writing is a group of indications , some sharp and Some broad and hazy, were found on an area of small forging. broad, fuzzy indications near the toes of weld ground flush due to changes in permeability in HAZ. ¥ Demagnetization and retesting eliminated the indications » Metallurgical Indication ¥ HAZa long side a weld. Variation in hardness from cold working ¥ Grain boundaries in some large grain materials. High internal and external stress, ¥ Luder lines, O False Indications > Are not the result of magnetic leakage fields and may be particles held by gravity or foreign cnondfaterial on the test object. Desai Sine .X In this case, the residual field\is low or disappears after the magnetizing force is no longer acting, > An example is low-carbon plate such as that used for low strength weldments, tanks, etc. 6/26/2000Reasons Not to Demagnetize The material in question consists of non-aircraft structural parts such as weldments, large castings, boilers, etc., where the presence of a residual.field would have no effect on other components or the proper service performance of the part. Q Ifthe part is to be subsequently processed or heat-treated ‘and in the process will become heated above the Curie point, or about 770° C (about 1418% F). Above this temperature steels become nonmagnetic, and on cooling are completely demagnetized when they pass through the reverse transformation. The part will become magnetized anyway\during a subsequent process, > for example, when held in a magnetic chuck. 1 Apartis to be subsequently magnetized.in another direction to the same or higher level at which it was originally magnetized, > for example, between cifculaf) ahd longitudinal magnetization for magnetic particle inspection. The magnetic field contained in’ non-aircraft finished part is such that there are no external leakage fields measurable by ordinary means, > i.e, the field produced during magnetic particle inspection with circular magnetization. ep2eroz0 DrSairSeedXUustification for Demagnetizing O The residual field may interfere with nearby instruments. tHat work on magnetic principles. Oi The residual field may cause difficulty in post-cleaning. Magnetic media from the test object can interfere with plating or painting operations? O The residual field can attract chips during mac! g or interfere with welding operations because of arc blow. Q The residual field can attract particles in a moving test object (e.g. bearing )and cause wear. 6/26/2000xt Demagnetization Methods Q Heating Above curie temperature. > Heating above the GUHSISMperaturel650 to 870 °C [1200/0160 “F] for ferrous alloys causes the material to lose all magnetism characteristics, and upon-eooling they are ferromagnetic again and have no residual magnetism Q Electromagnetic Demagnetization > Accomplished by creating a slightly higher magrfetic field than the residual and gradually reducing the magnetic force and residual to nearly zero. > itis most effective to position , As near-as possible to the inside wall of the coil. A. Alternating Current Demagnetizatior! Y Is normally the easiest, fastest and fiést effective, and normally 2 to 5s, ¥ Subjecting the component'fo a reversing and decreasing magnetic field will return the dipoles to a nearly random orientation throughout the material. This can be accomplished by pulling a ‘component out and away from a coil with AC passing through it 6/26/2000xt Demagnetization Methods Q Electromagnetic Demagnetization B. Direct Current Demagnetization ¥ Some stationary bench units have a reversing step-down demagnetizing coil. ¥ These units are better than alternating curréntYor demagnetizing deeply direct current- induced residual fields. C. Yoke Demagnetization ¥ Analternating current yoke can.be used to demagnetize by simply magnetizing the test object by close proximity withthe yoke energized and moving the test object away from the yoke. 6/26/2000X<£Demagnetization Practices The Earth's magnetic field usually does not interfere with shop demagnetizations. If long test objects are stored with their axis north and south, they will pick up a residual field over a period of months. ‘The material should also be placed with it long axis in.an east-west orientation to avoid any influence of the Earth's twagnetic field Striking a test object or vibrating it during demagnetization will aid the process for test objects that standard demagnetization has proven difficult, Afield meter” Field Indicators “soften used to verify that the residual ; - Field Indicators flux has been removed from a component.XtEfficiency of Demagnetization Q Demagnetization can only be measured accurately ifthe last field induced was a longitudinal field. Q Itis very difficult to measure or detect if'a round test object has a residual circular field. QO The requirements for demagnetization will be specified in the specification, technique sheet, procedure or work order. 6/26/2000i The Difference Between Defects and Discontinuities Q Discontinuity: > An interruption of the typical structure of a material, such as’@/aok of homogeneity in its mechanical, metallurgical, or physical characteristics. > Adiscontinuity is not necessarily a defect. O Defect: > A flaw (imperfection or unintentional discontinuity) of such size, shape, orientation, location or property, which is rejectable, > Always rejectable, either for: a) Lack of conformance to specification requirements. b) Potential lack of fitness for,purbose' ¢) Both > Adefect (a rejectable flaw) is bY definition a condition, which must be removed or corrected all defects are discontinuities, but not all discontinuities are considered defects. 6/26/2020 Desai Sine< Types of Discontinuities A. Inherent Discontinuities: Inherent discontinuities are formed during the [itlalimelting sana) solidification process of an ingot or casting. 4. Ingot pipe * is caused by shrinkage at the top of the ingot or can form in the riser ygvaeuux, in a casting. nc UsONS * This top area of the ingot (called the hot top or Casting riser) is normally cropped off and recycled. tocar’ . Porosity * is trapped gas pockets in the cooling metaland may occur in the ingot, i casting or in a weld . Ingot crack * can form anytime during solidification or cooling of metal . Nonmetallic inclusions * are slag pickets, alloy, segregation or foreign material. . Blowholes = in the ingot are caused by gas pockets escaping, and in a casting may be moisture from the mold blowing into the molten metal.A. Inherent Discontinuiti ‘The “HOT TOP" is usually cropped off to remove most of the above discontinuities. a< Types of Discontinuities B. Processing Discontinuities: 1. Primary Processing Discontinuities . Rolling . Forging . Casting . Welding Secondary Processing Discontinuities, |. Extrusion. . Pickling . . Machining . . Plating . . Heat treatment esp. Disa Sand< Types of Discontinuities B. Processing Discontinuities: |. Primary Processing Discontinuities 41. Rolling a) LAMINATION = As a billet is flattened and spread out, nonmetallic ificlusions may cause a lamination. = Pipe and porosity could also cause laminations. 6726/2000<2 Types of Discontinuities: B. Processing Discontinu I. Primary Processing Discontinuities 4. Rolling b) STRINGERS = As a billet is rolled into bar stock, nonmetallic inclusions are squeezed out into longer and thinner discontinuities called stringers.< Types of Discontinuities B. Processing Discontinu |. Primary Processing Discontinuities 4. Rolling c) SEAMS = As a billet is rolled into round bar stock, surface irregularities may cause seams. = Seams are caused by folding of metal due to improper rolling or by a crack in the billet e/26/2000{ Discontinuities ) J <2 Types of Discontinuities B. Processing Discontinu |. Primary Processing Di: 4. Rolling c) LAPS * are the result of overfiling in the mill passes that causes fins or projections< Types of Discontinuities B. Processing Discontinuities: |. Primary Processing Discontinuities 2. Forging O Forging Discontinuities occur when metal is hammered or pressed into shape, usually while the metal is very hot. a) lap = is caused by folding of metal on the surface of the forging, usually when some of the forging metal is squeezed out between the two dies.< Types of Discontinuities B. Processing Discontinu |. Primary Processing Discontinuities 2. Forging b) burst. * is a rupture caused by forging at improper temperatures. Bursts may be either internal or open to the surface as shown below. am |! WTERMAL, EXTERNAL ‘sums urcr om enack CoPEN TO THE SURFACEDTypes of Discontinuities .. Processing Discontinuities: |. Primary Processing Discontinuities 3. Casting O Casting discontinuities occur when molten metal is poured into a mold and allowed to solidity. a) cold shuts * are caused by molten metal flowing together but not fusing together. COED SHUT _— OPEN To THE SURFACE CSmOoTH, CURVED APPEARANCE ee< Types of Discontinuities B. Processing Discontinuities: |. Primary Processing Discontinuities 3. Casting b) Hot Tears (shrinkage cracks) * cocur when theres unequal cooling! shyfnjage Mf stress bulld-up between light and heavy sections as shown below: MOLD< Types of Discontinuities B. Processing Discontinu |. Primary Processing Discontinuities 3. Casting ¢) Shrinkage cavities = are usually caused by lack of enough molten metal to fil the space created by shrinkage, similar to pipe in the ingot FREED Twe Castine rourine< Types of Discontinuities B. Processing Discontinu |. Primary Processing Discontinuities 3. Casting d) Microshrinkage = is usually many small subsurface holes that appear at the gate of the casting = Microshrinkage can also occur when the molten metal must flow from a thin section into a thicker section of a casting e) Blow holes = are small holes at the surface of thé casting caused by gas which comes from the mold itself. = Many molds are made of sand, and when molten metal comes into contact with the mold, the water in the sandis reléasedias steam. f) Porosity = is caused by entrapped gas. = Porosity is usually subsurface but can occur on the surface depending on the design of the mold. 6/26/2000 DrsamirSand 0< Types of Discontinuities B. Processing Discontinuities: |. Primary Processing Discontinuities 4. Welding a) Porosity b) Slag inclusion ¢) Undercut EY yr d) Overlap. Piet So Hh pa wy ain e) lack of fusion f) lack of penetration 9) Cracks h) Stress crack i) crater cracks 1, Overlap 2, Lack of Fusion 3, Undereut ij) HAZ cracks 4, Porosity $, Crack 6, Slag Inclusion<* Welding Discontinuities ERacKs TRANSVERSE SSS<* Welding Discontinuities SLAG INCLUSIONS ‘TUNGSTEN INCLUSIONS LACK OF PENETRATION LACK OF FUSION UNDERCUT< Types of Discontinuities B. Processing Discontinuities: I. Secondary Processing Discontinuities, 1. Extrusion /Seamless pipes and tubes Discontinuities (Seam, Slugs & Gouging or gouges) . Heat treating and quench cracks. . Pickling cracks. |. Grinding Cracks. . Plating cracks.< Types of Discontinuities B. Processing Discontinuities: 1. Secondary Processing Discontinuities 1. Extrusion /Seamless pipes and tubes a) Seam + Seams present in the parent material (round bar stock). * Seamless tubing is made from round bar stock a Gratk in bar stock appear as a seam on the outside of the tubing. AERC MADE a) Slugs * Slugs are caused by metal that builds Up on the piercing ‘mandrel then breaks off and fuses into'the pipe wall. “inner surface” a) Gouging or gouges = Gouging is caused by friction of the mandrel and inside of the pipe. " inner surface" 6/26/2000 DrsamirSand<2 Types of Discontinuities C. In-service Discontinuities: . Fatigue cracking. . Creep cracking. . corrosion . Stress corrosion cracking. . Hydrogen cracking. 6/26/2000] Exampl: Example Indications ’ (1 Examples of Fluorescent Wet Magnetic Particle Indications Magnetic particle wet fluorescent indication Magnetic particle wet fluorescent of a eracks in.a drive shaft indication of a crack in a bearing /L Example Indications f O Examples of Fluorescent Wet Magnetic Particle Indications Magnetic particle wet fluorescent Indication of a crack at a sharp radius { Magnetic particle wet fluorescent \ indication of a crack in the crane hook6/26/2000 ‘Rejection Criteria Inceaone > 1/16" (1.6mm shall be considered eavant Relevant Itcatons ee rjecaie . {vetvated e retrcracts or ster cracks and 4 83%¢4mm) in length. Evelvated o crac oter tan rater ori gr Star erecka Evelvated a 1 and > (28-4 mn toa ong contcous 12° aomins r we ofe na Fercateton, te masium fnapicdl rounded indestions shat be Spelled tedadone we sgeaRNS cats Intnl ndention = 18: (32 mmr 25% of the thickness of the thinner ttombor, whichever igled ‘rareuon of catrk Supded indications exceeded te concentration of Aeisto 1108 Pouges teen Ctustored roundogeagine > 35 (12.7 mm) ar present Somoined eng of usterednacatons >in any 12305 nm) of wed ‘hay recnuatigchagtin ta hater 116°(16 mm) ANSVASHE ESTA Tnaleatons >7/167(1 Bmm) shall be considered as relevant 1. near ingleation: Any Crack orinear indication 2. Rotinded indications Indications with dimensions > 2/16" (4.8 mm) «Four or more rounded indication in a line separated by 1/16" (1.8 men) or Sess eaige fo eae. TTen or mere rounded indication in any 6 in? (3870 mm’ of surace with the vnjor dimension of ts area Nt to exceed @ (190 met). Indications > 1/16" (7.6 mm) shall be considered as relevant ‘The following indications shall be rejectable: 1. Relevant inear incieation > 1/18" (1.6 mm) 2. Relevant rounded indieatione > 3/16" (4.8 mm) 3. Four or mere rounded indications ina ine separated by 1/16" (1.6 mm) or lese (oage to edge)Q-01: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Which of the following materials cannot be tested by magnetic particle techniques? a. High alloy steels. b. Tool steels. c. Copper alloys. d, Ferritic stainless steels. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-01: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Which of the following materials cannot be tested by magnetic particle techniques? a. High alloy steels. b. Tool steels. c. Copper alloys. d, Ferritic stainless steels. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-02: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Materials that are strongly attracted to a magnet are called: a, magnetized, b, nonmagnetic, c. ferromagnetic, d. magnetic. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-02: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Materials that are strongly attracted to a magnet are called: a, magnetized, b, nonmagnetic, c. ferromagnetic. d. magnetic. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-03: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Magnetic lines of force (magnetic fields) are oriented in what direction in relation to the direction of the magnetizing current? a, Parallel. b. At right angles. c. Ata 45 degree angle. d. At random angles. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-03: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Magnetic lines of force (magnetic fields) are oriented in what direction in relation to the direction of the magnetizing current? a, Parallel. b. At right angles. c. Ata 45 degree angle. d. At random angles. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-04: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Magnetizing flux is a term that relates to: a. describing the direction of current flow in an electromagnet. b. The manner by which magnetism flows through space. c. the lines of force associated with a magnetic field. d. permanent magnets only. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-04: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Magnetizing flux is a term that relates to: a. describing the direction of current flow in an electromagnet. b. The manner by which magnetism flows through space. c. the lines of force associated with a.magnetic field. d. permanent magnets only. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-06: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Subjecting a part to a magnetic field that is constantly reversing in polarity and gradually diminishing in strength accomplishes which of the following? a. Magnetization of the part. b. Demagnetization of the part. c. The residual magnetism is increased. d. Location of deep-lying discontinuities. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-06: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Subjecting a part to a magnetic field that is constantly reversing in polarity and gradually diminishing in strength accomplishes which of the following? a. Magnetization of the part. b. Demagnetization of the part. c. The residual magnetism is increased. d. Location of deep-lying discontinuities. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-06: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Circular magnetization is useful in the detection of: a. circumferential cracks. b, Longitudinal cracks. c. cracks in cylindrical parts at right angles to the long axis of the part. d. deep-lying discontinuities. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-06: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Circular magnetization is useful in the detection of: a. circumferential cracks. b. Longitudinal cracks. c. cracks in cylindrical parts at right angles to the long axis of the part. d. deep-lying discontinuities. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-07: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) In which magnetizing method is the current passed directly through the part, thereby setting up a magnetic field at right angles to the current flow? a. Longitudinal magnetization. b. Coil magnetization. e. Central conductor magnetization. d. Circular magnetization. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-07: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) In which magnetizing method is the current passed directly through the part, thereby setting up a magnetic field at right angles to the current flow? a. Longitudinal magnetization. b. Coil magnetization. e. Central conductor magnetization. d. Circular magnetization. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-08: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Which of the following is a major disadvantage of using prods? a. The magnetic field may be applied in the wrong direction b. The inspection surface may be arc burned c. Magnetic saturation may occur. d. The operator's eyes may be burned by arc strikes. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-08: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Which of the following is a major disadvantage of using prods? a. The magnetic field may be applied in the wrong direction b. The inspection surface may be are burned. c. Magnetic saturation may occur. d. The operator's eyes may be burned by arc strikes. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-09: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Inspecting a part by applying the magnetic particle suspension while the current is flowing is called the: a. continuous method. b. dry method. c, residual method. d. demagnetization method. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-09: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Inspecting a part by applying the magnetic particle suspension while the current is flowing is called the: a. continuous method. b. dry method. c, residual method. d. demagnetization method. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-10: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) How is the inside diameter of a cylinder best magnetized? a, By a head shot. b. By using prods at either end. c. With a central conductor placed between contact heads. d. With the cylinder placed crosswise in a solenoid. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-10: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) How is the inside diameter of a cylinder best magnetized? a, By a head shot. b. By using prods at either end. c. With a central conductor placed between contact heads. d. With the cylinder placed crosswise in a solenoid. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-11: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) The amount of amperage used for magnetic particle inspection using prods is based on the distance between the prods and the: a. thickness of the part. b. length of the prods. c. diameter of the prods. d, total length of the part. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-11: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) The amount of amperage used for magnetic particle inspection using prods is based on the distance between the prods and the: a. thickness of the part. b. length of the prods. c. diameter of the prods. d, total length of the part. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-12: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Demagnetization of a part is usually not necessary if the part is: a. small b. inspected with the continuous method. c. to be hardened by heat treatment after inspection. d. high carbon steel to be welded after inspection. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-12: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Demagnetization of a part is usually not necessary if the part is: a. small b. inspected with the continuous method. c. to be hardened by heat treatmentafter inspection. d. high carbon steel to be welded after inspection. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-13: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Which of the following is an advantage of the dry technique over the wet technique? a. Itis more sensitive for detecting fine surface cracks. b. It is more capable of providing full surface coverage on irregularly shaped parts. e. It is easier to use for field inspection with portable equipment. d. It is faster when testing many small parts. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-13: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Which of the following is an advantage of the dry technique over the wet technique? a. Itis more sensitive for detecting fine surface cracks. b. It is more capable of providing full surface coverage on irregularly shaped parts. e. It is easier to use for field inspection with portable equipment. d. It is faster when testing many small parts. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-14: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Fluorescent magnetic particles are used in preference to visible magnetic particles: a. when parts are big and bulky. b. when working in the field. c. if parts are for railroad applications. d, to increase the speed and reliability of detecting very small discontinuities. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-14: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Fluorescent magnetic particles are used in preference to visible magnetic particles: a. when parts are big and bulky. b. when working in the field. c. if parts are for railroad applications. d. to increase the speed and reliability of detecting very small discontinuities. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-16: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) The most versatile type of magnetic particle equipment is: a.a field kit. b, the stationary horizontal machine. c. the mobile power unit. d. the automatic machine. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-16: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) The most versatile type of magnetic particle equipment is: a.a field kit. b. the stationary horizontal machine. c. the mobile power unit. d. the automatic machine. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-16: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Magnetic particle inspection methods are recognized as superior to liquid penetrant techniques when the: a. surfaces of the test object are corroded. b. surface is anodized. c. parts are painted. d. part is made from austenitic steel. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-16: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Magnetic particle inspection methods are recognized as superior to liquid penetrant techniques when the: a. surfaces of the test object are corroded. b. surface is anodized. c. parts are painted. d. part is made from austenitic steel. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-17: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) When using direct current, an indication is detected.What is the next logical step to determine if the indication results from a surface or subsurface condition? a. Reinspect using the surge method. b, Demagnetize and apply powder. e. Reinspect at higher amperage: d. Reinspect using alternating current. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-17: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) When using direct current, an indication is detected. What is the next logical step to determine if the indication results from a surface or subsurface condition? a. Reinspect using the surge method. b, Demagnetize and apply powder. e. Reinspect at higher amperage: d. Reinspect using alternating current. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-18: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Arequirement to use magnetic particle testing on a part should also include: a. a fabrication and service manual. b, a statement on the drawing that requires'a magnetic particle test. c. the procedure to be used and acceptance criteria. d. the method of test and service-conditions. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-18: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Arequirement to use magnetic particle testing on a part should also include: a. a fabrication and service manual. b, a statement on the drawing that requires'a magnetic particle test. c. the procedure to be used and acceptance criteria. d. the method of test and service-conditions. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-19: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) The statement that magnetic particle testing can be applied to plated and painted parts: a. is true regardless of the thickness of the coating. b. may be true if flux densities are increased to compensate for the coating thickness. c. is true only for circular magnetism. d. is not true under any circumstances. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-19: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) The statement that magnetic particle testing can be applied to plated and painted parts: a. is true regardless of the thickness of the coating. b. may be true if flux densities are increased to compensate for the coating thickness. c. is true only for circular magnetism. d. is not true under any circumstances. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-20: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) The best type of magnetizing current for inspection of fatigue cracks is: a. direct current. b, alternating current. e. half-wave direct current. d, full-wave rectified direct current. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-20: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) The best type of magnetizing current for inspection of fatigue cracks is: a. direct current. b. alternating current. e. half-wave direct current. d, full-wave rectified direct current. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-21: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Astar-shaped indication is seen on the cover pass of a weld. What type of discontinuity is indicated? a. Cooling crack. b. Crater crack. c. Slag inclusion. d. Arc burn. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-21: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Astar-shaped indication is seen on the cover pass of a weld. What type of discontinuity is indicated? a. Cooling crack. b. Crater crack. c. Slag inclusion. d. Arc burn. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-22: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) For maximum sensitivity in magnetic particle inspection of rough welds: a, the weld should be wire brushed to remove slag-and scale. b, standard test weldments should be used for comparison. c. the weld bead should be coated with lacquer. d. the weld bead should be ground flush with the plate surfaces. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-22: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) For maximum sensitivity in magnetic particle inspection of rough welds: a, the weld should be wire brushed to remove slag-and scale. b, standard test weldments should be used for comparison. c. the weld bead should be coated with lacquer. d. the weld bead should be ground flush with the plate surfaces. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-23: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Which of the following is indirect magnetizing method? a. Yoke method. b, Prods method. c. Head shot method. d. None of the above. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-23: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Which of the following is indirect magnetizing method? a. Yoke method. b, Prods method. c. Head shot method. d. None of the above. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-24: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Which of the following technique gives direct magnetization? a. Yoke. b, Prods, c. Solenoid. d. None of the above. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-24: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Which of the following technique gives direct magnetization? a. Yoke. b. Prods. c. Solenoid. d. None of the above. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-26: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) {In MPT , when inspect bar by Circular Magnetization, the current proportional to } AMPT of bars by Gireular Magnetization, the current is Selected by__} a. L/D ratio. b. Diameter (D). c. Number of turns. d. Length 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-26: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) {In MPT , when inspect bar by Circular Magnetization, the current proportional to } AMPT of bars by Gireular Magnetization, the current is Selected by__} a. L/D ratio. b. Diameter (D). c. Number of turns. d. Length 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-26: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Part placed inside the coil. The current is maximum at: a. On surface of the part. b, Inside the surface of coil. c. Inside the part. d. None of the above 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-26: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Part placed inside the coil. The current is maximum at: a. On surface of the part. b, Inside the surface of coil. c. Inside the part. d. None of the above 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-27: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Which of the following is used to measure the magnetic field strength for yoke magnetization? a. Kito ring, b. Residual magnetic. c. Lifting weight (Power). d. Pie gage. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-27: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Which of the following is used to measure the magnetic field strength for yoke magnetization? a. Kito ring, b. Residual magnetic. c. Lifting weight (Power). d. Pie gage. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-28: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Hall effect “Gauss Meter” is used in measuring: a. Flux density. b, Radiation. c. Cand B. d. None of the above. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-28: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Hall effect “Gauss Meter” is used in measuring: a. Flux density. b, Radiation. c. Cand B. d. None of the above. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-29: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Which of the materials have high retentivity magnetization? a. Low carbon steel. b. High carbon steel. c. Stainless steel, d. Cast-iron. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-29: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Which of the materials have high retentivity magnetization? a. Low carbon steel. b. High carbon steel. c. Stainless steel, d. Cast-iron. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-30: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Aseam-welded pipe that had the weld ground flush showed broad, fuzzy indications near the toes of the weld that extended the complete length of the pipe. The probable cause of the indications: a. Magnetic writing. b, The geometry of the weld. c. A permeability change in the base metal at the HAZ. d. Surface crack. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaedQ-30: Magnetic Particle Testing(MT) Aseam-welded pipe that had the weld ground flush showed broad, fuzzy indications near the toes of the weld that extended the complete length of the pipe. The probable cause of the indications: a. Magnetic writing. b, The geometry of the weld. c. A permeability change in the-base metal at the HAZ. d. Surface crack. 6726/2020 DrSemirSaed