2021

EET 204 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

ASST.PROF.SREELEKSHMI.S

MODULE-3
• Biot-Savart’s Law
• Magnetic Field intensity due to a finite and infinite wire carrying current
• Magnetic field intensity on the axis of a circular and rectangular loop carrying
current
• Magnetic flux Density
• Magnetic Vector Potential
• Ampere’s circuital law and simple applications
• Inductance and mutual inductance.
• Boundary conditions for electric fields and magnetic fields
• Conduction current and displacement current densities
• Continuity equation for current;
• Maxwell’s Equation in Differential and Integral form from Modified form of
Ampere’s circuital law, Faraday's Law and Gauss’s Law.
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Consider an infinitely long transmission line consisting of two concentric cylinders having their
axes along the z-axis. The cross section of the line is shown in figure. The inner conductor has
radius a and carries current I, while the outer conductor has inner radius b and thickness t and
carries return current -I. Assume thar the current is uniformly distributed in both conductors.
Since the current distribution is symmetrical, apply Ampere's law along the Amperian path for
each of the four possible regions
 INDUCTANCE & MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
Inductance:
Mutual Inductance:
 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR ELECTRIC
FIELDS AND MAGNETIC FIELDS
➢ ELECTRIC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
If the electric field exists in a region consisting of two different media, the conditions that the field
must satisfy at the interface separating the media are called boundary conditions. These conditions
are helpful in determining the field on one side of the boundary if the field on the other side is
known.
• Dielectric ( r1 ) and dielectric ( r 2 )

• Conductor and dielectric

• Conductor and free space

To determine the boundary conditions, we use Maxwell’s equations:

 E • dl = 0 --------------------- (A)
And  D • ds = Q enc ------------------ (B)

Where Qenc is the free charge enclosed by the surface S. The electric field intensity is decomposed
into two components:
  
E = Et + E n ---------------------- (C)

where E t and E n are, respectively, the tangential and normal components of E to the interface of
interest. A similar decomposition can be done with electric flux density D.
A. DIELECTRIC- DIELECTRIC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Consider the electric field existing in a region that consists of two different dielectric
characterized by  1 =  0  r1 and  2 =  0 r 2 . The fields E1 and E 2 in media 1 and 2 can be
decomposed as
  
E1 = E1t + E1n ---------------------------- (1)
  
E 2 = E 2t + E 2 n -------------------------- (2)

Applying eqn (A) to the closed path abcda in figure (a) , assuming that the path is very small
with respect to the spatial variation in E, we get
h h h h
0 = E1t w − E1n − E2n − E 2t w + E 2 n + E1n -------- (3)
2 2 2 2

Or 0 = (E1t − E2t )w

As h → 0 E1t = E 2t -----------------------------(4)

Thus the tangential components of E are same on the two sides of the boundary. In other words
Et undergoes no change on the boundary and it is said to be continuous across the boundary.

Since D = E = Dt + Dn eqn (4) van be written as

D1t D2 t
= E1t = E 2t =
1 2

D1t D2 t
Or = -------------------- (5)
1 2

That is Dt undergoes some change across the interface. Hence, Dt is said to be discontinuous
across the interface.
Similarly applying eqn (B) to the pill box: the height f the box is negligibly small so that electric
flux through the lateral surface is zero. Therefore,

Q =  S dS = D1n S − D2n S

Or D1n − D2 n =  S ----------------------- (6)

If no free charge exist at the interface,  S = 0 . Then eqn (6) becomes,

D1n = D2 n --------------------- (7)

Thus the normal component of D is continuous across the interface; i.e Dn undergoes no change
at the boundary. Since D = E eqn (7) can be written as,

 1 E1n =  2 E2n ------------------- (8)

Thus normal component of E is discontinuous at the boundary. Equations (4) and (6) or (7) are
collectively referred to as boundary conditions.
 Boundary conditions can e used to determine the refraction of electric field across the interface.
Consider D1 or E1 and D2 or E 2 making angles  1 and  2 with the normal to the interface.

Using eqn (4),

E1 sin 1 = E1t = E2t = E2 sin  2

Or E1 sin 1 = E 2 sin  2 ------------------ (9)

Similarly applying eqn (7) or (8) we get,

 1 E1 cos1 = D1n = D2n =  2 E2 cos 2

Or  1 E1 cos 1 =  2 E 2 cos  2 ------------------------- (10)

tan 1 tan  2
Dividing (9) by (10) gives = ---------------------- (11)
1 2

Since  1 =  0  r1 and  2 =  0 r 2 eqn (11) becomes,

tan 1  r1
= --------------------------- (12)
tan  2  r 2

B. CONDUCTOR – DIELECTRIC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

The conductor is assumed to be perfect ( →  or  c → 0) . To determine the boundary

conditions, we incorporate the fact that E = 0 inside the conductor. Applying eqn (A) to the
closed path abcda in fig (a),
h h h h
0 = 0.w + 0. + En − Et w − En − 0. − − − − − −(1)
2 2 2 2

As h → 0 , E t = 0 -------------- (2)

Similarly applying eqn (B) to the pill box in fig (b), and letting h → 0 ,

Q = Dn • dS − 0.dS ----------------- (3)

 Since D = E = 0 inside conductor. Eqn (3) may be written as
Q
Dn = = S
dS

Or Dn =  S ------------------------------(4)

Thus under static conditions, following conclusions may be made about perfect conductor,
1. No electric field may exist within a conductor ; i.e

V = 0, E = 0
2. Since E = −V , there can be no potential difference between any two points in the conductor,
that is, a conductor is an equipotential body.

3. An electric field E must be external to the conductor and must be normal to its surface, i.e

Dt =  0 r Et = 0, Dn =  0 r En =  S

C. CONDUCTOR – FREE SPACE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

For conductor –dielectric interface, we have

Dt =  0 r Et = 0, Dn =  0 r En =  S

The boundary conditions at the interface between a conductor and free space can be obtained
from above equation by replacing  r by 1.

The electric field E must be external to the conductor and normal to its surface. Thus the
boundary conditions are,

Dt =  0 Et = 0, Dn =  0 En =  S
 ➢ MAGNETIC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Magnetic boundary conditions are conditions that H or B field must satisfy at the boundary
between two different media. The basic laws used are, Gauss’s law for magnetic fields

 B • dS = 0 ---------- (1)
and Ampere’s circuit law  H • dl = I ---------- (2)

Consider the boundary between two magnetic media 1 and 2, characterized by 1 and  2 .
Applying (1) to the pill box and allowing  h → 0

B1n S − B2n S = 0 -------- (3)

Thus, B1n = B2n or 1 H 1n =  2 H 2n ------ (4)

Above eqution shows hat normal component of B is continuous at he boundary. It also shws that
he normal component of H is discontinuous t the boundary; H undergoes sme change a the
interface.
Simialy applying (2) to the closed pah abcda where surface current K on the boundary is assumed
normal to the path,
h h h h
K • w = H 1t • w − H 1n • − H 2n • − H 2t • w + H 1n • + H 2n • ------(5)
2 2 2 2
As  h → 0 equation (5) becomes,

K = H 1t − H 2t --------- (6)

This shows that the tangential coponent of H is also discontinuous. In terms of B ,

B1t B2t
− = K ---------- (7)
1 2

If the boundary is free of current or the media are not conductors, K=0 then (6) becomes
B1t B2t
H 1t = H 2t or = --------- (8)
1 2

Thus the tangential component of H is continuous while that of B is discontinuous at the boundary.
Refraction
If the fields make an angle θ with the normal to the surface (4) becomes,

B1 cos 1 = B1n = B2n = B2 cos  2 ---------- (9)

B1 B2
While (8) becomes sin  1 = H 1t = H 2t = sin  2 -------------- (10)
1 2

Dividing (10) by (9),

tan  1 1
= ---------------------- (11)
tan  2  2
 MAXWELL’S EQUATION IN DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL FORM
FROM MODIFIED FORM OF AMPERE’S CIRCUITAL LAW,
FARADAY'S LAW AND GAUSS’S LAW
➢ MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS FOR STATIC EM FIELDS

1) GAUSS’S LAW
Gauss’s law states that the total electric flux  through any closed surface is equal to the total
charge enclosed by that surface.

Thus,  = Qenc

But, ------- (1)

Qenc =  v dV ------------ (2)

V

Equating RHS of (1) and (2)  D • dS =   dV ---------------- (3) [Integral Form]

S V
v

By applying divergence theorem to equation (3), [Divergence Theorem:  D • dS =   • D dV

S V
]

  • D dV =   dV
V V
v

Therefore,  • D = v ----------------------- (4) [Differential Form]

This is the first law of Maxwell’s equations. Above equation states that volume charge density is
same as divergence of electric flux density.
2) CONSERVATIVENESS OF ELECTROSTATIC FIELD
Potential difference between points A and B is independent of the path taken.
Therefore, VAB = −VBA

i.e VBA + VAB = 0

Therefore  E • dl = 0 -------------- (5) [Integral Form]

This shows that line integral of E along a closed path must be zero. That is, no net work is done in
moving a charge along a closed path in an electric field. Applying Stoke’s theorem to (5)

 E • dl =  (  E ) • dS = 0
Or   E = 0 ------------- (6) [Differential Form]
Thus (6) shows that electrostatic field is conservative. This is referred to as Maxwell’s second
equation.
3) AMPERE’S CIRCUIT LAW
Ampere’s circuit law states that the line integral of the tangential component of H around a closed
path is the same as the net current Ienc enclosed by the path.
In other words circulation of H equals Ienc , ie

 H • dl = I enc ----------- (7)

Applying Stoke’s theorem to LHS of equation (7), [Stoke’s Theorem:  H • dl =  (  H ) • dS ]

L S

I enc =  H • dl =  (  H ) • dS ------ (8)

S

But I enc =  J • dS ---------- (9)

S

Comparing (6) and (7)  (   H ) • dS =  J • dS

S S
----------- (10) [Integral Form]

Therefore,  H = J ----------------- (11) [Differential Form]

This is the Third Maxwell’s Equation.
4) NONEXISTENCE OF MAGNETIC MONOPOLE
The total flux through a closed surface in a magnetic field must be zero.

 =  B • dS =0

Therefore  B • dS = 0 ------------(12) [Integral Form]

By applying Divergence Theorem,  B • dS =  (  • B )dv -----------(13)

S V

Comparing (12) and (13),  • B = 0 -------------------(14) [Differential Form]

This is the Fourth Maxwell’s Equation.
Summary:
Differential form Integral form

 • D = v  D • dS =   dV
S V
v

 E = 0  E • dl = 0
  H = J  H • dl =  J • dS
S

•B=0  B • dS = 0
➢ MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS FOR TIME VARYING EM FIELDS

1) GAUSS’S LAW
Gauss’s law states that the total electric flux  through any closed surface is equal to the total charge
enclosed by that surface.

Thus,  = Qenc

That is,  =  d =  D • dS ------- (1)

S

Qenc =  v dV
V ------------ (2)

Equating RHS of (1) and (2)  D • dS =   dV ---------------- (3) [Integral Form]

S V
v

By applying divergence theorem to equation (3), [Divergence Theorem:  D • dS =   • D dV

S V
]

  • D dV =   dV
V V
v

Therefore,  • D = v ----------------------- (4) [Differential Form]

Above equation states that volume charge density is same as divergence of electric flux density.

2) AMPERE’S CIRCUIT LAW

Ampere’s circuit law states that the line integral of the tangential component of H around a closed path is
the same as the net current Ienc enclosed by the path.
In other words circulation of H equals Ienc , ie

 H • dl = I enc
----------- (5)

Applying Stoke’s theorem to LHS of equation (5), [Stoke’s Theorem:  H • dl =  (  H ) • dS

L S
]

I enc =  H • dl =  (  H ) • dS ------ (6)

S

But I enc =  J • dS ---------- (7)

S
Comparing (6) and (7)  (   H ) • dS =  J • dS
S S
----------- (8) [Integral Form-for static fields]

Therefore,  H = J ----------------- (9) [Differential Form-for static fields]

The divergence of curl of any vector is zero. Hence,

 • (  H ) = 0

Hence,  • (  H ) =  • J = 0 -------------- (10)

From continuity equation,

V
•J = −  0 ---------------- (11)
t
Therefore, (10) and (11) becomes incompatible. So, we introduce a term in (9) so that it becomes,
  H = J + J d ------------- (12)

Then,  • (  H ) =  • J +  • J d = 0 ------------ (13)

In order for (13) to agree with (10)

V ( • D ) D
 • J d = − • J = = = • ---------- (14)
t t t
D
Or Jd = ------------ (15)
t
D
 H • dl =  ( J +
L S
t
) • dS ----------- (16) [Integral Form]

Substituting in (15) in (12)

D
 H = J + ----------------- (17) [Differential Form]
t
This is Maxwell’s equation for a time varying field. The term Jd is known as the displacement
current density and J is the conduction current density.
3) NONEXISTENCE OF MAGNETIC MONOPOLE
The total flux through a closed surface in a magnetic field must be zero.

 =  B • dS

Therefore  B • dS = 0 ------------(17) [Integral Form]

By applying Divergence Theorem,  B • dS =  (  • B )dv -----------(18)
S V

Comparing (12) and (13),  • B = 0 -------------------(19) [Differential Form]

4) FARADAY’S LAW
According to Faraday’s experiments, a static magnetic field produces no current flow, but time
varying field produces an induced voltage called electromotive force, in a closed circuit, which
causes a flow of current.
Faraday’s law states that the induced emf Vemf in any closed circuit is equal to the time rate of
change of the magnetic flux linkage by the circuit. It is expressed as,
d
Vemf = − ------------- (20)
dt
In terms of E and B, eqn(20) can be written as
d
Vemf =  E • dl = −
dt S
B • dS -------------- (21)
L

When the conducting loop is in time varying magnetic field B, (21) becomes
B
Vemf =  E • dl = −  • dS ----------- (22)
L S
t

B
 E • dl = − t • dS ----------- (23)
L S

Applying Stoke’s theorem,

B
 (  E ) • dS = − t • dS -------------- (24)
S S
[Integral Form]

B
Therefore,  E = − ------------------(25) [Differential Form]
t
This is the Maxwell’s equation for time varying field. This shows that the work done in taking a
charge about a closed path is a time varying electric field is due to the energy from the time varying
magnetic field.
Summary:
Differential form Integral form

 • D = v  D • dS =   dV
S V
v ------- (1)
 •B = 0  B • dS = 0 ---------------- (2)

B B
 E = −
t  E • dl = − t S
• dS ---- (3)

D  D 
 H = J +
t  H • dl =   J +
S
 • dS
t  ----- (4)

➢ MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS FOR HARMONICALLY VARYING FIELDS

If the fields are varying harmonically with time,

D = D0 e jt and B = B0 e jt

D
Then, = D0 e jt j = jD
t
B
Similarly = jB
t
Therefore,
Differential form Integral form

 • D = v  D • dS =   dV
S V
v ------- (1)

•B = 0  B • dS = 0 ---------------- (2)

  E = − jB = − jH  E • dl = − j  H • dS ---- (3)

S

  H = J + jD = E + jE
= E + jE  H • dl = ( + j ) E • dS ----- (4)
= ( + j )E S