BASIC ENGLISH

GRAMMAR -
TENSES

RIFQI AUFAN
PJKR
FIK UNIMED
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 TENSES

Tenses adalah perubahan kata kerja yang dipengaruhi oleh waktu dan sifat
kejadian. Semua kalimat dalam bahasa Inggris tidak lepas dari tenses
karena semua kalimat pasti ada hubungannya dengan waktu dan sifat
kejadiannya.

Waktu Present Past Future

Simple Present Simple Past Simple Future
Kejadiannya

Present Past Continouos Future

Continouos Continouos
Sifat

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect
Continuous Continuous Continuous

SIMPLE PRESENT
A. Pola Kalimat
(+) S + V- 1 (s/es) + O + keterangan waktu.
(-) S + do/does + not + V- 1 + O + keterangan waktu.
(?) Do/does + S + V- 1 + O + keterangan waktu?

Contoh :
(+) You study English at MEC everyday.
(-) You don't study English at MEC everyday.
(?) Do you study English at MEC everyday?

1. Kalau subjek kalimat orang ketiga tunggal (the third person

singular-she/he/it), kata kerja harus ditambah dengan "s" atau
"es" dalam kalimat positif (positive statement).
Contoh: Mary usually goes swimming on Saturday morning.
Mother always serves our breakfast before we go to
school.
My brother likes playing tennis on Sunday morning.

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2. Akhiran "s" pada kata kerja
Pada umumnya kata kerja ditambah dengan akhiran "s" jika
subjeknya orang ketiga tunggal (the third person singular -
he/she/it).
Contoh:
I work five days a week.
We play tennis every Sunday
The boys play in the garden

She works five days a week.

Father takes a train to go to office.
A mouse eats my food every morning
3. Akhiran "es" digunakan pada kata kerja yang huruf akhirnya
"s, ch, sh, x, o", jika subjeknya orang ketiga tunggal.
Sedangkan kata kerja yang huruf akhimya "y" dan didahului
huruf mati, y ditukar dulu dengan "i" kemudian ditambah
"es"
Contoh:
I pass the house.
You watch television.
We wash our clocthes.
They go to office.
I study English

He passes the house.

John goes to office.
She washes her clothes.
She watches television.
He studies English

4. .Kalimat menyangkal (negative)

Kalimat menyangkal (negative) dibentuk dengan
menempatkan "do not/don't atau does not/doesn't" sesudah
subjek kalimat. "Doesn't" digunakan untuk orang ketiga
tunggal (he doesn't, she doesn't, it doesn't), sedangkan "don't"
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 digunakan untuk selain orang ketiga tunggal (I don't, you don't,
we don't, they don't).
Contoh:
You don't go swimming on Monday.
We don't work on Saturday.
I don't work at the aircraft factory.

He doesn't work on Saturday.

My brother doesn't play football every day.
John doesn't work at the aircraft company

.
5. Kalimat tanya (interrogative)
Kalimat tanya (interrogative) dibentuk dengan menempatkan
kata Bantu "do atau does"di depan kalimat. "Does"
digunakan untuk orang ketiga tunggal (he, she, it), sedangkan
"do" digunakan untuk selain orang ketiga tunggal (I, you, we,
they). "Do/does" dalam kalimat tanya artinya"apakah" dan
kata kerjanya tidak lagi menggunakan akhiran "s/es"
walaupun subjek kalimatnya orang ketiga tunggal
Contoh:
Do you always go to office by train?
Do they go swimming every Sunday?
Do the boys like this film?

Does your brother work for bank Mandiri ?

Does he go swimming every Sunday?
Does the boy like this film?

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 6. Kesesuaian subject dan auxiliary verb di tenses ini adalah
sebagai berikut:
DO digunakan oleh subject I, you, we, dan they.
DOES digunakan oleh subject she, he, dan it.
B. Penggunaan
1. Simple Present digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu peristiwa,
kejadian, kegiatan yang terjadi berulang-ulang, atau merupakan
suatu kebiasaan (habit).
Contoh:
I leave for office at 6 every morning.
My father works five days a week.
Father always drinks tea in the afternoon.
2. Simple Present juga digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu fakta
(fact) atau suatu yang merupakan kebenaran umum (general
truth).
Contoh:
The River Nile flows into Mediterranean.
Jet engines make a lot of noise.
Vegetarians don't eat meat and fish.
3. Simple Present juga digunakan untuk menunjukkan sesuatu
yang akan terjadi di waktu yang akan datang, jika kita
membicarakan suatu Jadwal, program, dan lain-lain.
Contoh:
The second train leaves at 10 a.m.
The football match starts at 4 p.m tomorrow.
The second film begins at 7 p.m.

C. Keterangan Waktu (Adverb of time)

1. Adverb of frequency
always : selalu
Usually : biasanya
generally : umumnya
ever (?) : pernah
Sometimes : kadang-kadang
occasionally : kadarag-kaclang
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 never : tidak pernah
Seldom : jarang

2. Adverb of quantity
once … : sekali ...
once a day : sekali dalam sehari
once a week : sekali dalam seminggu
twice … : dua kali ...
three times … : tiga kali dalam ...
every … : setiap ...
Exercise
A. Make the sentences using the phrases below
a) eat breakfast
b) go to class
c) put on my clothes
d) drink a cup of coffee/tea
e) shave
f) put on my make-up
g) take a shower/bath
h) get up
i) pick up my books
j) walk to the bathroom
k) watch TV
l) look in the mirror
m) turn off the alarm clock
n) go to die kitchen/the cafeteria
o) brush/comb my hair
p) say good-bye to my roommate, wife/husband
q) brush my teeth
r) do exercises
s) wash my face
t) stretch, yawn, and rub my eyes

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B. Put the following sentences into simple present. Use the words in
parentheses!
1. My sister still … (make) some mistakes in pronunciation.
2. Hendry always … (do) his weekly report on Monday
afternoon.
3. Mr. David's secretary always … (type) a lot of letters in the
office.
4. Some of us … (work) overtime on Saturday.
5. He … (come) early because he … (want) to see you.
6. They always … (report) to their superior once a week.
7. Our receptionist always … (serve) the customers patiently.
8. His assistant never … (forget) to record the daily transactions.
9. One of them often … (pass) my house in the morning.
10. We …… (go) to the seaside every Saturday.

C. Change the following sentences into negative!

1. The man comes here just to take this letter.
2. One of my brothers works for Bank of America in Jakarta.
3. He makes his weekly report regularly.
4. My manager always spends a lot of money on books every
month.
5. The cashier goes to the bank to cash the cheque.

D. Change the following sentences into interrogative!

1. The man withdraws some money from his account once a
week.
2. One of the men wants to see our manager this afternoon.
3. Some of them always finish their work on time.
4. My friend teaches English twice a week.
5. We always start work at 8 o'clock every morning.

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E. First, read and complete the text with phrases from the box.

wakes the children up 10 p.m. 20 children 6 o'clock

many times very tired gives them breakfast
taxi bus St Johns Hospital

My name is Jennie. I’m a nurse......................................and I work

at................................................I look after sick children at night. I start
work at.............................................................and finish early
at...........................................in the morning. I go to work by
........................................................ but I come home in the morning
by.......................................................................because I’m tired. I
have...........................................in my section. I look at the
children................................................. during the night. Sometimes I sit
and talk to a child. The children sleep most of the time. At 6 o'clock the
day nurse arrives and........................................................................She
................................................................. at 7 o'clock. I go home and go
to bed at 8 o'clock. I usually feel ...........................................

F. Now use this information to complete the questions that John

asks Jennie.
1. What do you do?
2. Where ............................................................................................?
3. What time ......................................................................................?
4. What time ......................................................................................?
5. How ............................................................................................... ?
6. How ............................................................................................... ?
7. How many .....................................................................................?
8. How often. .................................................................................... ?
9. When............................................................................................. ?
10. What ............................................................................at 7 o'clock?
11. How ................................................................. when you go home?

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G. Write the missing verbs in the sentences below. Choose from
the following:
cry dence drink drive laugh listen put read
run sing sleep study swim want write

1. Alice and Max are learning to dance the tango.

2. We usually _football songs on the bus.
3. 1 feel tired today because 1 didn't. last night.
4. He doesn't go to the beach because he can't very
well.
5. I always to the news on the radio in the morning.
6. Are we going to to the airport or go by bus?
7. It's a really sad film. It made me .
8. I think I'll some letters tonight.
9. Jim Carrey is so funny. He always makes me .
10. Don't all the orange juice now. Leave some for
breakfast.
11. I always the newspaper before I go to work.
12. The bus is at the stop now. If we , we'll catch it.
13. She's not hungry. She doesn't any cake.
14. I'd like to medicine at college.
15. Shall I the milk in the fridge?

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 PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
A. Pola Kalimat
(+) S + to be (is,am,are) + V-ing + O+ keterangan waktu.
(-) S + to be (is,am,are) + not + V-ing + O+ keterangan waktu
(?) To be (is,am,are) + S + V ing + O+ keterangan waktu?

Contoh :
(+) We are studying English at BEC now.
(-) We aren't studying English at BEC now
(?) Are we studying English at BEC now?

1. Kalimat menyangkal (negative)

Kalimat menyangkal (negative) dibentuk dengan menambahkan
"not" sesudah to be (am not, is not/isn't, are not/aren't) dan ditempatkan
sesudah subjek kalimat.
Contoh :
Mary is not/isn't typing the monthly report.
The students are not/aren't studying English in the classroom.
I'm not/ am not preparing a minute of meeting.
2. Kalimat tanya (interrogative)
Kalimat tanya (interrogative statement) dibentuk dengan
menempatkan to be (is, am, atau are) di depan kalimat. Dalam kalimat
tanya to be "am, is, atau are" artinya "apakah".
Contoh : Are you doing your homework?
Is your father still working in the office?
Are the children playing in the garden?
3. Kesesuaian subject dan auxiliary verb di tenses ini adalah
sebagai berikut :
AM digunakan oleh subject I.
IS digunakan oleh subject she, he, dan it.
ARE digunakan oleh subject you, we, dan they.

B. Penggunaan
1. Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu
kejadian atau peristiwa yang sedang terjadi atau berlangsung
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 saat kita sedang bicara
Contoh:
My brother is painting the house.
Please be quiet! The baby is sleeping.
Listen! The neighbors are quarrelling again.
2. Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu
kejadian atau peristiwa yang bersifat sementara (temporary).
Contoh:
I am living with my friend until I can find a house.
This machine is not working well.
John is living in his friend's flat at the moment.
David is always busy because he is working on his thesis.
3. Present continuous tense digunakan tamtuk menunjukkan
suatu keadaan atau situasi yang berubah-ubah.
Contoh:
The population of Indonesia is rising very fast.
Our economic situation is already very bad and it is getting
worse.
The cost of living is increasing. Every month things are
dearer.
4. Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan sesuatu
yang akan dilakukan di waktu yang akan datang dan telah
direncanakan atau ditentukan sebelumnya.
Contoh: I am meeting my father at the station tomorrow
morning.
We are holidaying in Europe next month.
My father is having a meeting with his staff
tomorrow morning.
5. Beberapa kata kerja tidak digunakan dalam present
continuous tense. Kita tidak boleh mengatakan, "I am liking
mango very much," tapi kita harus mengatakan, "I like mango
very much." Beberapa kata kerja yang tidak digunakan daIam
present continuous tense adalah:
kata yang menyangkut pancaindera : see, hear, notice,
recognize.
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 kata-kata yang menyangkut emosi : want, desire, smell,
notice, forgive, wish, care, like, hate, adore, dislike.
kata-kata yang menyangkut pikiran : think, feel, realize,
understand, know, mean, suppose, believe, expect, remember,
recollect, forget, recall, trust, mind.
kata-kata yang menyangkut milik : own, belong, possess.
kata-kata kerja seperti : seem, signify, appear,- contain,
consist, keep, concern, matter
Contoh :
a. I am knowing her well. (Poor)
I know her well. (Good)
b. I am understanding what you are meaning (Poor) I
understand what you mean. (Good)
C. Kata/frase yang biasa digunakan dalam present continuous tense
• Now : Sekarang
• At present : Sekarang Ini .
• At this moment : Pada Saat Ini
• Right now : Sekarang Ini
• Still : Masih
• Look : Lihat
• Listen : Dengarkan
Exercise
A Put the following sentences into present Continuous. Use the
words in parentheses!
1. One of my assistants … (correct) the financial report.
2. Some of them … (work) in the factory.
3. The two men … (discuss) their new plans.
4. The girl … (take) something in that room.
5. My assistant … (analyze) their proposal in his room.
6. She … (talk) to one of our regular customers in that room.
7. My friend… (Park) his car beside that building.
8. The mechanic… (Repair) my car in my garage.
9. One of them … (try) to open the door.
10. They … (do) their English exercises in the classroom.

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B. Change the following sentences into negative!
1. My accountant is calculating the total expenses we need.
2. My little sister is returning the books to the library.
3. The guests are having lunch with my supervisor.
4. John is paying the food he ordered.
5. My supervisor is still training some new employees in the
training room.
C. Change the following sentences into interrogative!
1. She is doing something in the meeting room.
2. The investors are calling all mechanical staffs in London.
3. Billy is reporting to his boss in the head office.
4. Brenda is recording all today's transactions.
5. The receptionists are still talking to one of my guests.

D. Look at the picture and the description. Re-write the

description to make it correct.

Steve is reading a newspaper. The children, Sam and Eric, are playing
with a ball. They are both wearing sunglasses. Pam is cooking chicken.
She's laughing because the smoke is getting in her eyes. Jo is standing
with her mother and is listening to music on her personal stereo. She is
eating an orange. Fred, the dog, is lying on the grass asleep.

1. Steve is not reading newspaper. He is reading a book

2. Sam and Eric..........................................'..............................................
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3. .................................................................................................................
4. .................................................................................................................
5. .................................................................................................................
6. .................................................................................................................
7. .................................................................................................................
8. ................................................................................................................
.
E. Simple present vs. present progressive. Directions: Use either
the simple present or the present progressive of the verbs in
parentheses.
1. Diane can't come to the phone because she (wash) is
washing her hair.
2. Diane (wash) her hair every other day or so.
3. Kathy (sit, usually) in the front row during
class, but today she (sit) in the last row.
4. Please be quiet. I (try) to concentrate.
5. (you, lock, always) the door to
your apartment when you leave?
6. I wrote to my friend last week. She hasn't answered my letter yet. I
(wait, still) for a reply.
7. After six days of rain, I'm glad that the sun (shine)
again today.
8. Every morning, the sun (shine) in my
bedroom window and (wake) me up.
9. A: Look! It (snow
B: It's beautiful! This is the first time I've ever seen snow. It (snow,
not) in my country.
10. A: Close your eyes. Now listen carefully. What (I, do)
?
B: You (rub the top of your desk
with your hand.
A: Close, but not exactly right. Try again.
B: Aha! You (rub) your hands
together.
A: Right!
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 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
A. Pola Kalimat
(+) S + have/has + V-3 + O
(-) S +-have/has + not + V-3 + 0
(?) Have/has + S + V-3 + O?
Contoh :
(+) We have visited him.
(-) we have not/haven’t visited him
(?) Have we visited him?

1. Kalimat Tanya (interrogative)

Kalimat tanya (interrogative) dibentuk dengan menempatkan
"have/has" di depan kalimat. dalam kalimat tanya, kata kerja
selalu dalam bentuk past participle.
Contoh:
• Has your brother got a job? (Apakah saudaramu sudah
mendapat pekerjaan?)
• Have you made a decision where you will continue
your study? (Apakah kamu sudah membuat keputusan
ke mana kamu akan meneruskan kuliahmu?)

2. Kalimat menyangkal (negative)

Kalimat menyangkal (negative) dibentuk dengan
menambahkan "not" sesudah "have/ has'' (have not/haven't,
has not/hasn't) dan ditempatkan sesudah subjek kalimat.
Contoh:
• I have not/haven't done my report for this week. (Saya
belum mengerjakan laporan saya untuk minggu ini.)
• She has not hasn't typed the weekly report. (Dia
belum mengetik laporan mingguan itu.)
• Father has not/hasn't paid his installment for this
month. (Ayah belum membayar cicilamrya untuk
bulan ini.)
3. Kesesuaian subject dan auxiliary verb di tenses ini adalah
sebagai berikut :
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 HAVE digunakan oleh subject I, you, we, dan they.
HAS digunakan oleh subject she, he, dan it.
4. Keterangan waktu yang biasa dipakai dalam tenses ini adalah
:
• Already : sudah
• for : Selama
• since : Sejak
• ever : Pernah
• just : Baru saja
• recently : Baru-baru ini

B. Penggunaan
1. Present perfect tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu
kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu lampau dan
masih berlangsung sampai sekarang.
Contoh:
• We have occupied this house for seven years. (Kami
sudah menempati rumah ini selama tujuh tahun)
• My brother has studied English for seven months.
(Saudara saya sudah belajar bahasa Inggris selama
tujuh bulan)
2. Present perfect tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu
kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu lampau dan
masih ada hubungannya dengan waktu sekarang atau
akibatnya dapat dilihat/dirasakan sekarang.
Contoh :
• My father has bought a new car. (Ayah saya sudah
membeli sebuah mobil baru)
• Brenda has passed from senior high school. (Brenda
sudah lulus dari sekolah menengah atas)
3. Present perfect tense juga digunakan dengan "this morning,
this afternoon, today, this week, this month, this year" untuk
menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu kejadian atau perbuatan telah
dilakukan berulang kali.

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 Contoh:
• I have tried to contact him three times today. (Saya
sudah mencoba menghubunginya tiga kali hari ini)
• She has visited this country twice this month. (Dia
sudah mengunjungi negara ini dua kali bulan ini)
Exercise
A. Put the following sentences into Present Perfect Tense. Use the
words in parentheses!
1. They … (complete) the new building.
2. Father … (buy) a new car for his son.
3. My secretary… (post) the letters.
4. Mr. Smith … (sell) one of his cars.
5. I believe that they … (transfer) the money.

B. Put the following sentences into negative!

1. She has finished typing all the reports.
2. Our translators have translated this novel into Indonesian.
3. All of them have left the tiny village.
4. One of my classmates has just celebrated her birthday.
5. They have abandoned the burning ship.

C. Put the following sentences into interrogative!

1. I have contacted his manager three times today.
2. They have printed this best seller novel three times this year.
3. We have occupied this new house for two months.
4. My sister has visited our grandfather at this village many
times.
5. This old city has changed a lot since I left it thirty years ago.

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 FAMILY LIFE
'My name's Charlotte. I'm married to John. We have two children,
Stephen and Sylvia. My mum's name is Theresa ami my father is called
Alan. I have two sisters and a brother - Emily, Rebecca and Michael.
Emily's married to Craig and they have a son called Freddie and twin
daughters, Lizzie and Vicky.'

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2 What do they all say about family life? Choose the correct
word tor each gap.
aunt cousin daughter grandchildren
granddaughter grandfather grandmother grandson
husband mother nephews nieces
parents sisters son uncle wife

Alan : My (a) son , Michael, is teaching me to use a

computer. I want to get on the Internet.
Theresa : It was my birthday last week. My
(b) Freddie made me a big chocolate
cake.
Stephen ; My (c) Michael is great. He always buys
me the best computer games.
Michael : I've got three (d) and two
(e) . Christmas is a very expensive time for
me!
Craig : My (f) 's family is really nice. Her
(g) , Theresa, is great with the children.
Rebecca : Emily is always very tired. Her (h) ,
Craig, never helps her with the twins.
Sylvia : My (i) Emily is quite fat.
Freddie : I hate my (j) , Lizzie and Vicky. They cry
all the time. My (k) , Stephen, is cool.
He's brilliant at football.
Theresa : I'm a bit worried about my (1) Rebecca.
She hasn't got a job or a boyfriend at the moment.
Sylvia : Both my (m) wear glasses. I don't want to
wear glasses when I grow up.
Freddie : My (n) is called Theresa and
my(o) is called Alan.
Theresa : My five (p) are the best thing in my life. I
love those twins, Lizzie and Vicky.
Alan : My (q) Sylvia is a very clever girl. She'll
go far in life.
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 Preposition
Write the missing prepositions in the sentences.
Use these prepositions:
-at- at at at tor for in in in in in on on on
1. Lei's go somewhere exciting at _ the weekend.
2. Would you like to come lo my party Friday?
3. Alice is going to Spain. She'll be away three weeks.
4. I usually finish work four o'clock the
afternoon.
5. We got to London nine o'clock.
6. They got married the twenty-first of August.
7. She's in the police so she often has to work night.
8. We arc now living the twenty-first century.
9. We're going on holiday for three weeks _the summer.
10. She went to Italy two weeks July.
11. They met in Paris 1982.
12. You can't go to bed early New Year's F.ve!

CLASSROOM EXPRESSIONS

Come in : Masuklah / Silahkan masuk

Sit down, please : Silahkan duduk
Stand up, please : Silahkan berdiri
Open your book : Buka bukumu
Close your book : Tutup bukumu
Don’t open your book : Jangan buka bukumu
Do you understand? : Apakah kamu mengerti?
Listen and repeat : Dengarkan dan tirukan
That’s great! : Itu bagus
Let’s begin now : Mari kita mulai sekarang
Who is absent today? : Siapa yang tidak masuk hari ini?
Please, come forward! : Tolong maju ke depan
Erase the white board : Hapus papan tulisnya
Have you finished? : Apakah kamu sudah selesai?
Come forward, please! : Tolong maju ke depan!

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Switch on the lamp! : Nyalakan lampunya!
It’s your turn! : Ini giliran mu!
Don’t disturb your friends! : Jangan ganggu teman2 mu!
Don’t be noisy! : Jangan ramai!
Do by yourself! : Kerjakan sendiri!

Our Activities
North : Utara Find : Menemukan
East : Timur Gate : Gerbang
South : Selatan Fence : Pagar
West : Barat Bridge : Jembatan
Turn : Belok Circle : Bundaran
Post office : Kantor pos Border : Perbatasan
Crossroad : Perempatan Garden : Taman
Three junctions: Per3an Stadium : Stadion
Dead alley : Gang buntu Field : Lapangan
Right side : Sebelah kn Straight : Lurus
One line : satu jalur Zigzag : Berliku-liku
Side walk : Trotoar Pass : Melewati
Right : Kanan Go on : Terus
Left : Kiri Highway : Jalan raya
Traffic light : Lampu lalin Post office : Kantor pos
Traffic sign : Rambu lalin Grade : Tanjakan

Desy : Excuse me, would you like to tell me the way to go to police
station from post office?
Dea : It’s OK. If you want to go to police station from post office,
after getting out of the gate of post office you must turn right
and then go straight on to the east for about 500 meters, you
will pass SMPN1KEDIRI and will find the first crossroad.
From that crossroad, you must turn right and please go straight
on to the south and you will pass the major’s office on your
right side and will find the second crossroad again. From that
crossroad, you must turn right again and go straight on to the
west for about 200 meters and on your left side is police
station.
Desy : Thanks for your information
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Dea : You’re welcome

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 SIMPLE PAST TENSE
A. Pola Kalimat
(+) S + V2 + 0 + keterangan waktu.
(-) S + did + not + V1 + O+ keterangan waktu.
(?) Did + S + V1 + O+ keterangan waktu?
Contoh :
(+) You visited my mother yesterday.
(-) You didn't visit my mother yesterday.
(?) Did you visit my mother yesterday?

1. Simple past tense menggunakan keterangan waktu lampau.

Keterangan waktu yang sering digunakan dalam simple past
tense adalah:
2. Semua subject menggunakan DID untuk kalimat negative
dan interrogative

B. Penggunaan
1. Simple past tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu
kejadian, peristiwa atau keadaan yang terjadi pada waktu
lampau.
Contoh:
• The children enjoyed the party last night.
• His father died when he was ten years old.
2. Simple past tense juga digunakan untuk menanyakan waktu
terjadinya suatu kejadian atau peristiwa
Contoh:
• When did you buy this new car?
• When did she get married?
• When did you buy this English dictionary?
• When did your brother leave for England?
Exercise
a. Put the following sentences into simple past tense. Use the
verbs in parentheses!
1. They …… (use) this room to discuss their plans last night.
2. The man …… (reserve) two double rooms last week.
23
 3. Mr. Brown …… (return) from England last week.
4. My brother …… (apply) for a job last month and he was
accepted.
5. They …… (finish) work at 5.50 yesterday afternoon.

b. Put the following sentences into simple past tense. Use the
verbs in parentheses.
1. She … (take) the stamps from my drawer yesterday morning.
2. They … (spend) the night at one of my friend's last night.
3. My secretary … (bring) all the books home last week.
4. A friend of mine … (get) a job here a month ago.
5. My boss … (give) me a good dictionary for my birthday
present.

c. Change the following sentences into negative!

1. Mr. Skousens signed these two cheques last Monday.
2. I met them at the airport two weeks ago.
3. The bank debited the amount from my account last week.
4. We settled all the payments when I was abroad last month.
5. I decided to contact your service manager yesterday morning.

d. Change the following sentences into Interrogative!

1. He promised to take me home last night.
2. Jane stopped working because she had got a better job.
3. She often had lunch late because she was very busy.
4. My sister took a bus because her driver was ill.
5. She went home late because she had to work overtime.

24
e. Fill the missing words below using simple past of present
perfect. Use the words in the bracelet.
1. What (you, learn) have you learned since you (come)
here? And how many new friends (you, make)
?
2. Since classes began, I (have, not) much
free time. I (have) several big tests to study
for.
3. Last night my friend and I (have) some free
time, so we (go) to a show.
4. I admit that I (get) older since I last (see)
you, but with any luck at all, I (get, also)
wiser.
5. The science of medicine (advance) a
great deal in the 19th century.
6. In the last fifty years, medical scientists
(make) many important discoveries.
7. Libraries today are different from those in the 1800s. For example,
the contents of libraries (change) greatly
through the years. In the 1800s, libraries (be) simply
collections of books. However, today most libraries (become)
multimedia centers that contain tapes,
computers, disks, films, magazines, music, and paintings. The role
of the library in society (change, also) In the
1800s, libraries (be) open only to certain people,
such as scholars or the wealthy. Today libraries serve everyone.
8. A: Are you taking Chemistry 101 this semester?
B: No, I (take, already)_ it. I (take)
it last semester. This semester I'm in 102.
9. A: Hi, Judy. Welcome to the party, (you, meet, ever) -----------------
my cousin?
B: No, I
10. A: Do you like lobster?
B: I don't know. I (eat, never) --------------------------------- it.

25
f. Write the missing verbs in the sentences below in the Past
Simple. Choose from the following:
call clean cry enjoy invite jump move need
plan rain show stop talk use wait

1. The weather was terrible in Ireland. It _ rained nearly every day.

2. Why do the windows look dirty already? I them
yesterday.
3. He was only three when his parents from London to
New York.
4. Yesterday Maria . me an amazing photo of you.
5. I_ to Karen at the party. She was really interesting.
6. She was really happy when she won the tennis match and she over
the net.
7. I _ you three times this afternoon, hut your phone was always
engaged.
8. We forty people to the party, but only twenty came.
9. She went to the shops because she to buy some milk and
eggs.
10. Thank you for a wonderful evening. 1 really it.
11. My little sister when our cat died.
12. I reading that computer book because it was so boring.
13. I didn't write in pen. I a pencil.
14. We for you for an hour outside the cinema. Where were
you?
15. They looked at the map and their journey.

26
 PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
A. Pola Kalimat
(+} S + was/were + V-ing + O + keteran.gan waktu
(-) S + was/were + not + V-ing + 0 + keteran.gan waktu
(?} Was/were + S + V-ing + 0 + keterangan waktu?

Contoh :
{+) We were watching movie at 02.00 pm yesterday.
(-) We weren't watching movie at 02.00 pm yesterday
(?) Were we watching movie at 02.00 pm yesterday?

1. Kalimat menyangkal (negative statement)

Kalimat menyangkal (negative statement) dibentuk dengan
menambahkan "not" sesudah "was/ were" (was not/wasn't,
were not/weren't) dan ditempatkan sesudah subjek kalimat.
Contoh :
• I was not/wasn't waiting for a bus at 5 yesterday afternoon.
(Saya tidak sedang menunggu bis pada jam 5 sore kemarin.)
• She was not/wasn't doing her homework when mother
called her last night. (Dia tidak sedang mengerjakan
pekerjaan rumahnya ketika ibu memanggilnya tadi malam.)
2. Kalimat tanya (interrogative statement)
Kalimat tanya (interrogative statement) dibentuk dengan
menempatkan "was/were" di depan kalimat. Dalam kalimat
tanya, "was/were" berarti "apakah".
Contoh :
• Were you studying English at 6 o'clock p.m yesterday?
(Apakah kamu sedang belajar bahasa Inggris pada jam 6
kemarin sore?)
• Was she reading a book when you came to her house last
night? (Apakah dia sedang membaca buku ketika kamu
datang ke rumahnya tadi malam?)
3. Kesesuaian subject dan auxiliary verb di tenses ini adalah
sebagai berikut :
WAS digunakan oleh subject I, she, he, dan it.
27
 WERE digunakan oleh subject you, we, dan they
4. Keterangan waktu yang biasa dipakai dalam tenses ini adalah
:
• … when : … ketika
• while … : sementara …
• At … o’ clock yesterday : pada pukul … kemarin
• All morning yesterday : Sepanjang pagi kemarin

B. Penggunaan
1. Untuk menyatakan aktivitas yang sedang dilakukan di masa
lampau.
Contoh : I was studying, at eight o'clock last night
2. Past continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu
kejadian atau peristiwa yang sedang terjadi pada suatu saat
tertentu di waktu lampau.
Contoh :
• I was watching television at eight o'clock last night.
(Saya sedang menonton televisi pada jam delapan tadi
malam. )
• She was doing her homework at 2 p.m. yesterday.
(Dia sedang mengerjakan pekerjaan rumahnya pada
jam dua sore kemarin.)
3. Past continuous digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu
kejadian atau peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu
lampau dan kemudian kejadiaa atau peristiwa lainnya
menyusul.
Contoh :
• When I came home last night, my little sister was
watching television. (Ketika saya pulang ladi malam,
adik saya sedang menonton televisi.)
• They were waiting for a bus when I met them
yesterday afternoon. (Mereka sedang menunggu bis
ketika saya be°temu mereka kemarin sore.)
• She was typing a letter when I wanted to see her. (Dia

28
 sedang mengetik sepucuk surat ketika saya ingin
bertemu dengannya.)
4. Past continuous tense juga digunakan untuk menunjukkan
dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang sedang berlangsung pada
saat yang sama di waktu lampau.
Contoh :
• I was watching television while father was reading a
book. atau While father was reading a book, I was
watching television.
• The students were discussing their lesson while the
professor was speaking to his guest. atau While the
professor was speaking to his guest, the students were
discussing their lesson.
Exercise
a. Put the following sentences into Past Continuous Tense. Use the
words in parentheses!
1. Jane … (eat) breakfast when her friends called yesterday
morning.
2. The students … (talk), when the teacher entered the room.
3. While Jane … (clean) the apartment, her husband … (read) a
magazine.
4. She … (cook) the lunch when her friends came to her house.
5. We … (have) lunch when you came to my office yesterday.
6. Jack … (paint) the house when you called him yesterday
afternoon.
7. When you came to my house last night, I … (type) this
report.
8. They (discuss) their next plans while we … (prepare)
something yesterday morning'
9. When he left me, I … (talk) to one of our customers.
10. I got a phone call from my father when I … (work) in the
office yesterday morning.

29
b. Supply the correct past forms of the verbs, Simple Past or
Past Continuous
1. I am sitting in class right now. I (sit) was
sitting in class at this exact same time yesterday.
2. I don't want to go to the zoo today because it is raining. The
same thing happened yesterday. I (want, not)
to go to the zoo because it
(rain) .
3. I (call) Roger at nine last night, but he
(be, not) at home. He (study)
at the library.
4. I (hear, not) the thunder
during the storm last night because I
(sleep)
5. It was beautiful yesterday when we went for a walk in the
park. The sun (shine) A
cool breeze (blow) The birds (sing)

6. My brother and sister (argue) about

something when I (walk) into the room.
7. I got a package in the mail. When I (open)
a surprise.
8. While Mrs. Emerson (read)
the little boy a story, he (fall) ; asleep, so she
(close) the book and quietly (tiptoe)
out of the room.
9. A: Why weren't you at the meeting?
B: I (wait) for an overseas
call from my family.
10. A; (you, hear) what she
just said?
B: No, I (listen, not) I
(think) about something else.

30
 SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
A. Pola Kalimat
(+) S + will + V1( bare infinitive) + 0 + keterangan waktu.
(-) S + will + not + V1( bare infinitive) + 0 + keterangan waktu.
(?} Will + S + V1( bare infinitive) + 0 + keterangan waktu ?
Contoh :
(+) She will visit me tomorrow.
(-) She will not visit me tomorrow.
(?) Will she visit me tomorrow?

1. Kalimat menyangkal (negative statement)

Kalimat menyangkal (negative statement) dibentuk dengan
menambahkan "not" sesudah "WILL" (will not/won't) dan
ditempatkan sesudah subjek kalimat.
Contoh : John will not read magazine tomorrow
2. Kalimat tanya (interrogative statement)
Kalimat tanya (interrogative statement) dibentuk dengan
menempatkan "WILL" di depan kalimat. Dalam kalimat
tanya, "WILL" berarti "apakah".
Contoh : Will they sell the old house next year?
3. Seluruh subject di tenses ini menggunakan satu auxiliary verb
yang sama yaitu WILL.
4. Keterangan waktu yang dipakai dalam tenses ini adalah :
Tomorrow : besok
Next : yang akan datang
Later : kemudian

B. Penggunaan
Simple future tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu kejadian
atau peristiwa yang akan terjadi atau dilakukan pada waktu yang akan
datang. Untuk menunjukkan suatu rencana, "will" digunakan untuk
semua kata ganti. Tapi dalam bahasa lisan biasanya digunakan bentuk
singkatan (contraction form), yaitu I'll, We'll dsb.

31
 • I'll probably leave for America next week.
• We'll probably spend our holidays in Bali next year.
• She'll call you this afternoon.

Read these famous failed predictions. Then complete the sentence

using will + the verb in brackets.
a) We are in September 1914: according to most newspapers in
Britain and Germany, the war (be) will be over by Christmas.
They cannot imagine that the war (continue) until1918,
and (claim) the lives of about 9 million in the
military and a further 7 million civilians.
b) We are in 1919: according to geologist Albert Porta, the
conjunction of six planets (cause) the Sun to explode. In
fact, the Sun (probably destroy) the Earth one
day, when it becomes a red giant in about 4.5 billion years.
c) We are in 1977: according to Ken Olson, head of a computer
company, people (never want) a computer in
the home. Latest predictions (2005) suggest that computer
ownership (reach) 1.3 billion machines
worldwide by 2010.
d) We are in 1999: according to many scientists, computers (crash)
and (cause) chaos on the first
day of the new millennium.
e) And one to look forward to: according to the Aztec calendar, the
world (come) to an end on 22 December 2012.
We (have to) wait and see.

32
 QUESTION WORD
Who .............. untuk menanyakan subject
What ............. untuk menanyakan kegiatan yang dilakukan subject
Whom ........... untuk menayakan object (orang)
What ............. untuk menanyakan object selain orang(bwnda/hewan)
When ............ menayakan waktu kejadian
Where ........... menayakan tempat kejadian
How .............. menayakan cara
Whose .......... menayakan kepemilikan
Contoh :
My father calls you in the market everyday
1 2 3 4 5
1. Who calls you in the market everyday?
2. What does my father do in the market everyday?
3. Whom does my father call in the market everyday?
4. Where does my father call you everyday?
5. When does my father call you in the market?
A cat eats a mouse everyday
1 2 3 4
1. What eats a mouse everyday?
2. What does a cat do everyday?
3. What does a cat eat everyday?
4. When does a cat do everyday?
My sister comes here by bus
1 2
1. Whose sister comes here by bus?
2. How does my sister come here?

Task:
Make the questions from the sentences below
1. Susan is cooking chicken in the kitchen now
2. Some students study mathematic in the library every afternoon
3. Badrus calls his sister in Java every week
4. We are inviting our teacher in our tournament now
5. Andrew has opened a box in the ware house for two minutes
33
 EXAMPLE OF
QW ANSWERS EXPLANATION
QUESTION
WHEN (a) When did they arrive? Yesterday. When is used to ask
(b) When will you come? Next questions about tons.
Monday.
WHERE (b) Where is she? At home. In Where is used to ask
Where can I find a pen? that drawer. questions about place.

WHY (c) Why did he leave early? Because he's Why is used to ask
(d) Why aren't you coming ill. questions about reason.
with us? I'm tired.
HOW (e) How did you come to By bus. How generally asks about
school? Carefully. manner.
(f) How does he drive?
(e) How much money Ten dollars. How is used with much
does it cost? How Fifteen. and many.
many people came?
(g) How old are you? Twelve. How is also used with
How cold is it? Ten below adjectives and adverbs.
How soon can you get here? zero. How long asks about
How fast were you driving? In ten length of time. How often
(g) How long has he been minutes. asks about frequency. How
here? 50 miles an far asks about distance.
How often do you write hour. Two
home? years.
How far is it to Miami from Every week.
here? 500 miles.
WHO (h) Who can answer that I can. Jane Who is used as the subject
question? Who came to and Eric. of a question. It refers to
visit you? people.
(i) Who is coming to dinner Ann, Bob, Who is usually followed
tonight? Who wants and Al. We by a singular verb even if
to come with me? do. the speaker is asking about
more than one person.

34
WHOM (j) Who(m) did you see? I saw Whom is used as the object
Who(m) are you George. of a verb or preposition.
visiting? My relatives. In everyday spoken
(k) Who(m) should I talk The English, whom is rarely
to? secretary. used; who is used instead.
To whom should I talk? Whom is used only in
(formal) formal questions. Note:
Whom, not who, is used if
preceded by a preposition.
WHOSE (1) Whose book did you David's. Whose asks questions
borrow? about possession.
Whose key is this? It's mine.
(Whose is this?)
WHAT (m) What made you angry? His What is used as the subject
rudeness. of a question. It refers to
What went wrong? Everything. things.
(n) What do you need? I need a What is also used as an
pencil. object.
What did Alice buy? A book.
(o) What did he talk. His vacation.
about?
About what did he
talk? (formal)
(p) What kind of soup is It's bean What kind to asks about
that? soup. the particular variety or
What kind of shoes did Sandals. type of something.
he buy?
(q) What did you do last I studied. What + a form of do is
night? used to ask questions
What is Mary doing? Reading a about activities.
book.
(r) What countries did Italy and What may accompany a
you visit? Spain. noun.
What time did she Seven
come? o'clock.
What color is his hair? Dark brown.
(s) What is Ed like? He's kind What + be like asks for a
and friendly. general description of
(t) What is the weather Hot and qualities.
like? humid.

35
 (u) What does Ed look He's tall and What + took like asks for
like? has dark a physical description.
hair.
(v) What does her house It's a two-
look like? story, red
brick house.
WHICH (w) I have two pens. The blue Which is used instead of
\ Which pen do you one. what when a question
want? concerns choosing from a
Which one do you definite, known quantity
want? or group.
Which do you want?
(x) Which book should I That one.
buy?
(y) Which countries did he Peru and In some cases, there is
visit? What countries Chile. 71iis little difference in meaning
did he visit? class. between which and what
(z) Which class are you when they accompany a
in? What class are you noun, as in (y) and (z).
in?

36
6. Write the numbers 1 to 9 next to the correct words,
circle 5 right angle
cube sphere
parallel lines square
pyramid triangle
rectangle

37
 QUESTION-TAQS
Question-Taqs adalah pertanyaan pendek yang diletakkan di
akhir suatu pernyataan tyang digunakan untuk meminta persetujuan/
konfirmasi.
Aturan penggunaan:
1. Apabila pernyataan positive, maka question taqs-nya negative dan
sebaliknya.
2. Question Taqs harus berupa Pronoun ( kata Ganti). Yaitu : I, You,
They. We, He, She, It, There.
Contoh : She will be at home, won’t she?
Jack didn’t like swimming, did he?
There is something to talk, isn’t there ?
Note :
1. Kata-kata berikut ini menggunakan kata ganti” They”,
- These - Noone
- Those - Nobody
- Anyone - Everyone
- Anybody - Everybody
- Someone - Somebody
- Posessive adjective + plural Noun

Contoh :
o These books are yours, aren’t they?
o Your cars were very expensive, weren’t they?
o Noone came to his party, did they?
2. Berikut adalah kelompok kombinasi Subject dan Question Taqs-
nya
• I/We+ You/they/he/she/it = We
• You+ they/you/he/she/it = You
• Dan bila tidak terdapat “I,We dan You”, maka kombinasi-
kombinasisubject menggunakan kata ganti “They”.
Contoh :
• He and I will visit her, won’t We?
• You and She are suitable couple, aren’ You?
• Her father and her mother didn’t come, did They?
38
3. Dalam pernyataan “ I am”, question-Taqs-nya adalah”aren’t I”
atau” am I not”
Contoh :
• I am supposed to to be here, aren’t I?
• I am not a student anymore, am I?
4. Apabila pada pernyataan terdapat kata- kata yang mengandung arti
“negative” atau “semi negative”, maka Question- taqsnya
“positive”.
Seperti :
- Never - Few
- Seldom - Little
- Rare - Hardly
- Barely - Scarcely
- No/ none/ not… - etc.
Contoh :
o She never comes late, does she ?
o Ther are only few students in the class, are there ?
5. Pada kalimat perintah positive (imperative) dan negative/ larangan
(Prohibition), Question-Taqs-nyamenggunakan “will you”.
Contoh :
o Stop the noise, will you ?
o Don’t be afraid, will you ?
6. Ajakan dengan “Let’s”, Question Taqs-nyamenggunakan” Shall
we”
Contoh :
o Let’s speak English, shall we ?
o Let’s keep our dicipline, shall we ?
7. Pada kalimat majemuk (complex sentence), Question Taqs-nya
dibuat berdasarkan kalimat utamanya.
Contoih :
o I think you are sick, aren’t you ?
o I wish she understood what I want, didn’t she?
Note :Kalimat utama yang dimaksud adalah kalimat yang menjadi pokok
pembicaraan.

39
Directions: Add tag questions.
1. They want to come, don’t they ?
2. Elizabeth is a dentist, ?
3. They won't be there, ?
4. You'll be there, ?
5. There aren't any problems, ?
6. That's your umbrella, ?
7. George is a student, ?
8. He's learned a lot in the last couple of years,
9. Larry has* a bicycle, ?
10. Monkeys can't swim, ?
11. Tina will help us later, ?
12. Peggy would like to come with us to the party,
13. Those aren't Tony's books, ?
14. You've never been to Paris, ?
15. There is something wrong with Jane today, ?
16. Everyone can learn how to swim, ?
17. Nobody cheated on the exam, ?
18. Nothing went wrong while I was gone, ?
19. I am invited, ?
20. This grammar is easy, ?

PLAYING ANAGRAM
An anagram has the same letters as another word, but in a different
order. Sort out these anagrams.
1. Change beard into something you can eat. BREAD
2. Change asleep into a word used by polite people._
3. Change below into a part of the body.
4. Change cheap into a fruit.
5. Change hated into the opposite of life. .
6. Change heart into our planet.
7. Change rose into another word for painful.
8. Change thing into the opposite of day.
9. Change danger into a place outside the house.
40
10. Change grown into the opposite of right.
11. Change laid into what you do when you make a phone call
12. Changed signed into what architects do .
13. Change means into what Lucy and John are examples of .
14. Change horse into the place where the land meets the sea .
15. Change recent into the middle of a town. .

MODAL AUXILIARY
Modal:
Will (akan) Must (harus)
Can (dapat) May (boleh)

Formula : S+Modal+bare infinitive+……..

Example :
• I will go to Semarang tonight
• She must do the home work
• I can make a delicious cake
• You may go home now.
Dalam penggunaan modal tidak boleh ada 2 modal auxiliary dalam datu
kalimat, sehingga diperlukan penggunaan similar modal.
Similar modal:
ÿ Be going to --> will
ÿ Be able to --> can
ÿ Be allowed to --> may
ÿ
have/has to -->
must Contoh:
Mira will be able to visit you tomorrow.
We will be allowed to drive this car tonight

41
 PASSIVE VOICE
Passive Voice adalah kalimat yang obyeknya dikenai pekerjaan.
Syarat :dalam kalimat aktif harus ada obyek yang nantinya berubah
menjadi subyek pada kalimat pasif
Pattern:
Be+V3
V1 = IS, AM, ARE
V2 = WAS, WERE
V3 = BEEN
Ving = BEING
Contoh :

I visit you everyday

You are visited by me everyday

be V3

AV : Tom has read a magazine for two hours

PV : A magazine has been read by Tom for two hours
Be V3
AV : Kim read a magazine yesterday
PV : A magazine was read by Kim yesterday
Be V3

42
Change the active to passive.
1. Shakespeare wrote that play. -» That play was written by
Shakespeare.
2. Waitresses and waiters serve customers.
3. The teacher is going to explain the lesson.
4. Shirley has suggested a new idea.
5. Bill will invite Ann to the party.
6. Alex is preparing that report.
7. Two horses were pulling the farmer's wagon.
8. Kathy returned the book to the library.
9. Tomorrow, the president will make the announcement.
10. I did not write that note. Jim wrote it.
11. Alice did not make that pie.
12. Does Prof. Jackson teach that course?
13. Mrs. Andrews has not signed those papers yet.
14. Is Mr. Brown painting your house?
15. His tricks will not fool me.

Change the passive to active.

1. That sentence was written by Omar.
2. Our papers are going to be collected by the teacher.
3. Was the electric light bulb invented by Thomas Edison?
4. The speed limit on Highway 5 isn't obeyed by most drivers.
5. Have you been informed of a proposed increase in our rent by the
building superintendent?

Directions: Use either active or passive, in any appropriate tense, for the
verbs in parentheses.
1. The Amazon valley is extremely important to the ecology of the earth.
Forty percent of the world's oxygen (produce) there.
2. Right now Roberto is in the hospital. He (treat) for
a bad burn on his hand and arm.
3. The game (win, probably) by the other team
tomorrow. They are a lot better than we are.
4. There was a terrible accident on a busy downtown street yesterday.
Dozens of people (see) it, including my friend,
43
 who (interview) by the police.
5. In my country, certain prices, such as the price of medical supplies,
(control) by the government. Other
prices (determine) by how much consumers are
willing to pay for a product.
6. Yesterday a purse-snatcher (catch) by a dog.
While the thief (chase) by the police, he
(jump) over a fence into someone's yard, where he
encountered a ferocious dog. The dog (keep) the
thief from escaping.
7. The first fish (appear) on the earth about 500
million years ago. Up to now, more than 20,000 kinds offish (name)
and (describe) by
scientists. New species (discover) every year, so
the total increases continually.
8. Richard Anderson is a former astronaut. Several years ago, when he was
52, Anderson (inform) by his superior at an
aircraft corporation that he could no longer be a test pilot. He (tell)
that he was being relieved of his duties because of
his age. Anderson took the corporation to court for age discrimination.

44
USING THE PASSIVE

Anagram key
1. bread 9. garden
2. please 10. wrong
3. elbow 11. dial
4. peach 12. design
5. death 13. names
6. earth 14. shore
7. sore 15. centre
8. night

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