NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE

GB
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

中华人民共和国国家标准
GB 50021-2001

Code for Investigation of Geotechnical Engineering

岩土工程勘察规范
(2009 Edition)

Issued on January 10, 2002 Implemented on March 01, 2002

Issued by the Ministry of Construction of the People's Republic of China
 Contents
Foreword ................................................................................................................................1
1 General Provisions ..........................................................................................................4
2 Terms and Symbols.........................................................................................................4
3 Investigation Classification and Geotechnical Classification.........................................7
4 Basic Requirements of Engineering Investigations ......................................................16
4.1 Building Construction and Structures ..............................................................16
4.2 Underground Excavation .................................................................................23
4.3 Shoreside Engineering .....................................................................................27
4.4 Road and Overhead Network Engineering ......................................................29
4.5 Waste Disposal Engineering ............................................................................33
4.6 Nuclear Power Plant ........................................................................................38
4.7 Side Slope Engineering....................................................................................45
4.8 Foundation Excavation Engineering................................................................47
4.9 Pile Foundation ................................................................................................49
4.10 Foundation Treatment ......................................................................................52
4.11 Load Increasing and Protection for Pre-existing Building ..............................55
5 Adverse Geological Action and Geological Disaster....................................................58
5.1 Karst.................................................................................................................58
5.2 Landslide..........................................................................................................62
5.3 Dangerous Rock and Collapse .........................................................................64
5.4 Mud-rock Flow ................................................................................................65
5.5 Worked-out Section..........................................................................................67
5.6 Land Subsidence ..............................................................................................69
5.7 Seismic Effect of Site and Foundation.............................................................71
5.8 Active Faults ....................................................................................................73
6 Special Rock and Soil ...................................................................................................75
6.1 Collapsible Soil................................................................................................75
6.2 Red Clay...........................................................................................................77
6.3 Soft Soil ...........................................................................................................80
6.4 Fabricated Soil .................................................................................................82
6.5 Filling...............................................................................................................83
6.6 Perennial Frost .................................................................................................84
6.7 Expansion Rock and Soil .................................................................................88
6.8 Brine Salting Rock and Soil.............................................................................91
6.9 Decayed Rock and Residual Soil.....................................................................93
6.10 Pollute Soil.......................................................................................................95
7 Groundwater .................................................................................................................98
7.1 Investigation Requirements of Groundwater ...................................................98
7.2 Mensuration for Hydrogeologic Parameter .....................................................99
7.3 Evaluation for Functions of Ground-Water ...................................................101
8 Engineering Geological Mapping and Survey............................................................103
9 Exploration and Sampling...........................................................................................106
 9.1 General Requirements....................................................................................106
9.2 Drilling...........................................................................................................106
9.3 Costeening, Trenching and Cave Exploration ...............................................109
9.4 Adopting of Geotechnical Samples ...............................................................109
9.5 Geophysical Exploration................................................................................112
10 In-situ Measurement ............................................................................................ 114
10.1 General Requirements....................................................................................114
10.2 Load Test........................................................................................................114
10.3 Statically Cone Penetration Test ....................................................................117
10.4 Circular Cone Dynamic Penetration Test.......................................................119
10.5 Standard Penetration Test...............................................................................120
10.6 Vane Shear Test..............................................................................................121
10.7 Pressurementer Test .......................................................................................122
10.8 Flat Dilatometer Test......................................................................................124
10.9 In-situ Direct Shear Test ................................................................................125
10.10 Wave Celerity Testing ....................................................................................127
10.11 Rock Mass In-Situ Stress Testing ..................................................................128
10.12 Testing with Shock Excitation Method..........................................................129
11 Indoor Test ...........................................................................................................131
11.1 General Requirements....................................................................................131
11.2 Soil Physical Property Test ............................................................................131
11.3 Soil Compress Consolidation Test .................................................................132
11.4 Soil Shear Strength Test .................................................................................133
11.5 Soil kinetic Property Test...............................................................................134
11.6 Rock Test........................................................................................................134
12 Assessment of Water and Soil Corrosivity ..........................................................136
12.1 Sampling and Testing.....................................................................................136
12.2 Corrosion Evaluation .....................................................................................137
13 In-situ Inspection and Monitoring .......................................................................141
13.1 General Provisions .........................................................................................141
13.2 Inspection and Monitoring for Foundation of Ground Base..........................141
13.3 Monitoring for Bad Geological Action and Geologic Hazard .......................143
13.4 Monitoring of Groundwater...........................................................................144
14 Geotechnical Engineering Analysis Assessment and Result Report....................147
14.1 General Provisions .........................................................................................147
14.2 Analyses and Adoption of Rock and Soil Parameter .....................................148
14.3 Basic Requirements of Outcome Report........................................................151
Annex A: Rock/soil Classification and Verification ..........................................................154
Annex B: Blow Count Correction of Taper Dynamic Sounding .......................................159
Annex C: Engineering Classification of Debris Flow .......................................................161
Annex D: Primary Distinguishing Method of Swelling Soil .............................................164
Annex E: Hydrogeologic Parameter Measurement Method..............................................165
Annex F: technical standards of the soil sampler ..............................................................167
Annex G: site environment type ........................................................................................168
Annex H Explanation of Wording .....................................................................................169
 Announcement of Publishing the National Standard of Code for

Investigation of Geotechnical Engineering

No. 314

“Code for Investigation of Geotechnical Engineering” has been approved as a

national standard with a serial number of GB 50021-2001 and will be implemented
on July 1, 2009. Therein, Clauses 1.0.3, 4.1.18(1, 2, 3, and 4), 4.1.20 (1, 2, and 3),
4.8.5, 5.7.2, and 7.2.2 are compulsory provisions and must be enforced strictly. The
former Code for Investigation of Geotechnical Engineering shall be abolished
simultaneously.

Partial revision clauses and specific content will be published on the recent
publications “Engineering Construction Standardization”

Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China

May 19, 2009

.
Foreword

According to the requirements of JIANBIAO [1998] No. 244 issued by the Ministry
of Construction (MOC), “Code for Investigation of Geotechnical Engineering” GB
50021-1994 shall be revised. In the revision procedure, the chief development
organization - MOC Integrated Investigation Research and Design Institute, together
with the relevant investigation, engineering, research, teaching organizations, are
consisted of a preparation group to extensively solicit for opinions nationwide and to
prepare a special report on the key modified parts. In addition, the preparation group
also has coordinated with the implementing and revising national standards involved
for many times. Through repeated discussion and revision, the preparation group
successively prepares first draft, exposure draft and approval draft for examining and
finalizing.

This Code basically remains the application scope, entire framework and primary
coverage of 1994 Edition and makes some partial adjustments accordingly. Now, the
Code comprises 14 chapters with the main contents as follows: 1. general provisions;
2. terms and symbols; 3. investigation classification and geotechnical classification; 4.
basic requirements of engineering investigation; 5. adverse geological action and
geological disaster; 6. special rock/soil; 7. groundwater; 8. engineering geological
mapping and survey; 9. exploration and sampling; 10. in-situ testing; 11. indoor test;
12. Assessment of water and soil corrosion; 13. In-situ inspection and monitoring; 14.
Geotechnical engineering analysis assessment and result report.

The major revised contents include:

1. The investigation of " nuclear power plant" is added into the application
scope;

2. "Terms and Symbols" chapter is added;

3. Hardness classification and integrity classification of rock, and basic quality

classification of rock mass are added;

4. The investigation requirements of "buildings and structures" as well as "pile

foundation" are revised;

5. The investigation provisions of "underground cavity", "shoreside project", "

foundation pit project" and " foundation treatment" are revised;

6. The section of "tailing dam and ash-storing dam" is replaced with

"investigation of waste disposal project";

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 7. The chapter name of "in-situ stability" is replaced with " adverse geological
action and geological disaster";

8. Sections "site and foundation in the meizoseismal area" and "seismic

liquidation" are incorporated into a section named as " seismic effect of site
and foundation";

9. "collapsible soil" and " red clay" have been revised;

10. Investigation requirements of " groundwater" are strengthened;

11. "Deep load test" and "flat chisel side-bulge test" are added.

The context is compressed so as to highlight the technical rules that must be abided by
in the investigation works as the execution reference of the engineering quality
examination.

In the future, this Code might be revised partially and the relevant partial revision
information and content of provisions will be published on the magazine,
Standardization of Engineering Construction.

The provisions printed in bold type are compulsory ones and must be enforced
strictly.

All relevant organizations are kindly requested to sum up and accumulate your
experiences in actual practices during the process of implementing this Code. The
relevant opinions and advice, whenever necessary, can be posted or passed on to
MOC Integrated Investigation Research and Design Institute (No. 177,
Dongzhimennei Avenue, Beijing, 100007, China).

The participating development organizations and staffs are as follows:

Chief development organization: MOC Integrated Investigation Research and Design

Institute

Participating development organization: Beijing Investigation and Design Institute;

Shanghai Geotechnical investigation and Design Institute;
Central-South Investigation and Design Institute;
State Power Corporation Power Planning and Design Institute;
Investigation Institute of the Ministry of Machine Building;
China Ordnance Industrial Geotechnical Investigation Design Institute;

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 Tongji University;

Chief drafting staffs: Gu Baohe, Gao Dazhao, Zhu Xiaolin, Li Shouzhi, Li Yaogang,
Xiang Bo, Zhang Zaiming, Zhang Sumin, Zhou Hong, Mo Qunhuan, Dai Lianjun.

Members of review expert panel: Lin Zaiguan, Wang Kai, Wang Shunfu, Wang
Huichang, Biao Zhaoqing, Li Rongqiang, Deng Anfu, Su Yibing, Zhang Kuangcheng,
Zhou Liangchen, Zhou Bingyuan, Zhou Xiyuan, Lin Songen, Zhong Liang, Gao Dai,
Feng Lunian, Huang Zhilun, Fu Shifa, Fan Songhua, Wei Zhanghe

The Ministry of Construction

October, 2001

3
1 General Provisions

1.0.1 This code is formulated with a view to implement the related national
technical-economic policies in the geotechnical investigation activities, to accomplish
state-of-the-art technology and economic feasibility, to ensure engineering quality and
to improve investment benefit.

1.0.2 This Code is applicable to the geotechnical investigation of the engineering

projects excluding hydraulic works, railway, highway, bridge and culverts.

1.0.3 Prior to the engineering and construction of the projects, the geotechnical
investigation must be carried out according to the basic construction procedure.

1.0.3 A The geotechnical investigation shall, according to the requirements of each

investigation stages of the engineering construction, exactly reflect the engineering
geological conditions, and ascertain the adverse geological action and geological
disaster. Through meticulous investigation and careful analysis, an investigation
report presenting integral information and accurate assessment shall be provided.

1.0.4 For the geotechnical investigation, not only the requirements stipulated in this
Code but also those in the current relevant ones of the nation shall be complied with.
2 Terms and Symbols
2.1 Terms
2.1.1 Geotechnical Investigation
It's referred to the activities that according to the requirements of the
construction projects, the geological, environmental and geotechnical
engineering conditions of t he construction site shall be ascertained, analyzed
and assessed so as to finalize the investigation documents.
2.1.2 Engineering Geological Mapping
It's referred to adopt such methods as data gathering, survey visiting,
geological survey and remote interpretation to ascertain the engineering
geological elements of the site and to draw the corresponding engineering
geological maps.
2.1.3 Geotechnical Exploration
It's a mean of geotechnical investigation, including borehole surveying,
costeaning, trenching exploration, test pitting, hole exploration, geophysical
exploration and penetration sounding.
2.1.4 In-situ Testing
The rock/soil mass is tested according to its position, and the primary structure,
humidity and stress condition of the rock/soil shall be basically remained.
2.1.5 Geotechnical Investigation Report
It's referred to the investigation technical document that is finalized through
unscrambling, statistics, conclusion, analysis, assessment, proposing

4
 engineering recommendations and forming a system as well as serving for the
project construction service.
2.1.6 In-situ Inspection
Some measures shall be adopted to inspect the investigation achievement, or
the effects of design and construction measures in site.
2.1.7 In-situ Monitoring
The change of the rock/soil property and groundwater, the stress/displacement
of the rock/soil mass and the structures shall be systematically monitored and
observed in site.
2.1.8 Rock Quality Designation (RQD)
The rock is drilled with 75 mm-diameter diamond bit and double barrel, and
the coring is carried out continually; in the coring of the drilling run, the ratio
between the total length of those drill-cores longer than 10 cm and the said
footage per round trip shall be presented with percentage.
2.1.9 Quality Classification Of Soil Samples
The soil samples shall be classified according to the various disturbance
degrees.
2.1.10 Adverse Geological Actions
It referred to those geologic actions that might endanger the projects due to the
internal earth force or external earth force.
2.1.11 Geological Disaster
It referred to the event that endangers to safety of person, properties, works or
environment due to the adverse geological actions.
2.1.12 Ground Subsidence/land Subsidence
It's referred to the land subsidence in large area, which is generally caused by
the regional conical depression due to excessive groundwater abstraction. The
large area of underground mining cavity and the deadweight collapse of loess
also can result in ground subsidence.
2.1.13 Standard Value of a Geotechnical Parameter

2.2 Symbol

2.2.1 Physical property and granulometric composition of rock/soil

e——Porosity ratio;
IL——Liquidity index;
Ir——Plasticity index;
n ——Porosity;
Sr——Saturation;
ω——Moisture content, water ratio;
ωL——Liquid limit;
ωP——Plastic limit;
Wu——Organic content;
Y——Gravimetric density (absolute density);

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ρ——Mass density (density);
ρd——Dry density.

2.2.2 Rock/soil deformation parameters

a——Compression coefficient;
Cc——Compression index;
Ce——Recompression index;
Cs——Swelling index;
ch——Horizontal consolidation coefficient;
cv——Vertical consolidation coefficient;
Eo——Deformation modulus;
ED——Side expansion modulus;
Em——Lateral pressure modulus;
Es——Compression modulus;
G——Shear modulus;
Pc——Preconsolidation pressure.

2.2.3 Rock/soil intensive parameter

c——Cohesive force;
po——Proportional threshold pressure of load test, initial pressure of lateral-pressure
test;
pf——Critical edge pressure of lateral-pressure test;
pL——Extreme pressure of lateral-pressure test;
pu——Extreme pressure of load test;
qu——Unconfined compression strength;
τ——Shearing strength;
ψ——Internal friction angle.
2.2.4 Penetration sounding and standard penetration test indicators
Rf——Friction ratio of static sounding;
fs——Lateral resistance of static sounding;
N——Blow count of standard penetration test;
N10——Blow count of lightweight taper dynamic sounding;
N63.5——Blow count of heavy taper dynamic sounding;
N120——Blow count of extra-heavy taper dynamic sounding;
ps——Specific penetration resistance of static sounding;
qc——Conehead resistance of static sounding.
2.2.5 Hydrogeologic parameters
B——Leakage coefficient;
k——Permeability coefficient;
Q——Water inflow;
R——Radius of influence;
S——Coefficient of storage;
T——Coefficient of transmissibility;
u——Pore-water pressure

6
2.2.6 Other symbols
Fs——Stability coefficient of side slope;
ID——Soil texture index of side expansion;
KD——Horizontal stress index of side expansion;
pe——Expansibility;
UD——Pore pressure index of side expansion;

ᇞFs——Extra collapse settlement;

s——Foundation settlement, load test settlement;

St——Sensitivity;
αw——Water content ratio of red clay;
νp——Wave velocity of compression wave;
νs——Wave velocity of shear wave;
δ——Variation coefficient;

ᇞs——Total collapse;

μ——Poisson ratio;
σ——Standard deviation.

3 Investigation Classification and Geotechnical Classification

3.1 Geotechnical Investigation Classification

3.1.1 According to the engineering scale and characteristics, as well as the damages
or impacts resulted from the geotechnical engineering problems, the
geotechnical engineering can be classified into three levels:

1. First-level engineering: it's referred to the important engineering and the

consequence hereof is extremely severe;
2. Second-level engineering: it's referred to general engineering that has severe
consequence;
3. Third-level engineering: it's referred to the subordinate engineering that has
slight consequence;

3.1.2 According to the complexity degree of sites, the sites can be classified into the
following three levels:

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 1. The first-level site (complex site) shall be compliant to one of the following
conditions:
1) The building anti-seismic system is endangered;
2) The adverse geological actions are intensively evolved;
3) The geological environment has already been intensively damaged or
possibly suffers from intensive damage;
4) There is multilayer groundwater, Karst fissure water that might impact the
project or the other geohydrologic conditions are complex, so it's
necessary to specially study the site.

2. The second-level site (moderate complex site) shall be compliant to one of the
following conditions:
1) The building anti-seismic system is in adverse situation;
2) The adverse geological actions are generally evolved;
3) The geological environment has already been damaged to a general extent
or possibly suffers from general damage;
4) The torography and terrain are comparatively complex;
5) The foundation is located in the site under the groundwater level.

3. The third-level site (simple site) shall be compliant to one of the following
conditions:
1) The earthquake protection intensity is equal to or less than 6, or the site is
good for the building anti-seismic system;
2) The adverse geological actions are not evolved;
3) The geological environment is basically not damaged;
4) The torography and terrain are simple;
5) The groundwater has no impact to the engineering works;

Note: 1. Starting from first level, the classification will gradually move to the second level and third
level, and the one that meet the proper requirement firstly will be prevailing; in Clause 3.1.3, the
foundation classification is also identified according to the this method;
2. The site that is good for, adverse to or hazardous to the building anti-seismic system will be classified
according to the provisions of current national standard Code for Seismic Design of Building (GB
50011).

3.1.3 According to the complexity degree of foundation, the foundations can be

classified into the following three levels:

1. The first-level foundation (complex foundation) shall be compliant to one of

the following conditions:
1) The rock/soil have various categories and the property is uneven but has
huge variation; in this case, special treatment is needed;

8
 2) Special rock/soil features severe collapse, expansion, brining and
pollution as well as other complex conditions, it's necessary to carry out
special treatment.

2. The second-level foundation (moderate complex foundation) shall be

compliant to one of the following conditions:

1) The rock/soil has various category and the property hereof is uneven and
shows comparatively large change;
2) The special rock/soil out of the provisions of Item 1.

3. The third class-level foundation (simple foundation) shall be compliant to one

of the following conditions:
1) The rock/soil has single category and the property hereof is uniform and
shows no large change;
2) No special rock/soil at all.

4. According to the works' importance level, site complexity and foundation

complexity, the geotechnical investigation can be classified according to the
following conditions:

Class A has one or more first-level items among works' importance, site
complexity and foundation complexity;

Class B is referred to theses investigation projects that are excluded from

Class A and Class C;

For Class C, the works' importance, site complexity and foundation

complexity are in third level.

Note: the first-level engineering work built on the rocky ground, if the site complexity and foundation
complexity are all third-level, then the geotechnical investigation can be classified as Class B.

3.2 Classification and Verification of Rock

3.2.1 In the geotechnical investigation procedure, the geologic name and weathering
degree of the rock shall be verified, and the rock hardness degree, rock mass
integrity degree and rock mass initial quality shall be classified.

3.2.2 The rock hardness degree, rock mass integrity degree and rock mass initial
quality shall be classified according to the provisions of Table 3.2.2-1- Table
3.2.2-3.

Table 3.2.2-1: Rock Hardness Degree Classification

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 Hardness Harder rock hard rock Soft rock Softer rock Softest
intensity rock
Saturated fr＞60 60≥fr＞30 30≥fr＞15 15≥fr＞5 fr≤r＜5
uniaxial
compressive
strength (Mpa)
Note:
1. The standard engineering rock mass classification shall be compliant to the provisions of GB 50218.

2. If the rock mass integrity degree is extremely breaking, then it's unnecessary to carry out any hardness
classification.

Table 3.2.2-2 Rock Mass Integrity Degree Classification

Integrity More integral Integral Breaking More Most
degree breaking breaking
Integrality 0.75＞ 0.75~0.55 0.55~0.35 0.35~0.15 ＜0.15
index

Table 3.2.2-3: Rock Mass Initial Quality Classification

Integrity degreeMore Integral Breaking More Most
Hardness degree integral Breaking Breaking
Harder rock I II III IV V
Hard rock II III IV IV V
Soft rock III -IV IV V V
Softer rock IV IV V V V
Softest rock V V V V V

3.2.3 Hardness degree and completion degree of rock are classified in accordance
with Table A.0.1 and Table A.0.2 of Annex A in this standard, if it is lack of
relative testing data. The division of rock weathering degree may be taken in
accordance with Table A.0.3 of Annex A in this standard.

3.2.4 If the softening coefficient is equal to or less than 0.75, the rock shall be
defined as softened rock; if rocks have particular composition, special
construction or distinctive feature, the rocks shall be defined as special rocks,
such as soluble rock, swelling rock, disintegrative rock and salinized rock.

3.2.5 The description for rocks shall consist of geologic age, geologic name, the
degree of weathering, color, essential minerals, structure, contexture and rock
quality designation (RQD). For sedimentary rock, sediment granular size,
shape, agglutinate composition and the degree of cementation shall be
emphasized; mineral crystallographic dimension and the degree of crystallinity
shall be emphasized for magmatic rock.

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 In accordance with rock quality designation (RQD), rocks are classified as
perfect (RQD>90), good (RQD = 75~90), poor (RQD = 50~75), bad (RQD =
25~50) and worse (RQD<25).

3.2.6 Rock mass description shall consist of structural plane, structural body, rock
layer thickness and structure type, and correspond with following
specifications:

1. Description for structural plane shall consist of type, nature, attitude,

combining form, development degree, extension situation, closing degree,
filling situation and fillings nature and water filling nature;
2. Description for structural body shall consist of type, shape, dimension, stress
situation and so on;
3. Depth classification of stratum shall be taken in accordance with Table 3.2.6.

Table 3.2.6: Depth Classification of Stratum

Layer Thickness Monolayer Thickness Layer Thickness Monolayer Thickness
Classification h (m) Classification h (m)
Heavier Layer h＞1.0 Normal Layer 0.5≥h＞0.1
Heavy layer 1.0≥h＞0.5 Thin Layer ≤0.1

3.2.7 For underground excavation and side slope engineering, the structure type of
rock mass shall be identified. Type division of rock mass structure shall be
taken in accordance with Table A.0.4 of Annex A in this standard.

3.2.8 For rock mass which initial quality level is Level IV and Level V, qualification
and description shall be taken in accordance with, besides Item 3.2.5~ Item
3.2.7 of the standard, following specifications:

1. Soft rock and extremely soft rock shall be emphasized in special natures such
as softening, dilatability and disintegration.

2. For extremely fragmented rock, fragmenting reasons like fracture and full
weathering must be mentioned.

3. If the characteristic of further weathering appears shall be mentioned;

3.3 Soil Classification and Qualification

3.3.1 Soil of Epipleistocene Q3 or previous to Epipleistocene shall be intended to be

old sedimentary soil; sedimentary soil of Quaternary Holocene shall be
intended to be fresh aqueous soil. In accordance with geologic origin, soil may
be classified as residual soil, clinosol, diluvial soil, alluvium, alluvial soil,

11
 glacial soil and aeolian soil. Organic content classification of soils shall be
taken in accordance with Table A.0.5 of Annex A in the standard.

3.3.2 Soil, which particle size is larger than 2 mm, and the granular mass is larger
than 50% of total mass, shall be defined as soil aggregate, and shall be
classified fatherly in accordance with Table 3.3.2.

Table 3.3.2: Soil aggregate Classification

Soil Particle Shape Grain Size Distribution
Boulder Mainly round and nearly round The particle size is larger than 200 mm, and the
Block stone Mainly loop end shaped granular mass is large than 50% of the total mass
Pebble Mainly round and nearly round The particle size is larger than 20 mm, and the granular
Crackle Mainly loop end shaped mass is large than 50% of the total mass
Round Gravel Mainly round and nearly round The particle size is larger than 2 mm, and the granular
Breccia Mainly loop end shaped mass is large than 50% of the total mass
Note: the name of Soil aggregate shall be identified from large to small in accordance
with grain size distribution from the first suitable one.

3.3.3 The soil which particle size is larger than 2 mm, and the granular mass is not
larger than 50% of total mass, and the soil which particle size is larger than
0.075 mm, and the granular mass is lager than 50% of total mass shall be
named as sandy soil, and shall be classified in accordance with Table 3.3.3
fatherly.

Table 3.3.3: Sandy Soil Classification

Soil Classification Grain Size Distribution
Cinnabar The particle size is larger than 2 mm, and the granular mass is large than 25%~50% of
the total mass
Coarse Sand The particle size is larger than 0.5 mm, and the granular mass is large than 50% of the
total mass
Medium Sand The particle size is larger than 0.25 mm, and the granular mass is large than 50% of the
total mass
Fine Sand The particle size is larger than 0.075 mm, and the granular mass is large than 85% of the
total mass
Mealy Sand The particle size is larger than 0.075 mm, and the granular mass is large than 50% of the
total mass
Note: the name of Soil aggregate shall be identified from large to small in accordance with grain size distribution
from the first suitable one.

3.3.4 The soil, which particle size is larger than, the granular mass is not larger than
50% of total mass, and the plasticity index is equal to or less than 10, shall be
named as silty soil.

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3.3.5 The soil which plasticity index is larger than 10 shall be named as cohesive
soil.
In accordance with plasticity index, cohesive soil shall be classified as silty
clay and clay soil. If the plasticity index is larger than 10 and less than or equal
17, the solid is named as silty clay; if the plasticity index is larger than 17, the
cohesive soil is named as clay soil.

Note: the plasticity index is calculated according to the liquid limit that measured on the condition that 76g taper
enter the soil 10 mm.

3.3.6 Besides grain size distribution plasticity index, comprehensive naming of soil
shall correspond with following specifications:
1. Soil of special origin and age shall be named combined with its origin and
age feature.
2. Soils that have special conditions shall be named combined with the grain
size distribution or the plasticity index;
3. Mixed soil shall be named by main soil types contained.
4. Interlacing cyclothemic sedimentation in same soil layer shall be intended
to be "alternation of layer " if the thickness ratio of thin layer and thick
layer is larger than 1/3; if the thickness ratio is 1/10~1/3, it is named as
"interlayer”; If the thickness ratio is less than 1/10 and multiple appearance
of soil layers is available, the solid layers is named as "thin interlayer".
5. If the thickness of soil is larger than 0.5m, the soil should be layered
independently.

3.3.7 Based on site description, soil identification shall be combined with soil record
of laboratory experiment and experimental result. Soil description should
correspond with following specifications:
1 For soil aggregate, grain size distribution, particle shape grain packing,
mother rock composition, degree of weathering, fillings nature, filling
degree and compactness should be described;
2 For sandy soil, color, mineral composition, grain size distribution,
particle shape, clay content, humidity and compactness should be
described;
3 For silty soil, color, inclusion, humidity, compactness, shaking response,
luster response, dry strength, and tenacity and so on should be described;
4 For cohesive soil, color, situation, inclusion, luster response, shaking
response, dry strength, tenacity, soil layer structure and so on should be
described;
5 Besides contents specified for above mentioned soil type shall be
described, for special soil, its particular composition and distinctive
feature shall be described; for instance, the smelt of silt shall be
described, and for filling soil, its composition, stacked age, compactness
and uniformity shall be described;

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 6 For soils, featured in alternation of layers, interlayer, and thin interlayer,
thickness and bedding characteristics of each layer shall be described.
7 When necessary, the soil luster response, shaking reaction, dry strength
and toughness may be described by the visual inspection, while the silty
soil and cohesive soil is distinguished according to Table 3.3.7.
Table 3.3.7 Silty Soil and Cohesive Soil Distinguish with Visual Inspection
Distinguish Shaking
Luster response Dry strength tenacity
items reaction
Rapid and
Silty soil Without luster response Low low
moderate
With luster and with little High and High and
Cohesive soil Without
luster moderate moderate

3.3.8 Based on taper dynamic sounding blow number, the compactness of soil
aggregate should be identified in accordance with Table 3.3.8. N63.5 and
N120 in the table shall be corrected in accordance with the standard.
Qualitative description may be taken in accordance with Table A.0.6 of Annex
A in the standard.

Table 3.3.8－1: Soil aggregate Compactness Classification (Based on N63.5)

Heavy Dynamic Sounding Compactness Heavy Dynamic Sounding Compactness
Blow Number N63.5 Blow NumberN63.5
N63.5≤5 Loose 10＜N63.5≤20 Medium
compact
5＜N63.5≤10 Slightly N63.5＞20 Compact
compact
Note: the table is applicable to soil aggregate which average particle diameter is equal to or less than 50 mm and
the maximum particle diameter is less than 100 mm. Soil aggregate which average particle diameter is larger than
50 mm, or maximum particle diameter is larger than 100 mm, may be discriminated through extra-heavy dynamic
sounding or field observation.

Table 3.3.8－2: Soil aggregate Compactness Classification (Based on N120)

Extra-heavy Dynamic Sounding Compactness Heavy Dynamic Sounding Compactness
Blow Number N120 Blow Number N120
N120≤3 Loose 11＜N120≤14 Compact
3＜N120≤6 Slightly N120＞14 Very thick
compact
6＜N120≤11 Medium
compact

3.3.9 In accordance with the measured value N of standard penetration test blow
count, the compactness of sandy soil shall be divided into compact, medium
compact, slightly compact and loose, and shall meet specifications in Table
3.3.9. When sandy soil compactness is divided according to static sounding

14
 probe resistance, the division may be identified in accordance with local
experiences.

Table 3.3.9: Sandy Soil Compactness Classification

Standard Penetration Compactness Standard Penetration Compactness
Blow Count N Blow Count N
N≤10 Loose 15＜N≤30 Medium compact
10＜N≤15 Slightly compact N＞30 Compact

3.3.10 In accordance with pore-solids ratio e, silty soil compactness shall be divided
into compact, medium compact and slightly dense compact; the humidity shall
be divided into slightly wet, wet and very wet in accordance with liquid-water
content ω(%). Division of compactness and humidity shall correspond
respectively with specifications in Table 3.3.10-1 and Table 3.3.10 - 2.

Table 3.3.10－1: Silty Soil Compactness Classification

Pore-solids Ratio e Compactness
e＜0.75 Compact
0.75≤e＜0.90 Medium compact
e＞0.90 Slightly compact

Table 3.3.10－2: Silty Soil Humidity Classification

Pore-solids Ratio e Humidity
ω＜20 Slightly wet
20≤ω＜30 Wet
ω＞30 Very wet

3.3.11 In accordance with liquidity factor IL, turnplate for cohesive soil shall be
divided into hard, hard plastic, plastic, soft plastic and fluid plastic, and
correspond with specifications in Table 3.3.11.

Table 3.3.11: Cohesive Soil State Classification

Liquidity factor Condition Liquidity Factor Condition
IL≤0 Hard 0.75＜IL≤1 Soft plastic
0＜IL≤0.25 Hard plastic IL＞1 Fluid plastic
0.25＜IL≤0.75 Plastic

15
4 Basic Requirements of Engineering Investigations

4.1 Building Construction and Structures

4.1.1 Geotechnical engineering investigation of Building Construction and

Structures shall be taken based on the material availability of building topside
load, functional characteristics, structure type, foundation type, buried depth
and deformation limitation. Major working content shall correspond with
following specifications:

1. Foundation and position stability, stratal structure, engineering

characteristic of supporting course and subjacent bed, soil stress history,
groundwater condition and adverse geological action etc. shall be
ascertained;
2. Rock and soil parameter required by design construction shall be
provided, and bearing pressure on foundation and subbase deformation
shall be identified and predicted.
3. Engineering and construction plan proposal for foundation, foundation
excavation supporting, engineering precipitation and foundation
treatment shall be proposed;
4. Control plan for adverse geological action effecting building shall be
proposed;
5. For area where the earthquake protection intensity is equal to or larger
than level 6, earthquake effect evaluation for area and foundation shall
be taken.

4.1.2 Geotechnical engineering investigation for construction should be taken in

phases, feasibility study investigation shall correspond with field selection
plan requirement; exploratory investigation shall correspond with preliminary
design requirement; detail investigation shall correspond with requirements of
working drawing design; engineering that have complex site conditions or
special requirements shall be do with construction.

Exploration phases of engineering which have smaller area and no special

requirement may be merged. If building plan layout has been identified, and
geotechnical engineering material of the area or neighborhood are available,
detail investigation may be directly taken in accordance with practical
situation.

4.1.3 For feasibility study investigation, stability factor and suitability for the area
shall be evaluated reasonably, and shall correspond with following
requirements:

16
 1. Materials related to area geology, terrain, earthquake, minerals, local
engineering geology, geotechnical engineering and construction
experiences shall be gathered;
2. Based on sufficient gathering and analyzing of available materials,
engineering geologic conditions such as area strata, contexture, lithology,
adverse geological action and groundwater shall be evaluated through
exploration;
3. If the engineering geologic condition of the prepared field is complex,
preexisting data is insatiable for requirements, engineering geologic
mapping and necessary exploratory work shall be taken according to
specific circumstances;
4. If two or more fields are prepared, analyzing of comparison and
selection shall be taken.

4.1.4 In preliminary investigation, the stability factor of prepared building land shall
be evaluated, and following works shall be taken:

1. The relevant documents, engineering geology, geotechnical engineering

materials and the topographic map of engineering area scope of prepared
engineering shall be gathered;
2. Geologic structure, stratal configuration, geotechnical engineering
characteristic and groundwater occurrence condition shall be ascertained
preliminarily;
3. Origin, distribution, scale, development trends of the area adverse
geological action shall be ascertained, and the stability of the field shall
be evaluated;
4. Area where the earthquake protection intensity is equal to or larger than
level 6, the earthquake effect of the area and the foundation shall be
evaluated preliminarily;
5. For the region of seasonally frozen ground, the standard freezing depth
of soil in the field shall be surveyed;
6. The corrosivity of water and soil to constructional material shall be
judged preliminarily;
7. In high-rise building preliminary investigation, possible plans of
foundation type, pit excavation and support, and engineering
precipitation shall be preliminarily analyzed and evaluated.

4.1.5 Preliminary investigation shall correspond with following requirements:

1. Prospecting lines shall be perpendicular to geomorphic unit, geologic

structure and boundary stratotype layout;

17
 2. Exploratory point shall be emplaced for each geomorphic unit, and the
exploratory points shall be tightened the positions of geomorphic unit
interface and the position of bigger stratigraphic fluctuation;
3. Exploratory point may be emplaced in the form of grid in level terrain
area;
4. For emplacing of rocky ground, prospecting line and exploratory point,
the depth of exploratory hole shall be identified in accordance with
geologic structure, rock mass characteristic and weathering conditions
and based on provincial standard or local experiences. Soil foundation
shall meet specifications in Item 4.1.6~ 4.1.10 of the standard.

4.1.6 The spacing interval of prospecting line and exploratory point in preliminary
investigation may be identified in accordance with Table 4.1.6, and the density
shall be increased at local anomaly site.

Table 4.1.6: Spacing among Exploration Points and Prospecting Line in

Preliminary investigation (m)
Foundation Complexity Level Prospecting Line Spacing Exploratory Point Spacing
Level 1 (complex) 50~100 30~50
Level 2 (medium complex) 75~150 40~100
Level 3 (simple) 150~300 75~200
Note: 1. Spacing specified in the table is not applicable to earth dynamic prospecting;
2. Controlled exploratory point number should be 1/5~1/3 of exploratory point total number, controlled
exploratory point shall be available for every other geomorphic unit.

4.1.7 The depth of exploratory hole in preliminary investigation may be identified in

accordance with Table 4.1.7.

Table 4.1.7: Exploratory Hole Depth in Preliminary investigation

Engineering Importance Level Normal Exploratory Controlled Exploratory Hole
Hole
Level 1 (important) ≥15 ≥30
Level 2 (general engineering) 10~15 15~30
Level 3 (secondary engineering) 6~10 10~20

4.1.8 The depth of exploratory hole shall be increased or decreased when following
circumstances occur:
1. When the ground elevation of the exploratory hole is greatly deferent
from the ground elevation of plane prepared, the exploratory hole depth
shall be adjusted in accordance with the difference value;
2. When the bedrock is met within the desired depth, Controlled
Exploratory Hole shall be drilled to proper bedrock depth, and others
exploratory holes stop drilling when they reach affirmed bedrock;

18
 3. when firm stratum (soil aggregate, close sand, aged sedimentary soil etc.)
which has large thickness and is distributed uniformly is met within the
desired depth, Controlled Exploratory Hole shall be drilled to proper
bedrock depth, and others exploratory holes stop drilling when they
reach affirmed bedrock;
4. When difficult ground is received within the desired depth, the depth of
exploratory hole shall be increased properly, partial Controlled
Exploratory Holes shall penetrate difficult ground or reach the desired
controlling depth;
5. The exploratory hole depth shall be increased for heavy industrial
building in accordance with design feature and loading condition.

4.1.9 Soil sampling and in-situ measurement in preliminary investigation shall

correspond with following requirements:
1. Exploratory points for soil sampling and in-situ measurement shall be
disposed according to geomorphic unit, stratal configuration and soil
engineering properties, and the number disposed may be 1/4~1/2 of
exploratory point total number;
2. Soil sampling number and upright spacing interval of bore in-situ
measurement shall be identified in accordance with strata characteristic
and soil uniformity; soil sampling or in-situ measurement shall be taken
for each layer of soil, and the number shall not be less than 6.

4.1.10 In preliminary investigation, following Hydrogeologic Works shall be taken

out:
1. Embedment features, groundwater type, supply and drainage condition
of water-bearing zone shall be surveyed. the amplitude of variation shall
be surveyed, and the variation in water level shall be monitored through
long-term observation hole in case of need;
2. When water table map is drawn, the groundwater level shall be measured
uniformly in accordance with phreatic embedment features and horizon;
3. When groundwater is possible to dampen the foundation, corrosivity
evaluation of water sample shall be taken.

4.1.11 Detailed rock and soil parameter required by design and construction, and
geotechnical engineering materials shall be proposed in detail investigation in
accordance with monomer building or architectural complex; the geotechnical
engineering evaluation shall be taken for foundation ground, and proposals in
foundation type, foundation form, foundation treatment, foundation excavation
support, engineering precipitation and adverse geological action control shall
be given. In theme, following Works shall be taken out:
1. Materials such as construction general layout of all co-ordinate and terrain,
ground plane elevation of field zone, structure nature, scale, loading,

19
 structural feature, foundation type, buried depth and allowable foundation
deformation shall be gathered;
2. Type, origin, distribution, development trend and injury extent of adverse
geological action shall be ascertained, and the control proposal shall be
given;
3. Type, depth, distribution and engineering characteristic of rock and soil
layer within building limit shall be ascertained, and analyzing and
evaluation of foundation stability, uniformity and bearing capacity shall be
taken out;
4. For buildings that need the calculation of foundation settlement, the
calculating parameter for foundation deformation shall be provided, and
the deformation behavior of building shall be predicted;
5. Buried objects like hidden streamway, trench, grave, bomb shelter and
boulder that may be unfavorable to engineering shall be ascertained;
6. The embedment features of phreatic groundwater shall be ascertained, and
groundwater level and amplitude of variation shall be provided;
7. For the region of seasonally frozen ground, the standard freezing depth of
soil in the field shall be provided;
8. The corrosivity of water and soil to constructional material shall be judged.

4.1.12 For the area where the earthquake protection intensity is equal to or larger
than level 6, the investigation shall be carried out in accordance with Item 5.7
of the standard; when pile foundation is adopted for building, the investigation
shall be carried out in accordance with Item 4.9 of the standard; when pit
excavation, support and precipitation design are adopted, the investigation
shall be taken out in accordance with Item 4.8 of the standard.

4.1.13 Influence of groundwater on engineering and environment during service and

construction period shall be demonstrated in detail investigation. For the
important engineering with complicate conditions, special study shall be made
when the water level changes during the service and construction period
requires demonstrating or when float-proof and waterproof water level
requires proposing.

4.1.14 Exploratory point disposing and exploratory hole depth in detail investigation
shall be identified in accordance with building characteristic and geotechnical
engineering condition. For emplacing of rocky ground, exploratory point and
the depth of exploratory hole shall be identified in accordance with geologic
structure, rock mass characteristic and weathering conditions and based on
provincial standard or local experiences as well as foundation requirement of
building. Soil foundation shall meet specifications in Item 4.1.15~ 4.1.19 of
the standard.

20
4.1.15 Exploratory point spacing of detail investigation may be identified in
accordance with Table 4.1.15.

Table 4.1.15: Exploratory Point Spacing in Detail Investigation

Foundation Complexity Exploratory Foundation Complexity Exploratory
Level Point Spacing Level Point Spacing
Level 1 (complex) 10~15 Level 3 (simple) 30~50
Level 2 (medium complex) 15~30

4.1.16 Exploratory point disposing in detail investigation shall correspond with

following specifications:
1. Exploratory points should be disposed according to building peripheral
line and angle points, and for others building without special requirements,
exploratory point may be disposed according to the range of building or
architectural complex.
2. If the main stressed layer within same building limit or subjacent bed is
rolling, the density of exploratory point shall be increased, and the rolling
change shall be ascertained;
3. Exploratory point shall be emplaced independently for important
equipment foundation, and exploratory point shall be less than 3 for
significant power machine foundation and soar structures;
4. Exploration tool shall adopt drilling combined with penetration sounding,
and proper exploratory well shall be emplaced at position of complex
geology, collapsible soil, expansion rock and soil, decayed rock and
residual soil.

4.1.17 Disposing of exploratory point for single high-rise building in detail

investigation shall satisfy requirements of foundation uniformity evaluation,
and shall not be less than 4. For dense high-rise buildings, exploratory point
may be decreased properly, but at least one controlled exploratory point shall
be disposed for each building.
4.1.18 The depth of exploration in detail investigation shall be calculated from
the bottom of foundation, and shall correspond with following
specifications:
1 The depth of exploratory hole shall control the main stressed layer of the
foundation. when the width foundation bottom is not larger than 5m, the
depth of exploratory hole corresponding to strip foundation shall not be
less than 3 times of foundation bottom width; for single column
foundation, the depth shall not be less than 5m;
2 For high-rise building and foundation that required with deformation
computation, the depth of Controlled Exploratory Hole shall be larger

21
 than the foundation deformation computation depth; general exploratory
hole of high-rise building shall reach 0.5~1.0 times of foundation width
below the foundation bottom, and enter into the stable-distribution strata.
3 If construction with basement and annex building of high-rise building
cannot satisfy float-proof design requirements, float-proof pile or anchor
bar shall be emplaced, and the depth of exploratory hole shall satisfy
requirements of pull- resisting bearing capacity evaluation;
4 When extensive ground stack loading and soft subjacent bed are available,
the depth of Controlled Exploratory Hole shall be increased properly;
5 Stable strata like bedrock or heavy layer soil aggregate is received within
above specified depth, the depth of exploratory hole shall be adjusted
according to circumstances.

4.1.19 The exploratory hole depth in detail investigation shall correspond with,
besides requirements in Item 4.1.18, following specifications:
1. For medium and low compressible soil, the foundation deformation
calculated depth may be selected as the depth that the supplementary
pressure is equal to 20% of effective self-weighted pressure of upper
covered soil; for high compressible soil, the calculated depth of foundation
deformation may be selected as the depth that the supplementary pressure
is equal to 10% of effective self-weighted pressure of upper covered soil;
2. The Controlled Exploratory Hole depth of annex building or basement part
within construction general plane(or additional pressure of foundation
bottom p0 is not larger than 0) may be decreased properly, but the depth
shall reach the stable-distribution strata, and the depth should not be less
than 0.5~1.0 times of foundation width in accordance with loading and soil
quality condition;
3. When the whole stability checking computations of the foundation is
needed, the depth of Controlled Exploratory Hole shall satisfy checking
computations requirements in accordance with actual conditions.
4. When area earthquake resistance type needs be identified, and thickness
materials of reliable nearby cover is unavailable, wave velocity test hole
shall be disposed, the depth shall satisfy requirements of desired cover
thickness;
5. The exploration hole depth of large scale equipment foundation should not
be less than 2 times of bottom foundation width;
6. When the foundation need be treated, exploratory hole depth shall satisfy
requirements of foundation treatment engineering and construction; when
pile foundation is adopted, exploratory hole depth shall satisfy
requirements in Item 4.9 of the standard.

4.1.20 Soil sampling and in-situ measurement in detail investigation shall not
only comply with the requirements of evaluation on geological
engineering, but shall also comply with the following requirements:

22
 1 Exploratory point number for soil sampling and in-situ measurement
shall be identified in accordance with stratal configuration, foundation
soil uniformity and engineering characteristic, and it shall not be less than
1/2 of the total exploratory point number, the drilling soil-taken point
number shall not be less than 1/3 of the total exploratory point number;
2 Undisturbed soil test sample or in-situ measurement data of each main
soil layer in each area shall not be less than 6 samples (group); when static
sounding and or dynamic sounding with continuous recording are
adopted as the major investigation mean, each site shall have at least 3
points;
3 In mail stressed layer of the foundation, interlayer or lenticle which
thickness is larger than 0.5m shall be treated with soil sampling or in-situ
measurement;
4 When soil layer nature is not uniform, soil sample or in-situ measurement
number shall be increased.

4.1.21 If the rock and soil condition is inconsistent with investigation materials or
abnormal circumstance is discovered after foundation excavation or
foundation trench excavation, the construction investigation shall be carried
out; if base soil, side slope and groundwater change beyond pre-evaluation,
the monitoring survey shall be carried out, as well as analysis weighting of
simulacrum on engineering and environment.

4.1.22 Qualities grading of underground excavation wall rock shall be consistent with
execute the standard adopted for underground cavity design,

4.1.23 Foundation deformation calculation shall be taken out in accordance with

specifications in current national standard "Code for design of building
foundation" (GB 50007) or other relative standard.

4.1.24 Based on local experience, the bearing pressure on foundation shall be

identified in accordance with the relative standard comprehensively. For the
area that have adverse geological action, and buildings that are built on slope
or crest, and which foundation is excavated from the side, the stability shall be
evaluated.

4.2 Underground Excavation

4.2.1 This section is applicable to geotechnical engineering investigation for non

pressure underground excavation of manual excavation.

4.2.2 Qualities grading of underground excavation wall rock shall be consistent with
execute the standard adopted for cavity design, and may be taken out in
accordance with current national standard "Standard for Engineering

23
 Classification of Rock Masses" (GB 50218). Underground railway wall rock
type shall be consistent with current national standard "Code on Geotechnical
Investigations for Metro and Light Rail Transit" (GB 50307).

4.2.3 In feasibility study investigation, terrain, formation lithology, geologic

structure, engineering geology, hydrological geology and ambient condition
shall be identified through gathering local geologic information, field
exploration and survey, feasibility assessment shall be given, and applicable
opening position and mouth shall be selected.

4.2.4 Engineering geologic mapping, prospecting, testing and other methods shall
be adopted in preliminary investigation. Geologic condition and
environmental condition shall be ascertained preliminarily, the quality grade of
rock mass (wall rock type) shall be identified preliminarily, and the stability of
opening position and mouth shall be evaluated, which provide Preliminary
Design with basis.

4.2.5 In preliminary investigation, engineering geologic mapping and surveying

shall ascertain following contents:
1. Morphologic feature and genetic type;
2. Formation lithology, attitude, thickness and degree of weathering;
3. The nature, attitude, filling, agglutination, run-through and combination
relation of rupture and main crevice;
4. Type, scale and distribution of adverse geological action;
5. Seismogeology background;
6. Acting direction of maximum principal stress of terrestrial stress;
7. Groundwater type, embedment features, supply, drainage and dynamic
variation;
8. Areal surface waters distribution and the relation to groundwater, and the
feature of shoal materials;
9. Interaction of cavity gong through existing engineering such as surface
installations, underground structure and pipe.

4.2.6 In preliminary investigation, prospecting and testing shall correspond with

following requirements:
1．Shallow earthquake sectioning or other effective methods shall be adopted
to locate hidden rupture, contexture and broken belt, bedrock buried depth
shall be ascertained, and zone of weathering shall be divided;
2．Exploratory point should be emplaced in cross way along cavity exterior,
the Exploratory Point Spacing should be 100~200m, and exploratory holes
for test sample and in-situ measurement should not be less than 2/3 of
exploratory hole total number; for rock mass which initial quality level is
Level I and Level II, the depth of Controlled Exploratory Hole shall enter
1~3m below the cavity bottom design elevation; for rock mass at Level III,

24
 the depth shall enter 3~5m; and for rock mass at Level IV and V and soil
layer, the exploratory hole depth shall be identified in accordance with
practical situation;
3．Test sample shall be selected from each of main terrene and soil layer, and
water sampling shall be taken out if groundwater exists; measurement of
harmful gases composition, content or ground temperature shall be taken
out if harmful gases and abnormal ground temperature exist in cave area;
terrestrial stress measurement shall be taken out for high terrestrial stress
region;
4．Drilling elastic wave or sound wave testing, drilling earthquake CT or
drilling electromagnetic wave CT testing shall be taken out in case of
need;
5．Indoor rock test and soil test items shall be taken out in accordance with
specifications in Chapter 11 of the standard.

4.2.7 Detail investigation shall mainly adopt borehole surveying, drilling

geophysical prospecting and test, and shall be combined with hole prospecting
of construction pilot tunnel. Engineering geology and geohydrologic condition
of hole location, mouth and grotto crossing line shall be ascertained in detail.
Rock mass quality grade (wall rock sort) shall be divided by section, and
stability of hole body and wall rock shall be evaluated to provide data for
designing support structure and ascertaining construction scheme.

4.2.8 Detail investigation shall cover following work:

1. Stratum lighology and distribution shall be ascertained, rock formation and
weathering degree shall be classified, rocks physics mechanical property
test shall be taken out;
2. Position, scale, attitude and mechanics property of offset structure and
broken belt shall be ascertained, and rock mass structure type shall be
classified.
3. Type, property and distribution of adverse geological action shall be
ascertained, and proposals in control measure shall be proposed;
4. Distribution, thickness and buried depth of main water-bearing zone, and
type, water level and supply excretion condition of underground water
shall be ascertained, and water outlet state, inflow rate and water causticity
during excavation shall be predicted;
5. When civic underground cavity requires precipitation construction,
engineering precipitation proposal and related parameters shall be
proposed;
6. Cavity location and adjacent surface construction and underground
structure, pipeline condition shall be ascertained, and the potential
influence of grotto excavation shall be predicted, and protective measures
shall be proposed.

25
4.2.9 Detail investigation may adopt shallow earthquake prospecting and inter-hole
earthquake CT or inter-hole electromagnetic wave CT test to ascertain bedrock,
rock weathering degree, hidden object (solution cavity, broken belt and so on)
position. Elastic wave speed test shall be taken out between holes to ascertain
rock mass quality grade (wall rock sort) to evaluate rock mass integrity, and to
provide data for kinetic parameter calculation.
4.2.10 In detail investigation, prospecting points shall be emplaced by crossover
6~8m outside of cavity midline, and for underground cavity in mountainous
area, prospecting points shall be emplaced in accordance with geologic
structure, and the prospecting points spacing shall not be larger than 50m; for
complex rock-soil change, prospecting points spacing of civic underground
cavity should be less than 25m, for medium complex change, the points
spacing should be 25~40m, and for simple rock-soil change, the points
spacing should be 40~80m. Sample number and in-situ measurement
exploratory holes number shall not be less than 1/2 of total exploratory hole
number.

4.2.11 In detail investigation, controlling exploratory hole depth in Quaternary

System shall be ascertained in accordance with engineering geology,
geohydrologic condition, cavity buried depth and protective design
requirements; normal exploratory hole may be drilled to 6~10m under
foundation base design elevation. Controlling exploratory hole depth may be
in accordance with provisions in Clause 2 of Item 4.2.6 in this Section.

4.2.12 For civic underground cavity, indoor test and in-situ measurement of detail
investigation shall satisfy requirements of preliminary investigation, and
following tests shall be taken out in accordance with design requirements:
1． Loading test that the side length of testing bearing plate is 30 cm shall
be taken out to work out the foundation bedding value;
2． Thermophysics indices test shall be taken out through surface heat
source method or heat ray comparison test to calculate out
thermophysical parameter, thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity
and specific heat capacity;
3． If dynamic parameters are needed, they can be calculated through
pressure wave speed  P and shear wave speed  S, and kinetic
parameters may be provided through indoor dynamic property test.

4.2.13 Construction investigation shall be taken out coordinate with pilot tunnel or
gross hole excavation. Proposals in revising design and construction scheme
shall be proposed when it is found that construction investigation is greatly
inconsistent with investigation materials.

4.2.14 Stability evaluating of underground cavity wall rock may adopt combination

26
 of engineering geology analyzing and theoretical calculation, and be
calculated through numerical method or elastic finite element graph spectral
method.

4.2.15 When bias pressure, swelling pressure, rock burst and other particular cases
occur in cavity, special research shall be taken out.

4.2.16 Underground cavity geotechnical engineering reconnaissance report at detail

exploration phase shall be taken out in accordance with requirements in
Chapter 14 of the standard, and shall also include following content:
1. Wall rock sorts shall be divided;
2. Proposals in hole location, mouth and hole axial position shall be
provided;
3. The stability of hole mouth and hole mass shall be evaluated;
4. Proposals in support scheme and construction method shall be provided;
5. Influence on ground deformation and pre-existing buildings shall be
evaluated.

4.3 Shoreside Engineering

4.3.1 This section is applicable to geotechnical engineering investigation for harbor
engineering, shipbuilding and ship repairing hydraulic structure and water
intaking structures.

4.3.2 Shoreside Engineering investigation shall emphasize following content:

1. Morphologic characteristics and complex stratum at morphological
element boundary;
2. Distribution and engineering characteristic of high sensitive soft ground,
layered structure soil, commixture soil and rock mass of initial quality
level V;
3. Adverse geological action like shoreside landslide, landfall, washing,
silting, underground erosion and dune.

4.3.3 In feasibility study investigation, engineering geologic mapping or exploration

survey shall cover conditions and development trends such as stratigraphic
distribution, construction features, morphologic characteristics, bank slope
shape, washing silting, water level fluctuation, and shore vicissitude and
inundation range. A certainty amount of exploratory work shall be taken in
case of need, bank slope stability and location suitability shall be evaluated,
and proposals in optimal field location scheme shall be proposed.

4.3.4 Investigation in preliminary design stage shall correspond with following

provisions:
1. In engineering geologic mapping, bundline vicissitude and the influence of
dynamic geological action on shoreline vicissitude shall be surveyed;

27
 buried river, lake and clench distribution and the influence on engineering;
formation cause, distribution, development trend, influence on site stability
of adverse geological action like underground erosion and dune;
2. Prospecting line should be emplaced perpendicular to the shore; spacing of
prospecting line and prospecting points be ascertained in accordance with
engineering requirements, morphologic characteristics, rock-soil
distribution, adverse geological action; spacing of prospecting line and
prospecting points shall be increased properly at site of bank slope and
rock-soil combination;
3. The of exploratory hole shall be ascertained in accordance with project
scope, design requirement and rock-soil condition;
4. Shallow earthquake section plane method and other geophysical methods
shall be adopted in water area site;
5. The site stability shall be evaluated fatherly, and proposals in general
arrangement, structure and foundation form, construction method, and
adverse geological action shall be proposed.

4.3.5 Investigation at construction documents design phase, prospecting line and

prospecting point shall be ascertained coordinate with morphologic
characteristics and geologic condition in accordance with engineering general
arrangement, and may be dense at complex foundation site. The exploratory
hole depth shall be ascertained in accordance with project scope, design
requirement and rock-soil condition. Besides building and structure
characteristic and load, analytical calculation requirement in bank stability
slope excavation, support structure and pile foundation shall be considered. In
accordance with investigation result, proposals in foundation engineering and
construction, and adverse geological action controlling shall be proposed.

4.3.6 Besides in-situ measurement shall correspond with requirements in Chapter 10

of the standard, static sounding or static sounding may be combined with
lateral pressure test for soft soil to measure module, strength and ground
bearing capacity of soil by layer; vane shear test may be taken out to measure
undrained shear strength of soil.

4.3.7 When shearing test is adopted to measure soil shearing strength, following
factors shall be considered:
1. The possibility that unsaturated soil become saturated soil because of
water exposing during construction period and after completion;
2. Soil anchor behavior change during construction and after completion;
3. The influence of excavation unload or filling on soil texture

4.3.8 Specific requirements such as spacing of prospecting line and prospecting

points, exploratory hole depth, and in-situ measurement and indoor test

28
 number shall meet provisions in related current standard.

4.3.9 For evaluating of bank slope and foundation stability, following factors shall
be considered:
1. Design water level shall be selected;
2. The possibility of great water head difference and water level rapid
drawdown;
3. Temporary superload during construction;
4. Steeper excavation side slope;
5. Wave action;
6. Piling influence;
7. Influence of adverse geological action

4.3.10 Shoreside Engineering geotechnical engineering reconnaissance report at

detail exploration phase shall be taken out in accordance with provisions in
Chapter 14 of the standard, and shall also include following content:
1. Analysis weighting of bank stability and foundation stability;
2. Offering proposals in foundation and support design scheme;
3. Offering proposals in adverse geological action controlling;
4. Offering proposals in Shoreside Engineering monitoring

4.4 Road and Overhead Network Engineering

(I) Pipeline Engineering

4.4.1 This section is applicable to geotechnical engineering investigation for long
fuel and gas transfer line and large crossing and spanning engineering.
4.4.2 Long fuel and gas transfer line engineering covers route selection investigation,
preliminary investigation and detail investigation. The exploration phase shall
be simplified properly in the region of simple geotechnical engineering
condition or with engineering experience.
4.4.3 In route selection investigation, geotechnical engineering problems of each
scheme through data gathering, mapping and surveying, stability and
suitability of prepared crossing and spanning river reach shall be evaluated,
and correspond with following requirements:
1. Conditions like surface feature, geologic structure, stratum lighology and
hydrological geology along the line shall be surveyed, and line mountain
crossing scheme is recommended;
2. Particular rock-soil and adverse geological action of this region shall be
surveyed, and the injury extent to pipeline building shall be evaluated.
3. The stability of riverbed and bank slope of rivers controlling route shall be
surveyed, and proposals in crossing and spanning scheme comparison
selection shall be provided;
4. Distribution, short-term and prospective layout, reservoir level, backwater
submerge bank failure range and influence on the line selection scheme of

29
 reservoir along the line shall be surveyed;
5. Distribution general situation of minerals and cultural relic along the line
shall be surveyed;
6. Ground shock parameter earthquake protection intensity along the line
shall be surveyed.

4.4.4 River crossing and spanning positions shall select advantageous river reach of
straight river reach, riverbed and bank stabilization, stream gentleness,
approximate bottom profile symmetry, relative simplex riverbed rock-soil
formation, and sufficient construction yard on side banks. Following river
reaches should be avoided:

1. River course is abnormally curved, and the mainstream is not stable and
changes often;
2. Riverbed is composed of powder fine sand, and sluicing amplitude is
great;
3. Bank slope rock-soil is soft, and adverse geological action development
may have direct influence or potential ham to engineering stability;
4. Faultage valley or quake faulting

4.4.5 Preliminary investigation shall include following content:

1. Lineal morphological elements shall be divided;

2. Formation cause, type, thickness and engineering characteristic of
rock-soil within pipeline setting depth shall be ascertained preliminarily;
3. Property and distribution of faults that may be influential to pipeline shall
be surveyed;
4. Distribution, property, development trend and influence on pipeline of
adverse geological actions along the line shall be surveyed;
5. Distribution of well and spring along the line, and groundwater level
condition shall be surveyed;
6. Distribution of mineral deposit along the line and mining and mining-out
condition shall be surveyed;
7. Flood inundation scope of river crossing and spanning shall be ascertained
preliminarily, and bank stability shall be evaluated.

4.4.6 Preliminary investigation shall mainly include data gathering and surveying.
Geophysical prospecting should be taken out at site pipeline crossing stream
and gulch. Prospection drilling should be taken out for large and medium
streams with complex geologic condition. 1~3 prospecting points shall be
emplaced for each crossing and spanning scheme; the exploratory hole depth
shall be in accordance with provisions in Item 4.4.8 of this section.

30
4.4.7 Detail investigation shall ascertain rock-soil conditions of lineal geotechnical
engineering and causticity of water and soil to metallic pipelines, and
characteristic parameters required by engineering design shall be proposed.
Investigation for crossing and spanning site shall correspond with following
provisions:

1. Substratal structure, and soil granulometric composition and characteristic

of crossing site shall be ascertained as well as stream bed erosion and
stability degree; bank stability shall be evaluated and slope protection
proposals shall be proposed;
2. Exploratory work of crossing site shall be taken out in accordance with
provisions in Item 4.4.15 and 4.4.16.

4.4.8 Disposal of detail investigation prospecting points shall satisfy following

requirements:

1. For pipeline engineering, prospecting point spacing shall be identified

according to geologic condition complexity and should be 200~1000m.
prospecting point shall include geologic prospecting point and in-situ
measurement point, and be increased or decreased in accordance with
terrain and geologic condition complexity degree; the exploratory hole
depth should be 1~3m below the pipeline setting depth.
2. For pipeline crossing engineering, prospecting points shall be emplaced on
midline of crossing pipeline, the departure from the midline shall not be
larger than 3m, and prospecting point spacing should be 30~100m and
shall not be less than 3; When gutter burying wiring is adopted, the
exploratory hole depth should reach 3~5m below the maximum riverbed
erosion depth; when pipe driving or orienting drilling crossing is adopted,
the exploratory hole depth shall be ascertained in accordance with design
requirement.

4.4.9 For pipeline engineering which earthquake protection intensity is equal to or

larger than 6, investigation work shall satisfy requirements in Section 5.7 of
the standard.

4.4.10 Geotechnical engineering reconnaissance report shall include following

content:

1. Route selection exploration phase shall explain geotechnical engineering

condition of each route selection scheme briefly, and offer proposals in
comparison and selection of each scheme;
2. Preliminary investigation phase shall discuss geotechnical engineering
condition of each scheme, and recommend optimal route scheme; for
crossing and spanning engineering, stability of riverbed and bank slope

31
 shall be evaluated, and proposals in crossing and spanning scheme shall be
proposed;
3. Detail exploration phase shall evaluate geotechnical engineering condition
by section, offer geotechnical engineering design parameters and
suggestions on construction scheme; for crossing engineering, stability of
riverbed and bank slope shall be discussed, and proposals in bank
revetment measures shall be proposed.

(II) Overhead Network Engineering

4.4.11 This section is applicable to geotechnical engineering investigation for large

Overhead Network Engineering, including 220kv or higher High-Voltage
overhead power transmission sequence, large cableway and so on.

4.4.12 Large Overhead Network Engineering includes Preliminary Design

investigation and working drawing design investigation; small scale Overhead
Network Engineering may merge exploration phases.

4.4.13 Investigation in preliminary design stage shall correspond with following

requirements:

1. Surface feature, geologic structure, stratum lighology, and particular

rock-soil distribution, underground water and adverse geological action
shall be surveyed, and analysis weighting shall be taken out by section;
2. Distribution, development plan and mining condition of mineral deposit
along the line shall be surveyed; route should avoid minable layer; the
stability of worked-out section shall be evaluated;
3. For large span site, engineering geologic condition shall be ascertained,
geotechnical engineering evaluating shall be taken out, and optimal span
scheme shall be recommended

4.4.14 Preliminary investigation shall mainly include data gathering and aerial survey.
Detailed survey or engineering geologic mapping shall be taken out for large
span site, and combined with some prospecting and testing in case of need.

4.4.15 Investigation in preliminary design shall correspond with following

requirements:

1. Distribution, embedment condition, physical mechanic property,

environment and geohydrologic condition of column foot soil layer, and
water causticity to concrete and metallic material shall be ascertained in
plain region;
2. For hill and mountainous area, besides contents specified in Clause 1 of
this section shall be ascertained, adverse geological actions of column foot

32
 neighborhood shall be ascertained, and proposals in control measure shall
be proposed;
3. For large span site, terrain surface feature, column foot stratum lighology,
weathering degree, soft interlayer and physical mechanic property of
spanning river reach shall be ascertained; adverse geological action
influential to column foot shall be ascertained, and proposals in control
measure shall be proposed;
4. If the earthquake protection intensity is equal to or larger than 6, for
special-designed and large spanned column foot, investigation work shall
satisfy requirements in Section 5.7 of the standard.

4.4.16 At working drawing design exploration phase, important column foot and
complex geologic condition site of Overhead Network Engineering such as
angle-tower, strain tower, terminal tower and large span tower shall be
prospected one by one. A prospective point should be disposed for every 3~4
column foots at straight column foot site; the depth shall be ascertained in
accordance with tower stress property and geologic condition.

4.4.17 Overhead network geotechnical engineering reconnaissance report shall

include following content:

1. Preliminary Design exploration phase shall discuss geotechnical

engineering condition along the line and bank stability of main river
crossing site, and select optimal route scheme;
2. Working drawing design exploration phase shall offer column location list,
discuss conditional and stability column location rock-soil. And propose
proposals in design parameter, base case and engineering measure.

4.5 Waste Disposal Engineering

(III) General Provisions

4.5.1 This section is applicable to geotechnical engineering investigation for solid

waste treatment engineering like industrial residue yard and garbage burying
field. Investigation for nuclear waste disposal site shall satisfy requirements of
relative standards.

4.5.2 Waste Disposal Engineering geotechnical engineering investigation shall

emphasize following content:

1. Morphologic characteristics weather hydrological condition;

2. Geologic structure, rock-soil distribution and adverse geological action;
3. Rock-soil physical mechanic property;
4. Geohydrologic condition, and rock-soil and offal penetrability;

33
 5. Site, foundation an side slope stability;
6. The environmental influence of pollutant transporting like water source
and rock-soil pollution;
7. Survey for dam material and waterproofing clay;
8. New active faults, site foundation and congeries seismic effect

4.5.3 Investigation scope of Waste Disposal Engineering shall cover structures and
buildings such as landfill site (reservoir area), prime dam, relevant pipeline
and tunnel, as well as relative sites nearby. Investigation of local building
material shall be carried out.

4.5.4 Waste Disposal Engineering investigation shall be combined with engineering

construction, and carried out by phase. Waste Disposal Engineering
investigation may include feasibility study investigation, preliminary
investigation and detail investigation, and shall meet provisions of relative
standards.

Feasibility study investigation shall mainly adopt exploration survey, and

combined with little prospecting work in case of need. Stability and suitability
of selected sites shall be evaluated.

Preliminary investigation shall mainly include engineering geologic mapping,

and assisted with prospecting, in-situ measurement and indoor test. Stability of
prepared engineering general arrangement and site, and environmental
influence of waste shall be evaluated preliminarily, and proposals shall be
given.

Detail investigation shall be taken out through prospecting, in-situ

measurement and indoor test, and engineering geologic mapping shall be
adopted for site with complex geologic condition, to obtain parameters
required by engineering design, offer suggestions on design construction and
monitoring, evaluate unstable site and environmental impact, and propose
control proposals.

4.5.5 Before Waste Disposal Engineering investigation, following technical

materials shall be gathered:

1. Composition, granularity, and physical and chemical property of waste,

daily disposing capacity transportation and discharge mode of waste;
2. Stockyard or Landfill gross capacity, useful capacity and service life;
3. Catchment area, precipitation, runoff depth, peak flow of valley landfill
site;
4. Length and dam top elevation of initial dam, and final dam top elevation of
heightened dam;

34
 5. Active faults and earthquake protection intensity;
6. Adjacent water source protective tape, water source mining condition and
environmental protection requirement

4.5.6 Waste disposal engineering geologic mapping shall cover whole site scope and
neighborhood relative sites. For preliminary investigation, the proportional
scale shall be selected as 1:2000~1:5000, for detail investigation of complex
site, the proportional scale shall not be selected less than 1:1000. engineering
geologic mapping shall be taken out in accordance with requirements in
Chapter 8, and emphasize following contents:

1. Topographic form, orographic condition and residential area distribution;

2. Flood, landslide, mudflow, Karst, faulting and adverse geological action
concerned with site stability;
3. Distribution of valuable natural landscape, cultural relic and minerals, and
minerals mining and mining-out condition;
4. Hydrological geology problem concerned with leakage;
5. Ecological environment

4.5.7 Waste disposal engineering shall be in accordance with requirements in

chapter 7, and special hydrological geology investigation shall be taken out.

4.5.8 In soluble rock distribution area, Karst developmental condition, distribution

of solution cavity, earth cave and dent, Karst water passage and flow direction,
Karst underground water and leakage, and the influence of Karst on
engineering stability shall be ascertained.

4.5.9 Investigation for initial dam damming material and investigation for
anti-seepage and covering clay material shall include material producing area,
reserves, performance index, and mining and traffic conditions. In feasibility
investigation, producing area shall be ascertained, and investigation shall be
completed at preliminary investigation stage.

(Ⅳ) Industrial Residue Stockyard

4.5.10 In Industrial Residue Stockyard detail investigation, exploratory work shall

correspond with following provisions:

1. Prospecting line should be parallel with axial of structures like landfill

site, dam, tunnel and pipeline, and the prospecting point spacing shall be
ascertained in accordance with geologic condition complexity;
2. The depth of initial dam exploratory hole shall satisfy requirements of
stability, deformation and leakage analyzing;

35
 3. For critical site concerning stability and leakage, exploratory hole shall
be deepened and increased or exploratory work shall be arranged
specially;
4. Effective geophysical method may be adopted to assist borehole
surveying and wall prospecting;
5. Tunnel investigation shall correspond with provisions Section 4.2.

4.5.11 Investigation for waste residue material heightened dam, prospecting, in-situ
measurement and indoor test shall be adopted, and following content shall be
emphasized:

1. Composition, granulometric composition, compaction rate and stack sequence of

pre-existing stacked waste;
2. Engineering characteristic and chemical property of stacked material;
3. Saturation line position and change law of stacked waste;
4. Serve dam body stability, and suitability and stability of design altitude stacking;
5. Stability of debris dump dam under earthquake effect and Earthquake liquefaction
potential of waste residue material;
6. Environmental impact caused by heightened dam running

4.5.12 Investigation for waste residue material heightened dam, not less than 3
prospecting line shall be emplaced perpendicular to dam axis in accordance
with stack scale, and the prospecting point spacing may be increased properly
within stockyard; normal exploratory hole depth shall enter certain depth blow
natural ground surface, and controlling exploratory hole depth shall be able to
ascertain potential soft stratum.

4.5.13 Geotechnical engineering evaluating for Industrial residue stockyard shall

include following content:

1. Engineering influence of flood, landslide, mudflow, Karst, faulting and

adverse geological action concerned with site stability;
2. Stability of dam foundation, abutment and reservoir shore, and influence
of Earthquake on stability;
3. Dam site and reservoir basin leakage, and environmental influence of dam
building;
4. Quality, reserves, mining and traffic conditions of local building material
shall be treated with technical economical analysis.

4.5.14 Besides Industrial Residue Stockyard reconnaissance report shall correspond

with provisions in Chapter 14 of this standard, the reconnaissance report shall
satisfy following requirements:

36
 1. Geotechnical engineering analysis weighting shall be taken out in
accordance with Item 4.5.13, and proposals in control measure shall be
proposed;
2. Investigation for waste residue heightened dam shall analyze stability of
present status and final height, and proposals in stacking mode and
measures shall be taken out;
3. Proposals in monitoring of upper and groundwater level, and reservoir
basin leakage shall be proposed.

(Ⅲ) Landfill Field

4.5.15 Data gathering before landfill field investigation shall comply with provisions
in Item 4.5.5, and include following content:

1. Waste type, composition and primary characteristic, and landfill sanitary

requirements;
2. Landfill mode and landfill procedure, anti-seepage cushion and capping
layer structure, and disposal of extravasation gathering and extraction
system;
3. Requirements of anti-seepage cushion, capping layer and extravasation
gathering and extraction system in foundation and waste allowable
deformation;
4. Waste-blocking dam, sewage tank, drainage shaft, fluid and gas pipe line
and other relative structures conditions

4.5.16 Landfill field prospecting shall comply with provisions in Item 4.5.10, and
correspond with following requirement:

1. For site needing deformation analysis, the depth of exploration shall

satisfy requirement of deformation analysis;
2. Rock-soil and soil-like waste test may be taken out in accordance with
provisions in Chapter 10 and Chapter 11, non soil waste test shall be taken
in accordance with its type and characteristic through suitable means, and
the back analysis method may be adopted to obtain design parameter in
accordance with field monitoring material;
3. Extravasation chemical composition shall be measured, and special test
shall be taken to research pollutant movement rule.

4.5.17 Geotechnical engineering evaluating in landfill field investigation shall be in

accordance with provisions in Item 4.5.13, and include following content:

1. Global stability of engineering site, as well as deformation and stability of

waste congeries;

37
 2. Possibility of anti-seepage cushion capping layer and other facilities
invalidation caused by foundation and waste deformation;
3. Leakage of dam foundation, abutment, reservoir basin and other related
position;
4. Forecasting water level change and influence;
5. Pollutant movement and influence on water source agriculture, rock-soil
and ecological environment.

4.5.18 Besides landfill field geotechnical engineering reconnaissance report shall

correspond with provisions in Chapter 14 of this standard, the reconnaissance
report shall correspond with following provisions:

1. Geotechnical engineering analysis weighting shall be taken out in

accordance with item 4.5.17 of this Section;
2. Proposals in stability, decreasing deformation, leakage preventing and
environment protection shall be proposed;
3. Proposals in producing area of local material like damming material,
anti-seepage and covering clay, and relative work shall be proposed;
4. Proposals in stability, deformation, water level, leakage water and soil, and
extravasation chemical property monitoring shall be proposed.

4.6 Nuclear Power Plant

4.6.1 This section is applicable to geotechnical engineering investigation for land

fixed commercial nuclear power plants with nuclear reactor. Besides this
section, nuclear power plant investigation shall meet specifications in relative
nuclear safety code and guide rule, national standards and professional
standard.

4.6.2 Safety classification of nuclear power plant geotechnical engineering

investigation may be classified as nuclear safety concerned construction and
normal construction.

4.6.3 Geotechnical engineering investigation for nuclear power plant may be

divided into 5 exploration phases: pre-feasibility study, feasibility study,
preliminary design, working drawing design and engineering construction.

4.6.4 In pre-feasibility study investigation, data gathering shall be main work,

materials in regional geology, engineering geology and hydrological geology
of each prepared plant site, earthquake motion parameter zoning, historical
earthquake, historical earthquake effect intensity and short-term seismic
activities shall be researched and analyzed, site stability factor, foundation
condition, environmental and hydrological geology, and environmental

38
 geology shall be evaluated preliminarily, meanwhile, proposals in plant
location suitability shall be proposed.

4.6.5 In pre-feasibility study investigation, the proportional scale for plant site
engineering geologic mapping shall adopt 1:10000~1:25000; and mapping
scope shall cover plant site and periphery area, and the mapping area should
not be less than 4k ㎡.

4.6.6 In pre-feasibility study investigation, main works geologic location of plant

site shall be proposed through necessary prospecting and testing, preliminary
physical mechanics index of rock-soil is provided, distributional
characteristics rock-soil nearby prepared nuclear island area shall be known.
the investigation shall correspond with following requirements:

1. Exploratory hole number of each plant site should not be less than 2, and
the depth shall be 30~60m blow expected design floor elevation;
2. Continuous coring shall be taken on gross section. for normal rock, the
return coring rate shall be larger than 85%, and for fractured rock, it shall
be larger than 70%;
3. 3 or more test sample exploratory hole shall be adopted for each key
rock-soil layer, the inside spacing should be 2~3m, standard penetration
test shall be taken out one time until drilling reaches rock mass above
continuous medium weathering; when drilling enter rock full weathering
layer, the frequency of standard penetration test shall be increased, and the
test interval shall not be large than 0.5m;
4. Rock test items shall cover density, elastic modulus, Poisson ratio,
compression strength, softening coefficient, shearing strength,
compressional velocity an so on; soil test items covers grading analysis
natural moisture content, density, specific gravity, plastic limit, liquid limit,
compressibility, compressive modulus, shearing strength and so on.

4.6.7 For plant site which geotechnical engineering condition is complex,

geophysical prospecting assisting investigation may be adopted to get clear
overburden layer formation and thickness, and bedrock surface embedding
characteristic, as well as concealed rock bodies structural feature, and
existence of cavity hidden weak zone.

In region of river and sea bank slope and massif side slope, the stability factor
of bank slope and side slope shall be surveyed and preliminary analysis
evaluation shall be taken.

4.6.8 Evaluation of plant site suitability shall consider following factors:

39
 1. Whether capable fault exists, and capable fault has influence on plant site
stability factor;
2. Whether Holocene Epoch volcanic activity exists and may influence plant
site stability;
3. Whether plan site is located at region which earthquake protection
intensity is larger than 8, and potential geological hazards exists;
4. Whether exploitable mineral deposit exist at plant site and neighborhood,
and whether human historic activities, underground engineering,
worked-out section, cavity and so on exist, and may influence foundation
stability;
5. Whether subterranean cavity, special geologic body, unstable slope and
bank slope mud-rock flow adverse geological action and other adverse
geological actions exist and may cause surface collapse, sedimentation,
upheaval and craze;
6. Whether site and foundation that are provided for nuclear island
arrangement are available, and the site and foundation have enough
bearing capacity;
7. Whether plant site may harm water-supply source or have severe hazard on
environmental geology;

4.6.9 Feasibility study investigation content shall correspond with following

specification:

1. Regional terrain, geologic structure, crack distribution and characteristic of

plant site shall be ascertained;
2. Strata formation cause, age, distribution and weathering characteristic of
each rock stratum within plant site shall be ascertained, preliminary static
and dynamic mechanical parameters shall be provided; proposals in
foundation type and foundation treatment shall be proposed;
3. Adverse geological action that may harm plant site and the influence on
site stability factor shall be ascertained, the stability riverside, coast and
slope shall be evaluated preliminarily, and preliminary control proposal
shall be proposed;
4. Aseismic design site type shall be judged, and sites are classifies as
advantageous, adverse and hazardous, and the possibility of earthquake
liquefaction shall be judges;
5. Hydrological geology essential condition and envelopment
hydro-geological basic feature shall be ascertained.

4.6.10 In feasibility study investigation, engineering geologic mapping shall be taken

out, the mapping scope shall cover plant site and periphery area, the mapping
proportional scale shall be adopted as 1:1000~1:2000, and mapping shall be
taken out in accordance with Chapter 8 and others relative regulations.

40
 In this stage geotechnical engineering investigation of plant site, drilling shall
be combined with engineering geophysics to ascertain formation thickness and
engineering characteristic of bedrock and overburden layer as well as buried
depth, weathering characteristic and weathering depth of bedrock; hidden
weak zone weak zone, cavity and important geologic structure in plant site
shall be ascertained; for water area, combined with building layout scheme,
stratigraphic distribution, characteristic and bedrock surface waving condition
of sea (lake) shall be ascertained.

4.6.11 Prospecting and testing in the feasibility study stage shall correspond with
following specifications:

1. Prospecting at plant site shall be emplaced by the grid layout according to

terrain and geologic condition geologic condition, and the Exploratory
Point Spacing should be 150m. Controlling exploratory point shall be
emplaced according to building and geologic conditions, the point number
should not be less than 1/3 of total exploratory point number. prospecting
lines shall be disposed along axle wire of nuclear and normal island, the
Exploratory Point Spacing should be decreased properly, and shall satisfy
layout requirement of major project to ensure that not less than 1
prospecting line shall be emplaced for each nuclear island and normal
island;
2. For bedrock site, the exploratory hole depth should enter below the bottom
of foundation, for rock mass which initial quality level is level I and level
II, the depth shall not be less than 10m; for Quaternary strata site, the
depth shall enter 40m below design floor elevation or enter rock mass at
level I and II not less than not less than 3m; The Controlled Exploratory
Hole depth of nuclear island area should reach 2 times of reactor workshop
building diameter below the bottom of foundation; the depth of normal
island area should be less than the calculated depth of foundation
deformation, or enter rock mass of level I, level II and Level 3 by 3m
below the bottom of foundation; For hydraulic structure, exploratory
points shall be emplaced according to underwater topography, and
riverside, coast type and maximum erosion depth shall be considered;
3. Gross section coring shall be taken out for rock drilling. For normal rock,
the return coring rate shall be larger than 85%, for fractured rock, it shall
be larger than 70. RQD value, fissuring strip number and inclination angle
shall be counted; 3 or mere groups of rock samples shall be selected for
each key rock stratum;
4. Based on rock-soil condition, proper in-situ measurement method shall be
adopted to measure characteristic index of rock-soil, and the completion
degree of rock mass shall be evaluated and weathering level shall be
divided through sound wave sound wave testing method;

41
 5. 1~2 exploratory hole should be selected in nuclear island position to
measure pressure wave speed and shearing wave speed and to calculate the
dynamic parameter of rock-soil through hallooed method or cross-hole
shooting method cross-hole method;
6. Rock-soil laboratory experiment items shall correspond with requirements
Item 4.6.6 of this section, and dynamic parametric tests like dynamic
elastic modulus, dynamic Poisson’s ratio and dynamic damping ratio of
each rock mass (layer) representative sample.

4.6.12 Groundwater investigation and evaluation in the feasibility study stage shall
correspond with following specifications:

1. Based on local geohydrologic condition, plant side plant side underground

water type, water-bearing zone characteristic, water-bearing zone
water-bearing zone quantity, buried depth, dynamic variation system and
the hydraulic relation with surrounding waters, and groundwater
composition;
2. Combined with engineering geologic drilling, water injection, pumping
and water pressure test shall be taken respectively for each key layer,
permeability coefficient and unit water absorption of strata shall be
calculated, and the integrity and hydrogeological conditions of rock mass
shall be evaluated preliminarily;
3. In case of need, long-term observation hole shall be emplaced properly to
regularly observe and record water level, a water sampling shall be taken
out quarterly to process water analysis water analysis, and the observation
period shall not be less than a hydrographic year.

4.6.13 In feasibility study stage, surveying and investigation of earth and stone
engineering and constructional material and side slope investigation shall be
taken out, in accordance with in accordance with geotechnical engineering
condition and engineering requirements. Specific requirements shall be accord
with Section 4.7 of the standard or relative standards.

4.6.14 Preliminary Design investigation shall be taken out according to nuclear island,
normal island subsidiary building and hydraulic structure, and shall
correspond with following requirements:

1. Formation cause, type, physical property and mechanics parameter of

rock-soil from each building land section shall be ascertained, and
proposals in foundation treatment shall be proposed;
2. Fracture distribution, nature and the influence on site stability shall be
ascertained fatherly, and control proposal shall be proposed;

42
 3. The investigation shall be taken out for side slope that may affect
engineering construction, stability analysis and evaluation shall be taken
out, and proposals in slope design parameter and control shall be proposed;
4. Hydrogeological conditions of building land section shall be ascertained;
5. Adverse geological action that may affect building shall be ascertained and
control proposals shall be proposed.

4.6.15 Preliminary Design nuclear island site investigation shall satisfy requirements
of engineering and construction, and layout, quantity and depth of exploratory
hole shall correspond with correspond with following specifications:

1. Exploratory Points shall be emplaced surrounding or on the center of

reactor workshop building. Exploratory point density may be increased
and expended along cross wire. The Exploratory Point Spacing should be
10~30m.
2. Exploratory point number shall be able to control formation lithology
distribution of nuclear island site and satisfy requirement of in-situ
measurement. Total exploratory point number for each nuclear island shall
not be less than 10, among them, the number for reactor workshop
building shall not be less than 5, and controlling exploratory point shall not
be less than 1/2 of total exploratory point number.
3. The depth of Controlled Exploratory Hole should reach 2 time times of
reactor workshop building diameter below the bottom of foundation,
normal exploratory hole depth should enter into rock mass rock mass of
Level I and II 10m below the bottom of foundation. The depth of wave
velocity test hole shall not be less than the depth of Controlled Exploratory
Hole.

4.6.16 Besides specifications in Section 4.1, Preliminary Design normal island site
investigation shall correspond with following requirements:

1. Exploratory point shall be emplaced along building outline, axial or main

columniation line, exploratory point number for each normal island shall not be
less than 10, among them, controlling exploratory point should not be less than
1/4 of exploratory point total;
2. For rocky ground, the depth of Controlled Exploratory Hole shall enter into rock
mass of Level I and II not less than 3m below the bottom of foundation, for soil
foundation, the depth shall enter 10~20m under compact layer; for rocky ground,
normal exploratory hole depth shall enter 3~5m of medium weathering layer, and
for soil foundation, the depth shall reach the bottom of compact layer.

4.6.17 Conceptual phase hydraulic structure investigation shall correspond with

following specifications:

43
 1. Prospecting drilling of pump room site shall taken out according to
lithologic character characteristic and foundation depth, the prospecting
point number for each pump room shall not be less than 2, normal
exploratory hole shall reach 1~2m below the bottom of foundation,
controlling exploratory hole shall enter 1.5~3.0m of medium weathered
rock; controlling exploratory hole depth of soil foundation shall reach
5~10m below the compact layer;
2. The spacing of prospecting point of water inlet pipe located at soil site
should not be larger than 30m, normal exploratory hole depth shall reach
5m below the pipeline bottom elevation, and controlling exploratory hole
shall enter 1.5~3.0m of medium weathered rock;
3. Sea wall, water-break and drilling concerning nuclear safety shall be
disposed according to particular geologic environment located, and
rock-soil physical mechanic property and adverse geological action shall
be ascertained; prospecting points shall be disposed along bank axial,
normal exploratory hole depth shall reach 10m below bank bottom design
elevation, and controlling exploratory hole shall penetrate compact layer or
enter 1.5~3.0m of medium weathered rock.

4.6.18 Besides requirements of Section 4.1 of this, Chapter 10 and Chapter 11,
preliminary design stage investigation tests shall correspond with following
provisions:

1. Proper in-situ measurement methods shall be selected in accordance with

rock-soil property and engineering demand such as wave velocity test,
dynamic penetration test, pumping test, injection test, water pressure test
and rock mass dead load test; cross-hole shooting method wave velocity
test and borehole bounding module test shall be taken out for nuclear
reactor factory building foundation to measure foundation wave velocity
and rock stress-strain properties of nuclear reactor factory building
foundation;
2. Besides conventional tests, indoor tests shall measure indices such as
rock-soil movement elastic modulus, movement Poisson ratio, dynamic
subsidence ratio, dynamic shear modulus, dynamic shearing strength and
wave velocity.

4.6.19 Construction documents design phase shall complete investigation for

subsidiary buildings and investigation for other hydraulic structures, as well as
supplemented investigation for nuclear island, normal island and main
hydraulic structure as required. Content and requirement may be in accordance
with relevant regulations of preliminary design stage, and controlling
exploratory hole shall not be disposed less than one for accessory structures
concerned with nuclear safety.

44
4.6.20 Engineering construction phase investigation mainly includes field inspection
and monitoring, and content and requirement shall be in accordance with
Chapter 13 and relevant regulations.

4.6.21 Liquefaction discrimination for nuclear power plant shall be taken out in
accordance with current national standard "Earthquake Resistant Design Code
for Nuclear Power Plant" (GB 50267).

4.7 Side Slope Engineering

4.7.1 Investigation of slope engineering shall include the following content:

1. Morphologic feature shall correspond with requirements in Chapter 5 of the

standard, if adverse geological action like landslide, Dangerous Rock and
Collapse and mud-rock flow exist;

2. Rock-soil sort, formation cause, engineering characteristic, cover thickness,

bedrock surface shape and gradient;

3. Type, attitude, extension situation, closing degree, filling condition, water

filling condition, mechanics attribution and composite relation of rock mass
primary structural face, and the relation of primary structural face and air
face, existing out-dip structural plane;

4. Type, water level water pressure, water flow, supply and dynamic variation
of underground water, rock-soil water permeability and underground water
emergence situation;

5. Regional meteorological phenomena (especially rainy season and storm

intensity), watershed area, slope vegetation, situation surface water washing
slope face and slope toe;

6. Rock-soil physical mechanics and weak structural plane shearing strength.

4.7.2 Large-scale side slope investigation shall be taken out by stage, and each stage
shall correspond with following requirements:

1. In preliminary investigation, geologic information shall be gathered,

engineering geologic mapping and, some prospecting and laboratory
experiment shall be taken out, and the stability factor of side slope shall be
evaluated preliminarily;
2. Detail investigation shall take engineering geologic mapping, prospecting,
experiment, surveying and analytical calculation for side slope and
adjacent block of possible instability, work out stability evaluation, and

45
 propose optimal excavation slope angle; protective treatment measures for
side slope of possible instability shall be proposed;
3. Construction investigation shall coordinate with construction excavation to
process geological logging, check and supplement investigation materials
of last stage. The construction safety prediction shall be taken out and
proposals in design revising shall be proposed.

4.7.3 Beside Side Slope Engineering geology mapping shall correspond with
requirements in Chapter 8 of the standard, shape and slope angle of natural
side slope and attitude, and nature of weak structural plane shall be ascertained.
Mapping scope shall cover site that may affect slope stability.

4.7.4 Prospecting line shall be emplaced perpendicular to side slope trend, and
Exploratory Point Spacing shall be identified in accordance with geologic
condition. If soft interlayer or adverse structural plane is met, the spacing shall
be increased. The exploratory hole depth shall go through potential slip
surface and enter 2~5m of stable layer. Besides routine drilling, trial heading,
exploratory trench, exploratory well and inclined hole shall be adopted as
required.

4.7.5 Test sample shall be selected form main rock-soil layer and soft stratum. Test
sample number of each layer shall not be less than 6, and for rock stratum, the
number shall not be less than 9, and continuous sampling shall be taken out for
soft stratum.

4.7.6 Selection of max confining pressure of triaxial shear test and max normal
pressure of direct shear test shall be close to practical stress situation of test
sample in slope. Original position shearing test shall be taken out for weak
structural plane controlling the stability of slope. Rock mass stress test, wave
velocity test, dynamic test, pore water pressure test and model test shall be
taken out for large-scale side slope in case of need.

Shearing strength index shall be identified in accordance with actual

measurement result combined with local experience, and should be checked
up through back analysis method. For Permanent slope, the efficiency which
the strength is decreased with time shall be considered.

4.7.7 Based on identification of slope failure modal, side slope stability may be
comprehensively evaluated through engineering geology analogy method,
graphic analytic method, critical equilibrium method and finite element
method. If condition of each section discords, analyzing shall be taken out by
section.

46
 For new-designed side slope and important engineering, stability index (Fs) of
slope should be selected as 1.30~1.50, for general engineering, it should be
selected as 1.15~1.30, and for secondary engineering, it should be selected as
1.05~1.15. At peak strength, Fs should selected as the max value, and at
residual strength, the min value is selected. In computing of the stability of
pre-existing slope, the value of Fs should be 1.10~1.25.

4.7.8 Large-scale side slope shall be monitored, and monitoring survey contents
may include slope deformation, groundwater regime and eugeogenous rock
weathering velocity according to specific circumstances.

4.7.9 Besides specifications in Chapter 14 of the standard, side slope geotechnical

engineering reconnaissance report shall correspond with, following contents:

1. Side slope engineering geologic condition and geotechnical engineering

calculating parameter;
2. The stability factor of side slope and buildings constructed on slope top
and slope face, and the influence on buildings blow the slope shall be
analyzed;
3. Proposals in optimal slope form and slope angle shall be proposed;
4. Proposals in unstable slope control and monitoring shall be proposed.

4.8 Foundation Excavation Engineering

4.8.1 This section is applicable to investigation for soil foundation excavation. Rock
foundation excavation shall be investigated in accordance with site geologic
structure, rock characteristics, weathering conditions, pit excavation depth and
so on, combined with local standard local experience.

4.8.2 For engineering that need foundation excavation design, the investigation shall
consist of Foundation Excavation Engineering investigation. At preliminary
investigation stage, potential problems and supporting measures during
excavation shall be judged preliminarily in accordance with geotechnical
engineering condition; in detail exploration phase, the investigation shall be
taken out for Foundation Excavation Engineering design; in engineering
period, supplemented investigation shall be taken out in case of need.

4.8.3 The range and depth of Foundation Excavation Engineering investigation shall
be identified in accordance with site conditions and design requirements. The
investigation depth should be 2-3 times of the excavation depth. If hard
cohesive soil, soil aggregate and terrane are met at this depth, the investigation
depth may be decreased properly in accordance with rock-soil type and
support design requirements. Plane scope of investigation should exceed 2~3
times of outward excavation depth of excavation limit. In thick soft ground,

47
 investigation depth and scope shall be expended properly. Beyond the limit of
excavation, investigation measure shall mainly include investigation and study,
and gather pre-existing data, and a certain number of exploratory points shall
be emplaced on complex area and slope area.

4.8.4 Within range of pit excavation influence and support structure emplacing,
distribution and layering of rock-soil shall be ascertained, and the shearing
strength index required by support design shall be provided. Soil shear
strength test method shall be consistent with design requirements of
Foundation Excavation Engineering, meet design accepted standard, and shall
be explained in reconnaissance report.

4.8.5 When local geohydrologic condition is complex, and underground water need
be controlled (precipitation or seep) during pit excavation process, when the
existed data cannot meet the requirement, special hydrological geology
investigation shall be taken out.

4.8.6 When pit excavation may cause penetrability damage like quicksand, mass
flow and piping effect, the investigation shall be taken out correspondingly,
and the possibility and the influence on engineering shall be analyzed and
evaluated. If seepage exists during pit excavation process, seepage effect of
underground water shall be identified through seepage calculation.

4.8.7 Foundation Excavation Engineering investigation shall survey environmental

status, ascertain current situation of adjacent building and underground
installation, and the bearing capacity of excavation deformation. In dense
distribution area of civic underground pipe network, pipeline type, plan
position, buried depth and scale may be given through geographic information
systems or other file data. Effective methods shall be adopted to carry out
underground pipeline detecting in case of need.

4.8.8 When Foundation Excavation Engineering investigation is taken in special

rock-soil distribution area, the investigation may be taken out in accordance
with Chapter 6 of the standard, influence on foundation excavation from
crawling and long-term strength of soft ground, water loss disintegration of
soft rock and extremely soft rock, dilatability and crack of swelling soil, and
unsaturated soil humidification soften shall be analyzed.

4.8.9 In Foundation Excavation Engineering investigation, proposals in foundation

excavation side slope treating shall be proposed in accordance with excavation
depth, rock-soil and underground water condition, and environmental
requirement.

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4.8.10 Foundation Excavation Engineering investigation shall emphasize following
contents, and provide the relative calculating parameter and suggestion:

1. Local stability, global stability and pit bottom upheaval-resisting stability

of side slope;
2. Water penetration stability of pit bottom and side wall;
3. Possible deformation of earth-supported structure and side slope;
4. Influence of precipitation effect and precipitation effect;
5. Influence of excavation and precipitation on adjacent building and
underground facilities.

4.8.11 In geotechnical engineering reconnaissance report, the part concerned with

Foundation Excavation Engineering shall consist of following contents:

1. Site conditions, soil quality condition and engineering condition concerned

with pit excavation;
2. Proposals in processing mode, calculating parameter and support structure
selection shall be proposed;
3. Proposals in groundwater controlling, calculating parameter and
construction control shall be proposed;
4. Proposals in construction scheme and control for Potential problems in
construction shall be proposed;
5. Proposals in environmental protection and monitoring works in
engineering period shall be proposed.

4.9 Pile Foundation

4.9.1 Geotechnical engineering investigation for pile foundation shall consist of

following contents:

1. Type, depth, distribution, engineering characteristic and change system of

each rock-soil layer in the site shall be ascertained;
2. When bedrock is adopted as supporting course for pile, lithologic character,
contexture, rock face change, weathering degree of bedrock shall be
ascertained, hardness degree, completion degree and initial quality level
shall be identified, and whether grotto, air face, fragmented rock or
incompetent bed exist shall be judged;
3. Geohydrologic condition shall be ascertained, the influence of
underground water to pile foundation engineering and construction shall
be evaluated, and the corrosivity of water to constructional material shall
be judged;
4. Distribution and injury extent to pile foundation of adverse geological
action, liquescent soil layer and special rock and soil shall be ascertained,
and proposals in controlling shall be proposed;

49
 5. The possibility of piling is evaluated, and construction condition and
environmental influence of piles shall be argued.

4.9.2 The spacing of Exploratory Point for soil foundation shall correspond with
following specifications:

1. For supporting course which opposite terminal bearing pile is 12~ 24m
and adjacent exploratory holes expose, the face elevation discrepancy
should be controlled within 1~2m;
2. Friction pile spacing shall be 20~35m; exploratory point density shall be
increased when strata condition is very complex to effect piling or the
design has special requirements;
3. For one-column one-pile engineering with complex foundation,
exploratory point shall be emplaced for each column.

4.9.3 Geotechnical engineering investigation for pile foundation should adopt

drilling and feeler inspection as well as in-situ measurement combination. For
soft ground, cohesive soil, silty soil and sandy soil, test measures should adopt
static sounding and standard penetration test; for soil aggregate, heavy or
extra-heavy taper dynamic sounding shall be adopted.

4.9.4 Exploratory hole depth should correspond with following specifications:

1. The depth general exploratory hole shall enter 3~5d under planned pile
length (d is pile diameter), and shall not be less than 3m; for pile of larger
diameter, the depth shall not be less than 5m;
2. Controlled Exploratory Hole depth shall satisfy checking computations
requirement of subjacent bed; for pile foundation that need sedimentation
checking computations, the Controlled Exploratory Hole depth shall be
larger than the deformation computation depth;
3. When soft stratum is met at planned depth, the drilling depth shall be
increased; when steady and head rock is met within planned exploratory
hole depth, the drilling depth shall be reduced properly;
4. For rock-socketed piles, the depth shall enter 3~5d under planned
rock-socketed face, and go through solution cavity broken belt and reach
stable layer;
5. When variety of plans is available, the plan of longest pile shall be
selected.

4.9.5 Rock-soil laboratory experiment shall satisfy following requirements:

1. When side resistance and end resistance of piles need be calculated, and
checking computations of subjacent bed strength need be taken out,
triaxial shear test or unconfined compressive strength test should be

50
 carried out; stressing condition of triaxial shear test shall simulate practical
situation of engineering;
2. For pile foundation engineering that needs sedimentation evaluation,
compression test shall be taken out, and the maximum pressure shall be the
sum of upper covering self-weight pressure and supplementary pressure;
3. When pile tip supporting course is bedrock, rock sample shall be selected
to take out saturated uniaxial compressive strength test, and the softening
test shall be taken out in case of need; for soft rock and extremely soft rock,
uniaxial compressive strength test at natural moisture shall be carried out.
For crushing and extremely crushing rocks that can be sampled, in-situ
measurement shall be taken out.

4.9.6 Individual pile vertical and horizontal bearing capacity shall be identified in
accordance with engineering level, rock-soil nature and in-situ measurement
achievement, and combined with local experience. For building which
foundation design level is level 1 and inexperienced region, dead load test
shall be suggested to take out. Test number should not be less than 1% of
engineering piles number, and the number for each site shall not be less than 3.
For pile that bears great horizontal load, it is suggested that the horizontal
loading test for the pile be taken out; for pile that bears up-pull strength,
pull-out test is suggested to take out. Reconnaissance report shall evaluated
propose foundation pile side resistance and end resistance of the relative
rock-soil, and vertical and horizontal bearing capacity and pull resisting
bearing capacity shall be evaluated in case of need.

4.9.7 For pile foundation engineering that needs the calculation of foundation
settlement, deformation parameter of each layer rock-soil required by the
calculation shall be provided and sedimentation evaluation shall be taken out
in accordance with task requirement.

4.9.8 Geotechnical engineering reconnaissance report for pile foundation

engineering shall correspond with requirements in Chapter 14 of the standard,
and bearing capacity and deformation parameters shall be provided in
accordance with Item 4.9.6 and Item 4.9.7, meanwhile, the reconnaissance
report shall also consist of:

1. Optional pile foundation type and pile tip supporting course are provided;
and proposal in pile length and diameter scheme shall be proposed;
2. The strength of soft subjacent bed shall be checked up, if soft subjacent
bed exists;
3. If consolidated soil exists and the engineering has large area large area
stacking load, the possibility of negative skin friction force coefficient
caused by pile sides and the influence on pile foundation bearing capacity
shall be analyzed, and proposals in negative skin friction negative skin

51
 friction force coefficient force coefficient and negative skin friction
reduction shall be proposed;
4. The possibility of piling and the influence of piling and soil squeezing
shall be analyzed, and proposals in protective measures shall be proposed;
5. If the supporting course is tilted stratum, and bedrock surface is rough or
cavity exists in rock-soil, the stability factor of piles shall be evaluated,
and proposal in treatment measures shall be proposed.

4.10 Foundation Treatment

4.10.1 Geotechnical engineering investigation for foundation treatment shall satisfy

following requirements:

1. Based on foundation treatment scheme planned that is possible to be

adopted, rock and soil characteristic parameters needed by foundation
treatment engineering and construction shall be provided;
2. Influence of adopted foundation treatment method on envelopment and
adjacent buildings shall be predicted;
3. Proposals in foundation treatment plan shall be proposed;
4. When site condition is complex and is lack of successful experience,
on-site tests and contrast tests shall be taken out for planned scheme, and
design parameter and treatment effect of the scheme shall be tested;
5. During construction schedule of foundation treatment, monitoring survey
for influence of operating efficiency and construction on surrounding
environment and adjacent engineering works shall be taken out.

4.10.2 Geotechnical engineering investigation for replacement cushion method

should consist of following contents:

1. Distribution and buried depth of adverse soil layer waiting for replacing
shall be ascertained;
2. Optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of replacing material
shall be measured;
3. Bearing capacity and stability against sliding of soft subjacent bed under
the under-layer shall be evaluated, and sedimentation of buildings shall be
evaluated;
4. Environmental effect of replacing material on underground water shall be
evaluated;
5. Proposals in cautions items during replacing construction shall be
proposed;
6. Detection or field test for replacing layer shall be replaced.

4.10.3 Geotechnical engineering investigation for preloading method should consist

of following contents:

52
 1. Soil layering condition, horizontal and vertical distribution, buried depth
and thickness of drainage layer and sand inclusion layer, and supply and
drainage condition of underground water shall be ascertained;
2. Pre-consolidation pressure, compressibility parameter, consolidation
characteristic parameter and shearing strength index, and intension
increasing rules in soft soil pre-compaction process shall be provided;
3. Classification and volume of pre-compaction load, loading speed,
pre-compaction time, possible increasing or sedimentation of intension
shall be predicted;
4. For important engineering, representative test zone shall be selected to
carry out pre-compaction test; field monitoring measures like laboratory
experiment, in-situ measurement, deformation and hole compaction shall
be adopted to push up consolidation coefficient, the relation of percent
consolidation and time, and final settlement volume to provide
pre-compaction design construction with reliable basis;
5. Pre-compaction treatment effect shall be tested, and field loading test shall
be taken out in case of need.

4.10.4 Geotechnical engineering investigation for heavy-tamping method should

consist of following contents:

1. Formation, distribution, strength, compressibility, water permeability and

underground water condition of soil layer within heavy-tamping influence
depth range shall be ascertained;
2. Position and elevation of underground pipeline and structures within
influence range of construction site and surrounding shall be ascertained;
vibration-sensitive facilities shall be ascertained, and it is ascertained that
monitoring survey should be taken out during construction schedule;
3. Representative test zone shall be selected to tamping test in accordance
with heavy-tamping design, and measures like laboratory experiment,
in-situ measurement and field monitoring may be adopted to ascertain
heavy-tamping effective reinforcing depth, tamping capacity, the relation
of tamping number and tamping dipping, ground vibration and land
upheaval around tamp pit, and increase and dispersion system of soil pore
water pressure.

4.10.5 Geotechnical engineering investigation for pile-soil combination foundation

should consist of following contents:

1. Distribution and buried depth of hidden pond, creek, covered gutter, grotto
and so on shall be ascertained;
2. Soil composition, distribution and physical mechanics, and weak soil
thickness and buried depth shall be ascertained, and ascertained weak soil

53
 thickness and buried depth may be the buried depth of hard layer
equivalent to pile foundation supporting course;
3. The possibility of piling construction (whether underground obstacle,
subterranean cavity, underground pipeline, electric cable and so on exist),
the influence of piling process on surrounding earth mass, adjacent
building, engineering operation and environment (rushing sound, vibration,
sideway soil squeezing and ground settlement or upheaval etc.), and the
interaction of pile body, water and soil (corrosivity to piles of underground
water, piles polluting surrounding water and soil environment) shall be
predicted;
4. Bearing capacity of soil among piles shall be evaluated, and individual pile
bearing capacity and combination foundation bearing pressure shall be
predicted;
5. The compressibility of soil layer under soil among piles, pile, combined
foundation and pile tip within deformation computation depth range shall
be evaluated, and the subsidence volume of combined foundation shall be
evaluated if the test is needed;
6. For engineering which combined foundation stability need be checked up,
shearing strength of soil among piles and piles shall be provided;
7. Loading test for piles oil, individual pile and combined foundation shall be
taken out to test the bearing pressure on combined foundation in
accordance with pile-soil combination foundation design id the task needs.

4.10.6 Geotechnical engineering investigation for injection process method should

consist of following contents:

1. Regularities of soil gradation, porosity or rock crevice width, and

distribution, rock-soil penetrability, underground water buried depth, flow
direction and flow rate, rock-soil chemical composition and organic
content shall be ascertained; rock-soil penetrability should be measured
through field test;
2. Slurry and injection methods (water penetration grouting, spliting grouting,
compacting grouting etc.) shall be selected in accordance with rock-soil
nature and engineering requirement. In accordance with local experience
or through field test, slurry density, viscidity, pressure, setting time,
effective reinforcing semi-diameter or scope shall be identified, and the
bearing capacity of reinforced foundation, compressibility stability factor
or impermeability shall be evaluated;
3. Tracking deformation observation of ground and pre-existing building and
underground pipeline shall be taken out during reinforcing construction to
control grouting order, grouting pressure, grouting speed ands so on;
4. Grouting reinforcing effect shall be tested through excavation laboratory
experiment, dynamic sounding or other in-situ measurements;
5. After grouting reinforcing, settlement observation for building or

54
 structures shall be taken until the sedimentation is steady, and the
observing period should not be less than half a year.

4.11 Load Increasing and Protection for Pre-existing Building

4.11.1 Geotechnical engineering investigation for Load Increasing and Protection for
Pre-existing Building shall correspond with following requirements:

1. Materials in constructional load, design feature, functional characteristics

and soundness, and material in foundation type, buried depth, plan position,
foundation pressure and deformation observation shall be gathered;
material in groundwater mining history, and occurrence, and development
of water level drawdown, drawdown speed, land subsidence, deformation
and geo-fracture shall be gathered;
2. When the influence on buildings that caused by floor increasing, load
increasing, large area stacking load of neighborhood site is evaluated, the
bearing capacity of foundation soil, and appended potential subsidence and
differential settlement caused by loading increasing shall be ascertained;
the stability checking computations shall be taken out for buildings built
on slope;
3. For building expended or new neighbor building, foundation soil stress
state change and influence caused by new buildings to pre-existing
buildings shall be analyzed;
4. When the influence groundwater pumping to buildings, foundation soil
consolidation caused by pumping and influence of land subsidence, incline,
deflection or rupture to pre-existing buildings shall be analyzed, and the
trend of development shall be predicted;
5. When the influence of pit excavation to pre-existing neighborhood
buildings, hazards like sheared upheaval of building pit bottom caused by
excavation unloading, deformation and displacement of pit wall soil mass,
and piping effect caused by inside and outside water head difference shall
be analyzed; at the same time, adverse environmental effect like ground
differential settlement caused by foundation trench precipitation shall be
analyzed;
6. When the influence of underground works construction to pre-existing
buildings, deformation, rupture and construction precipitation
environmental effect like land subsidence and deflection accompanied
with rock soil mass stress redistribution shall be analyzed as well as the
influence of oversize wall rock deformation or collapsing to pre-existing
buildings.

4.11.2 Geotechnical engineering investigation for expended floors and load

increasing of buildings, large area stacking load of neighborhood site shall
include following content:

55
 1. Actual load-bearing degree of foundation soil, structure, material
conditions and ability to adapt increased load and appended subsidence of
buildings shall be analyzed;
2. Prospecting points shall be disposed close to foundation outside, and on
base center line if conditions are available. prospecting points number
should not be less than 3 for single building; a certain number of
prospecting points shall be disposed on foundation outside at proper
distance;
3. Prospecting method should include test shaft and static sounding or lateral
pressure test besides borehole surveying; and spacing of lateral pressure
test shall be 0.5m at the depth interval of double base width below
foundation base, and if the spacing exceeds 0.5m, it may be selected as 1m;
test shaft shall be disposed in case of need, and conditions like foundation
type, size, material and foundation treatment shall be disposed;
4. E-lgp curve shall be given in compression test result as well as
pre-consolidation pressure, compression index, swelling index,
consolidation coefficient corresponding to vertical effective pressure of
soil increased with load, and three-axle unconsolidated undrained shear
test result; When many floors or much load is increased, loading test shall
be taken out, scale threshold load, limit load, deformation modulus and
resilience modulus of key stressed layer;
5. In geotechnical engineering reconnaissance report, the bearing capacity of
foundation soil increased with load shall be emphasized to be analyzed and
evaluated, potential appended and differential settlement shall be predicted,
and proposal in design proposal, construction measures and deformation
monitoring shall be proposed.

4.11.3 Geotechnical engineering investigation for building expansion and

neighboring building shall correspond with following requirements:

1. Besides the investigation shall correspond with Clause 1 of Item 4.11.2 in

the standard, structure of building and capacity of material to adapt partial
deflection shall also be evaluated;
2. Besides prospecting points shall be disposed for new buildings in
accordance with Section 4.1 of the standard, prospecting points shall also
be emplaced for researching of foundation soil, infrastructure and material
present status of building extension and neighboring building, thereinto,
quantity of test shaft or static sounding hole should not be less than 3, and
soil sampling spacing should be 1m;
3. Elgp curve shall be given in compression test result as well as
pre-consolidation pressure, compression index, swelling index,
consolidation coefficient corresponding to vertical effective pressure of
soil increased with load, and three-axle unconsolidated undrained shear

56
 test result;
4. New compression and corresponding differential settlement of pre-existing
building foundation soil caused by new building load shall be evaluated in
geotechnical engineering reconnaissance report; the influence of new
foundation trench excavation, precipitation and stake emplacing to
pre-existing buildings shall be evaluated, and proposals in design proposal,
construction measures and deformation monitoring shall be proposed.

4.11.4 Geotechnical engineering investigation evaluating groundwater pumping

influence shall correspond with following requirements:

1. Relations of groundwater pumping and water-bearing zone embedment

condition, compressible soil layer thickness, soil compressibility and stress
history ; shall be researched and evaluating and prediction shall be given;
2. The depth of exploratory hole shall exceed the lower limit of compressible
layer, and soil sampling test in-situ measurement shall be taken out;
3. E-lgp curve shall be given in compression test result as well as
pre-consolidation pressure, compression index, swelling index,
consolidation coefficient corresponding to vertical effective pressure of
soil increased with load, and three-axle unconsolidated undrained shear
test result;
4. Subsidence, deformation, rupture and its influence of ground shall be
analyzed and predicted in geotechnical engineering reconnaissance report,
and measures for protecting pre-existing buildings shall be proposed.

4.11.5 Geotechnical engineering investigation evaluating the influence of pit

excavation to neighborhood building shall correspond with following
requirements:

1. Materials in the capacity of pre-existing building for adapting appended

subsidence and differential settlement, position relation in plane and depth
planned foundation trench, measures of precipitation, excavation and
support that may be adopted shall be gathered and analyzed;
2. Engineering characteristic like stratal configuration, water-bearing zone
property, water level and filtration coefficient, soil shearing strength,
deformation parameters within the influence scope of precipitation and
excavation shall be ascertained;
3. Besides geotechnical engineering reconnaissance report shall correspond
with Section 4.8 of the standard, the reconnaissance report shall also
analyze and predict hazards such as unload rebounding of pit bottom and
pit outside ground, pit cycle soil mass deformation displacement and pit
bottom sheared upheaval or piping effect, and amplitude, sphere and
influence on neighborhood building of land subsidence caused by
construction precipitation. Proposals in safe and seasonal excavation,

57
 support, precipitation and monitoring shall be proposed.

4.11.6 Geotechnical engineering investigation evaluating the influence of

underground opening to neighborhood building shall correspond with
following requirements:

1. Existing investigation material shall be analyzed, and supplementary

exploration tests shall be taken out in case of need;
2. The possibility of groove land subsidence in underground works spindle
axis, and terrain slope and deflection on both sides or all around, and the
influence on pre-existing buildings of both sides. proposals in safe and
rational construction scheme and protecting pre-existing building measures
shall be proposed;
3. Proposals in monitoring of ground deformation, surrounding rock stressed
state, wall rock or building foundation destabilization premonitory
phenomenon shall be proposed.

5 Adverse Geological Action and Geological Disaster

5.1 Karst

5.1.1 If Karst which may effects engineering safety exists in prepared engineering
area or neighborhood, Karst investigation shall be taken out.

5.1.2 Karst investigation should adopt variety of measurements like engineering

geologic mapping, surveying, geophysical prospecting and drilling, and shall
correspond with following requirements:

1. In feasibility study investigation, developmental condition of Karst cave

and earth cave shall be ascertained, and injury extent and development
trend shall be judged. the stability of the field and the suitability of
engineering construction are evaluated preliminarily;
2. Distribution, development degree and development system of Karst cave
and accompanied earth cave and dent shall be investigated preliminarily,
and the field shall be partitioned in accordance with stability and
suitability of the field.
3. In detail investigation, position, scale, buried depth, Karst fillings physical
property and groundwater characteristics of all sorts of Karst cave and
earth cave within the scope of constructed project and effected area shall
be ascertained, and proposals in foundation design and Karstic control
shall be proposed.
4. Special points of certain site or waiting for ascertaining shall be
investigated complementarily in construction investigation. If

58
 rock-socketed piles of major diameter are adopted, special pile foundation
investigation shall be taken out.

5.1.3 Engineering geologic mapping and surveying of Karst area shall comply with
specifications of Chapter 8, and shall survey following contents:

1. Distribution, shape and development system of Karst cave;

2. Waving, shape and cover thickness of rock face;
3. Groundwater occurrence condition, variation in water level and moving
system;
4. The relation of Karst development and terrain contexture, lithology,
groundwater;
5. Distribution, shape and development system of Karst cave and dent;
6. The formation cause and development trend of earth cave and dent;
7. Local experience in Karst, earth cave and dent control.

5.1.4 Feasibility study and preliminary investigation should mainly adopt

engineering geologic mapping and comprehensive geophysical survey, the
spacing interval of exploratory point shall not be larger than the specification
of Chapter 4. The density of exploratory point shall be considered to be
increased. Confirmatory drill shall be disposed at representative position of
abnormal area discovered in mapping and geophysical prospecting. The depth
of Controlled Exploratory Hole shall go through the development zone of
surface Karst.

5.1.5 Exploratory works in detail investigation shall correspond with following

specifications:

1. Prospecting line shall be disposed along building axial, the Exploratory

Point Spacing shall not be larger than specification of Chapter 4, and
exploratory point shall be emplaced for each single foundation if the
condition is complex;
2. The exploratory hole depth shall correspond with specifications in Chapter
4 of the standard. if the thickness of soil in foundation bottom is out of
accord with Clause 1 of Item 5.1.10 in this Section, part of or all
exploratory holes shall be drilled into bedrock;
3. If cave exists at desired depth and may affect the stability of the
foundation, the exploratory hole shall be drilled to not less than 2m under
the cavity floor bedrock surface. and the cave shall be located in case of
need;
4. For the foundation with one column or one pile, the exploratory hole shall
be emplaced for each column;

59
 5. At earth cave and dent development site, static sounding, light dynamic
sounding and minor caliber drilling shall be adopted to ascertain the
distribution;
6. When situations such as fracture, fabric demarcation, openings and earth
cave and dent need be ascertained, proper exploratory trench or
exploratory well shall be emplaced;
7. Effective methods shall be adopted for geophysical prospecting in
accordance with physical property condition. abnormal point shall be
checked up, and the density of exploratory point shall be increased when
caves that may harm to engineering are discovered or exist possibly;
8. Cave that person can enter shall be prospected in the form of person
entering, and measures like down-hole television shall be taken out to
prospect when person cannot enter.

5.1.6 Construction investigation workload shall be arranged in accordance with

Karst foundation engineering and construction requirements. At earth cave and
dent site, inspection feeler or drill rod detector may be disposed in foundation
trench excavated. For important or larger-load engineering, minor caliber drill
may be adopted to detect at bottom of the trench. For major diameter
rock-socketed piles, exploratory point shall be disposed for each pile, and the
depth of exploration shall not be less than 3 times of pile diameter under base
surface and 5m. The depth of exploration shall be increased properly if the
bedrock surface of adjacent pile toes waves greatly.

5.1.7 Positions of earth cave earth cave combination shall be ascertained at

following positions of Karst development zone:

1. Position which the soil layer is thin, has soil medial crack and rock mass
openings under it develops;
2. Position where rock floor open fracture develops, and stony sprout or
revealed rock mass connects with earth mass;
3. The inter-junction of two structural fracture and ample fractured zone;
4. Hidden solution channel, solution slot, funnel and so on, negative rock site
that weak soil distributes on it;
5. The soil and rock interface site where groundwater moves strongly and
large amounts artificial precipitation site;
6. Lowland site and areal surface waters nearby site.

5.1.8 Testing and surveying of Karst investigation should correspond with following
requirements:

1. When the relation of hidden openings is analyzed, connection experiment

may be taken out;

60
 2. When stability of openings is evaluated, top tray rock sample and filling
soil sample may be selected to do physical mechanics experiment, and
present load test of top tray rock mass may be carried out in case of need;
3. When the relation of soil character and earth cave formation has been
ascertained, humidification, swelling-shrinkage, dissolubility and shearing
testing may be taken out; When groundwater dynamic condition,
underground corrasion and relation of surface water and groundwater need
be ascertained, and occurrence and development earth cave and dent need
be predicted, measurement of flow velocity and flow direction and
long-term observation of water level and quality shall be taken out.

5.1.9 Sites should be judged as unfavorable block without treatment, if following

situation exist:

1. Unstable site which has shallow layer cave or solution cavity combination,
and the cave diameter is large;
2. Sites that hides funnel, trough valley and so on, is covered with weak soil;
3. Site where earth cave or dent group develops;
4. Site which Karst water has drainage difficulty, and may be overwhelmed
temporarily.

5.1.10 When foundation is on following conditions, adverse effect on Karst stability

factor may be disregarded for engineering of Level 2 and Level 3:

1. The soil thickness under foundation bottom is larger than 3 times of

isolated foundation width or 6 times of strip foundation width, and have no
conditions for forming earth cave or other ground deformation;
2. Rock and soil thickness between foundation bottom and cave top tray is
less than specification of Clause 1 of this Items, but it correspond with one
of following conditions:
1) Openings or Karst funnel is filled with dense sediment and impossible
to be flushed;
2) The cave initial quality level is level I or Level II, and the rock cover
thickness is larger than or equal to cave span;
3) The cave is smaller, the bottom of foundation is larger than cave plane
size, and the cave has enough bearing length;
4) Upright openings and sinkhole nearby blocks which width or diameter
is less than 1.0m.

5.1.11 When cave is out of accord with conditions specified in Item 5.1.10 of the
standard, cave foundation stability analyzing shall be taken out, and the cave
shall correspond with following specifications:

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 1. If the top tray is instable, but tight stacking is available in hole and there is
no running water in the cave, it is thought that fillings in the cave are
stressed. and the foundation shall be judged as heterogeneous foundation;
2. When calculating parameter is available, cave top tray may be thought as
self-bearing structure to do mechanical analysis;
3. Stability evaluation may be taken according to analogism at regions with
engineering experience;
4. When there is openings and air face near the foundation, the possibility of
air face overturn or broken face slip shall be checked up;
5. When foundation is lyotropic rocks like stone stream and halite, adverse
effect of continuous corrosion effect shall be considered;
6. Foundation treatment or pile foundation shall be commended for unstable
Karst cave.

5.1.12 Karst reconnaissance report shall correspond with, besides specifications in

Chapter 4 of the standard, following contents:

1. Geologic background and formation condition of Karst development;

2. Shape, plan position and tip-bottom elevation of openings, earth cave and
dent;
3. Karst stability analysis;
4. Proposal in Karst control and monitoring survey.

5.2 Landslide

5.2.1 If landslide and landslide possibility which may effects engineering safety
exists in prepared engineering area or neighborhood, special landslide
investigation shall be taken out.

5.2.2 Landslide investigation shall cover engineering geologic mapping and

surveying, and the field of investigation shall cover landslide and
neighborhood. The proportional scale may be selected as 1:200~1:1000. The
proportional scale for control design shall be selected as 1:200~ 1:500.

5.2.3 Engineering geologic mapping and surveying of landslide area shall comply
with specifications of Chapter 8, and shall survey following contents:

1. Materials related to geology, hydrology, meteorology, earthquake and

human activities shall be gathered;
2. Form factor and evolutionary process of landslide, and location of
landslide perimeter;
3. Distribution of surface water, groundwater, fountain and swamp;
4. Anomalous situation of trees, and deformation of engineering works etc.;
5. Experience in local landslide control

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 6. Photography or video recording for landslide key point.

5.2.4 Arrangement of prospecting line and exploratory point shall be identified in

accordance with engineering geologic condition, ground water condition and
landslide formation. Besides prospecting line shall be disposed along main
slide direction, a certain number of prospecting line shall be disposed on both
sides of sliding mass. Exploratory Point Spacing shall not be larger than 40m,
and exploratory points shall also be emplaced at sliding mass turning point and
site of engineering measures prepared.

A certain number of exploratory well shall be emplaced besides drilling and

feeler inspection.

5.2.5 The exploratory hole shall go through last layer of slide, and enter stable layer.
Controlled Exploratory Hole shall enter stable layer a little depth to satisfy
requirement of landslide control.

5.2.6 For landslide investigation, following works shall be taken out:

1. Position of each slide surface layer (zone) shall be ascertained;

2. Position, flow direction and nature of each layer groundwater shall be ascertained;
3. Soil samples shall be selected form sliding mass, landslide plane (zone) and stable
layer to take out the experiment.

5.2.7 In landslide investigation, soil strength soil strength experiment should

correspond with following requirements:

1. Indoor and field slide eclipsed shear shall be adopted, and experiment of
manipulated soil or undisturbed soil shall be taken out for slide belt many
times. shearing strength of shear and remaining shear shall be calculated;
2. Method similar to sliding stressing condition shall be taken out;
3. Back analysis method shall be adopted to detect shearing strength index of
slip plane.

5.2.8 Stability calculation of landslide shall correspond with following

requirements:

1. Representative analyzing section shall be selected correctly, traction

section, main slide section and slide-resisting section shall be divided
properly;
2. Intensity index shall be selected correctly, and identified comprehensively
in accordance with testing achievement, back analysis and local
experience;

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 3. If the groundwater exist, uplift pressure and water pressure shall be
recorded;
4. Based on slide face (slide belt) condition, correct calculation model shall
be selected in accordance with plane, circular degree or broken line;
5. If the sectional sliding is possible, besides monolithic stability, sectional
stability shall be checked up;
6. If there are influential factors such as earthquake, wash-over and human
activities, influence of these factors to the stability shall be considered.

5.2.9 Comprehensive evaluation of landslide stability shall be taken out in

accordance with landslide scale, primary factors, landslide premonition,
landslide area engineering geology and geohydrologic condition, and stability
factor checking result. And the development trend and injury extent shall be
analyzed, and control proposals shall be given.

5.2.10 Landslide reconnaissance report shall correspond with, besides specifications

in Chapter 4 of the standard, following contents:

1. Geologic background and formation condition of landslide;

2. Form element, nature and evolution of landslide;
3. Schematic plan, sectional drawing and geotechnical engineering
characteristic index of landslide shall be provided;
4. Landslide stability analysis;
5. Proposal in landslide control and monitoring survey

5.3 Dangerous Rock and Collapse

5.3.1 If dangerous rock or collapse which may effects engineering safety exists
in prepared engineering area or neighborhood, dangerous rock and
collapse investigation shall be taken out.

5.3.2 Dangerous Rock and Collapse investigation shall be taken out at feasibility
study or preliminary investigation stage, conditions, scale, type and scope of
Dangerous Rock and Collapse formation shall be ascertained, and engineering
construction suitability shall be evaluated, and control proposals shall be
proposed.

5.3.3 The proportional scale for Dangerous Rock and Collapse region engineering
geologic mapping shall adopt 1:500~1:1000; and the proportional scale of
Collapse direction principal section shall adopt 1:200. The geologic mapping
shall correspond with, besides specifications in Chapter 8 of the standard,
following contents:

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 1. Terrain, and type, scale, scope of Collapse, dimension of Collapse mass,
and Collapse direction;
2. Rock mass initial quality level, lithologic characteristic and weathering
degree;
3. Geologic structure, rock mass structure type, structural plane attitude,
composite relation, closing degree, mechanics attribution, extension and
perforation situation;
4. Meteorology (atmospheric precipitation is important point), hydrology,
earthquake and groundwater activity;
5. Indication before Collapse and Collapse reason;
6. Experience in local Collapse control.

5.3.4 When the stability factor of Dangerous rock shall be judged, monitoring
survey of tension crack shall be taken out. For large dangerous rock having
dangerous consequence after collapse, possible time, rolling direction, path
and influencing scope of collapse shall be forecasted combined with
monitoring results.

5.3.5 Geotechnical engineering evaluation for all classes of Dangerous Rock and
Collapse shall correspond with following specifications:

1. If Dangerous Rock and Collapse has large scope and severe damage result,
and is difficult to be controlled, they should not be adopted as engineering
site, and shall be avoided; If Dangerous Rock and Collapse has large scope
and severe damage result, stabilization shall be taken out for Dangerous
rock that may occur Collapse, and The route shall be disposed with
protective measure;
2. If the Dangerous Rock and Collapse has small scope and little damage
result, they can be adopted as engineering area, but instable Dangerous
rock shall be treated with treatment measures.

5.3.6 Besides geotechnical engineering reconnaissance report for Dangerous Rock

and Collapse region shall comply with specifications in Chapter 14 of the
standard, it shall also illuminate scope, type, engineering area suitability of
Dangerous Rock and Collapse region, and control proposal shall be proposed.

5.4 Mud-rock Flow

5.4.1 If mud-rock flow possibility which may effects engineering safety exists in
prepared engineering area or neighborhood, special mud-rock flow
investigation shall be taken out.

5.4.2 Mud-rock flow investigation shall be taken out at feasibility study or

preliminary investigation stage, form conditions, scale, developmental stage

65
 and activity riles of mud-rock flow shall be ascertained, and engineering
construction suitability shall be evaluated, and control proposals shall be
proposed.

5.4.3 Mud-rock flow investigation shall mainly include engineering geologic

mapping and surveying. The mapping scope shall cover whole site from
clench to watershed and site that may suffer mud-rock flow. For total
watershed, mapping proportional scale should adopt 1:50000; for middle and
lower reaches, mapping proportional scale may adopt 1:2000~1:10000.
Besides the mapping shall correspond with specifications in Chapter 8 of the
standard. The mapping shall also survey following content:

1. Situations including snow-break and storm intensity, one-time maximum

rainfall average and maximum flow groundwater motion and so on;
2. Morphologic characteristics, including clench development degree, cut off
situation, gradient, curve, roughness degree, division of mud-rock flow
formative region, flow region and accumulation zone, and watershed area
dawning of whole clench;
3. Water resource type, water flow, water catchment condition, hillside
gradient, strata behavior and weathering degree shall be ascertained;
developmental condition of adverse geological action like rupture,
landslide, Collapse and rock pile, and distribution and reserves of
mud-rock flow solid matter;
4. Characteristics like trench bedding gradient, waterfall and sharp bend shall
be ascertained; hillside gradient, stabilization of trench bedding sides, and
trench bedding sluicing change and mud-rock flow trace;
5. Stack sector distribution of accumulation zone, surface feature,
longitudinal slope, vegetation channel vicissitude and sluicing situation
shall be ascertained; nature, level, thickness, normal particle size and
maximum particle diameter of deposit shall be ascertained; form history
and max one-time accumulation volume in stacking velocity evaluation
shall be judged;
6. Mud-rock flow clench history, occurrence time, frequency, scale and form
process of previous mud-rock flows, rainfall situation before mud-rock
flow and disaster situation after mud-rock flow;
7. Human activities situation like mining, waste discarding, road, cutting
slope, disafforestation, scarp assarting and overgrazing;
8. Experience in local mud-rock flow control.

5.4.4 When control measures need be taken out for mud-rock flow control,
prospecting test shall be carried out to fatherly ascertain nature, structure,
thickness, solid matter content, maximum particle diameter, flow rate, flow,
flew out volume and silting volume of torrential sediment.

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5.4.5 Engineering classification for mud-rock flow region should comply with
Annex C of the standard.

5.4.6 Evaluation for engineering construction suitability in mud-rock flow region

shall correspond with following requirements:
1. Mud-rock flow clench of Class I1 and Class II1 should not be adopted as
engineering area, all classes of routes shall avoid these area;
2. Mud-rock flow clench of Class I2 and II2 should not be adopted as
engineering area, treatment measures shall be taken out if it must be used;
routes shall avoid going through stack sector, and bridge may be emplaced
on trench mouth for transporting;
3. Mud-rock flow clench of Class I3 and II3 may be utilized, the
accumulation zone may be adopted as engineering area, but shall avoid the
trench mouth; routes may go through stack sector, and bridges may be
emplaced by section and measures like flood discharge and river diversion
shall be taken out, and trenches should not be changed or combined;
4. If slather waste discarding or engineering construction on upper flow
changes original equilibrium condition of supply and discharge, the
possibility of potential mud-rock flow shall be judged again.

5.4.7 Besides comply within specifications in Chapter 14 of the standard, mud-rock

flow geotechnical engineering reconnaissance report shall consist of following
contents:

1. Geologic background and formation condition of mud-rock flow;

2. Distribution and characteristics of formative region, flow region and
accumulation zone, and dawning of special engineering geological map;
3. Mud-rock flow type shall be classified, and the engineering construction
suitability shall be evaluated;
4. Proposals in mud-rock flow control and monitoring survey.

5.5 Worked-out Section

5.5.1 This section is applicable to geotechnical engineering investigation for aged

current worked-out section and future worked-out section. In worked-out
section investigation, the stability of worked-out section overlying rock shall
be ascertained, characteristic and system of terrene movement and
deformation at worked-out section and future worked-out section shall be
predicted, and the suitability of worked-out section as engineering site shall be
judged.

5.5.2 Worked-out section investigation should mainly include data gathering, survey
and visiting, and following content shall be ascertained:

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 1. Distribution, layers, thickness, depth, embedding characteristic of mineral
deposits, and overlying rock lithologic character and structure;
2. Scope, depth, thickness, time, method and roof control of mineral deposits
exploitation, caving, compaction rate, interstice and water accumulation of
worked-out section etc.;
3. Ground surface deformation behavior and distribution, including position,
shape, size, depth, extending direction of ground surface pitfall, step and
crack, the relation between work-out section and architectonic productive
limit, work advancing direction;
4. Characteristic of ground surface movement basin should be classified as
intermediate region anterior limb section and external rim section to
ascertain movement and deformation characteristic value of ground surface;
5. Pumping and drainage condition of worked-out section neighborhood, and
the influence on worked-out section stability;
6. Experiences in building deformation and control measures.

5.5.3 For aged worked-out section and current worked-out section, characteristic of
worked-out section that engineering geologic investigation is incapable of
ascertaining clearly shall be treated with geophysical prospecting and borehole
surveying.

5.5.4 For current worked-out section and future worked-out section, the calculation
procedure that characteristic value of ground surface movement and
deformation are predicted through calculation shall be carried out in
accordance with current standard "specification of Design for Pillars of
Buildings, Water Bodies, Railway, Main Shafts and Drifts".

5.5.5 Worked-out section should be classified as unsuitable structural site and

relatively stable site in accordance with exploiting condition, ground surface
movement basin characteristics and deformation scale, and the classification
shall correspond with following provisions:

1. Following sites are not suitable to be as building site:

1) Site where discrete deformation may occur in exploitation process;

2) Site with active ground surface movement;
3) Thick deposit basset site where mineral deposits inclination is larger
than 55;
4) Site where ground surface movement and deformation cause side
slope destabilization and cliff falling;
5) Site where the surface slope is larger than 10 mm/m, the ground
surface curvature is larger than 0.6 mm/ ㎡ , or ground level
deformation is 6 mm/m.
2. Following sites as building site shall be evaluated for the suitability:

68
 1) Site where mining depth-thickness ratio of worked-out section is less
than 30%;
2) Site were mining depth is small, the overlying rock is extremely hard,
and irregular mining method is adopted;
3) Site where the surface slope is 3~10 mm/m, the ground surface
curvature is 0.2 0.6 mm/㎡ or the ground level deformation is 2 ~ 6
mm/m．

5.5.6 For small worked-out section with small depth, acute epidermal deformation
and discrete deformation, position, size, burial depth, production time mining
mode, backfill caving and water filling conditions of worked-out section and
laneway shall be ascertained through data gathering, surveying, geophysical
prospecting and borehole surveying; position, shape, scale, depth, extending
direction and relation with worked-out section of ground surface crack and
pitfall shall be ascertained;

5.5.7 Building on small pit worked-out section shall avoid ground surface crack and
pitfall sites. if construction is at secondary level, and the mining
depth-thickness ratio is larger than 30, stability evaluating may be neglected
when the ground surface has been steady; When the mining depth-thickness
ratio is less than 30, foundation stability shall be evaluated in accordance with
constructional foundation pressure, worked-out section buried depth and
overlying rock property, and proposal in treatment measures shall be proposed
in accordance with minefield experience.

5.6 Land Subsidence

5.6.1 This section is applicable to geotechnical engineering investigation for

extensive subsidence caused by water level or hydraulic pressure falling
because of groundwater pumping.

5.6.2 For sedimentary region, the cause and present status of land subsidence shall
be ascertained in land subsidence investigation, and the trend of development
shall be predicted, and control and management proposals shall be proposed.

For region of potential land subsidence, the possibility shall be predicted, the
position of potential land subsidence and subsidence volume shall be
estimated, and proposals in land subsidence prevention and control shall be
proposed.

5.6.3 For land subsidence reasons, following contents shall be surveyed:

1. Site surface feature and micro-topography;

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 2. Age, origin, thickness, embedment condition and soil texture characteristic
of Quaternary deposit, and distribution of solid ground and weak compact
layer;
3. Anchor behavior and deformation parameter of compressible layer below
groundwater level;
4. And bearing property of water-bearing zone and water-resisting layer,
filtration coefficient, unit inflow rate and other hydro-geologic parameters;
5. Supply, through-flow, excretion conditions of groundwater, hydraulic
connection between water-bearing zones or between groundwater and
surface water;
6. Groundwater level in past years, and variation amplitude and velocity of
delivery head;
7. Exploiting volume and replenishment volume, and exploiting and
replenishment section of groundwater in past years;
8. Formation and development course of counter-funnel during groundwater
drawdown funnel and replenishment.

5.6.4 Land subsidence present status survey shall correspond with following
requirements:

1. Long-term observation shall be carried out in accordance with precision

leveling requirements, and vertical data mark, land subsidence mark and
layering subsidence mark shall be disposed in accordance with different
structural unit;
2. Water level elevation and subsidence, exploiting and replenishment
volume, chemical composition, pollution condition, and pore water
pressure dissipation and increasing condition of groundwater shall be
observed;
3. Influence of land subsidence on buildings including building subsidence,
incline, crack, and the occurrence time and developing process shall be
surveyed;
4. Land subsidence contour map of different time shall be drawn, the relation
of land subsidence center and groundwater influence funnel and the
relation of ground rebounding and groundwater level counter-funnel shall
be analyzed;
5. Engineering geology block plan featured in land subsidence shall be
drawn.

5.6.5 For region of land subsidence, following control and treatment plan shall be
suggested to adopt:

1. Groundwater mining volume and water level drawdown shall be decreased,

mining level shall be adjusted, rational exploitation shall be taken out,

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 groundwater exploiting shall be intermitted when land subsidence
develops acutely;
2. When artificial recharge and replenishment are taken out for groundwater,
the quality of recharge water shall be controlled to avoid that groundwater
is polluted;
3. Manual falling groundwater level shall be limited in engineering
construction.

5.6.6 For regions of potential land subsidence, the possibility of land subsidence
shall be predicted and the subsidence volume shall be estimated, and following
prediction and control measures shall be taken out:

1. Distribution of compressible layer shall be predicted in accordance with

site engineering geology and geo-hydrologic condition;
2. Land subsidence volume and development trend shall be calculated and
analyzed in accordance with settlement observation materials and testing
achievements such as pumping compaction test, penetrant test,
pre-consolidation pressure test, fluid deformation test and loading test.
3. Proposals in rational exploitation of underground water resources,
limitation of manual falling groundwater level and engineering
construction in land subsidence region shall be proposed.

5.7 Seismic Effect of Site and Foundation

5.7.1 In the area where the earthquake protection intensity is equal to or larger than
6, geotechnical engineering investigation of site and foundation seismic effect
shall be taken out, and earthquake protection intensity, design basic earthquake
acceleration and design characteristic periodicities dividing of investigation
site shall be proposed in accordance with ground shock parameter zoning and
concerned specifications state approved.

5.7.2 Sites shall be classified when the investigation is taken out in the region where
earthquake protection intensity is equal to or larger than Level 6. When the
sites lie in risky location, special study advises shall be proposed according to
the requirements of current standard of the nation “Code for Seismic Design of
Buildings” GB 50011.

5.7.3 For engineering that needs time interval analyzing, related parameters such as
soil profile, cover thickness and shear wave velocity shall be provided in
accordance with design requirements. Demanded by the task, mission security
evaluation or earthquake protection zoning may be taken out.

5.7.4 When materials are scanty, the depth of exploratory hole disposed for site sort
division shall be larger than the cover thickness. When the cover thickness is

71
 larger than 80m, the depth of exploratory hole shall be larger than 80m, and
shear wave velocity shall be measured by layer. If the actual measurement
shear wave velocity is unavailable, soil shear wave velocity may be estimated
in accordance with soil name and character based on provisions of current
national standard "Design Code of Earthquake-Resistant Structures" (GB
50011) for Class C and Class D 10-layered constructions which height is less
than 30m.

5.7.5 If the earthquake protection intensity is Level 6, liquefaction influence may be

neglected, but liquefaction discrimination shall be taken for Class B
construction of sensitive sinkage based on earthquake protection intensity of 6.
Special liquefaction investigation shall be taken out for Class A construction.

5.7.6 Preliminary discrimination shall be firstly taken out in site Earthquake

liquefaction discrimination, and further-step discrimination shall be taken
when the possibility of liquefaction exist in preliminary discrimination. For
liquefaction discrimination should adopt variety of methods to verdict
liquefaction potential and liquefaction scale comprehensively.

5.7.7 Besides preliminary liquefaction discrimination shall be taken out in

accordance with current national earthquake resistance specifications, the
preliminary discrimination shall include following discrimination contents:

1. Site conditions concerned with liquefaction such as site terrain, surface

feature, strata and groundwater shall be analyzed;
2. If there is historical earthquake liquidating remains at the site and
neighborhood, the possibility of liquefaction multiple occurrence should
be analyzed;
3. When inclined field or liquidating layer inclines to surface or air face, the
possibility that liquidating causes soil mass slipping shall be evaluated.

5.7.8 Further-step discrimination of earthquake liquefaction shall be taken out

15m below ground; for natural foundation which pile foundation and
embedded depth of foundation is larger than 5m, the discrimination
depth shall reach 20m. Prospecting points for discriminating liquefaction
shall not be less than 3, and the exploratory hole depth shall be larger
than the liquefaction discrimination depth.

5.7.9 Further step discrimination of Earthquake liquefaction shall be taken in

accordance with provisions in current "Design Code of Earthquake-Resistant
Structures" (GB 50011), and the further step discrimination may adopt other
matured methods to proceed comprehensive discrimination. When the
standard penetration test is adopted to discriminate the liquefaction, the test
shall be taken out in accordance with actual measurement blow count of each

72
 test hole. In soil horizon required determination, vertical spacing of testing
point should be 1.0~ 1.5 m, and testing points of each layer should not be less
than 6.

5.7.10 For soil horizon that is discriminated as liquescent, the liquidity index and
liquefaction scale shall be ascertained in accordance with current national
standard "Design Code of Earthquake-Resistant Structures" (GB 50011).

Investigation report shall illuminate liquescent soil horizon and liquidity index
of each hole, and site liquefaction scale shall be comprehensively ascertained
in accordance with liquidity index of each hole.

5.7.11 For heavy soft ground distribution area where the earthquake protection
intensity is equal to or larger than 7, the soft ground falling should be
discriminated, and the soil falling volume shall be estimated.

5.7.12 If there are adverse geological actions like landslide, slippage, landfall, dent,
mudflow and worked-out section at site or site neighborhood, special
investigation shall be taken out to the stability of adverse geological action
under direct-transmitted shock effect shall be analyzed and evaluated.

5.8 Active Faults

5.8.1 Active faults investigation shall be taken for significant engineering site which
earthquake protection intensity is equal to or larger than Level 7. Faulting
position and style shall be ascertained in faults investigation, the activity and
seismic effect shall be analyzed, the potential influence of fault on engineering
construction shall be evaluated, and processing proposal shall be proposed.

Faults investigation for nuclear power plant shall be researched specially in

accordance with nuclear safety code and guide rule.

5.8.2 Earthquake engineering classification of faults shall be correspond with

following provisions:

1. Earthquake activity happens in new active faults at new geologic time

(within ten thousand years), or are under activity, and continuously active
fault may continue to be active. Among new active faults, fault that occurs
at short-term (in near 500 years) and the earthquake magnitude M≥5, or
fault that may occurs within 500 years, and the earthquake magnitude ≥5,
may be judged as quake fault;
2. Non new active faults acted ten thousand years before, and have never
happened in a million of years.

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5.8.3 New active faults may be classified in accordance with Table 5.8.3.

Table 5.8.3: New Active Faults Classification

Indices Activity Average Active Historical
Fault Classification Velocity Earthquake
v (mm/a) Magnitude
M
I Strong New Active Fault v＞1 7≥M
II Medium New Active Fault 1≥v≥0.1 7＞M≥6
III Weak New Active Fault v＜0.1 M＜6

5.8.4 For faults investigation, related file data including secondary planet
aerophotograph, regional structure geology, macroseismic epicenter
distribution, terrestrial stress, ground movement, history and short-term
earthquake and so on shall be responded and analyzed.

5.8.5 Besides engineering geologic mapping for faults investigation shall

correspond with requirements in Chapter 8 of this standard, the divide
engineering geologic mapping shall include following surveys:

1. Morphologic Characteristics: mountainous area or upland plain ascending

denudation or dividing line of long-distance smoothness; scarp, cliff,
deep-felt straight lines valley of Non lithology effects, series of landslide,
landfall and contraposed outwash fan on mountain front; oriented broken
line distributed monadnock, depression, morass, reed flats, alkaline land,
lake, waterfall, spring, hot well and so on; water system orienting
distribution or cocurrent distortion slippage.
2. Geologic Feature: characteristic of quaternary system slippage,
groundwater and vegetation left by short-term faulting activity; fracture
and cementation characteristic of fracture distributed fault; deep color
substance shall be detected through radiocarbon 14 (C14) method, and non
deep color substance shall be detected through thermoluminescence or
uranium family method. Geological age of leaped horizon and non leaped
horizon shall be measured, and latest time limit of fault shall be identified.
3. Seismic Features: seismic dislocation, geosuture, landfall, landslide,
earthquake lake, river realignment, sand liquefaction etc.

5.8.6 For large-scale industrial construction site, it shall be suggested that new
active faults and quake faulting be avoided in feasibility study investigation.
Avoidance distance shall be identified comprehensively in accordance with
fault level, scale, property, cover thickness, earthquake intensity and relative
standard. Avoidance measurements may be neglected for new active faults, but
shallowly covered and broken belt develops, foundation shall be judged and
treated as nonuniform.

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6 Special Rock and Soil

6.1 Collapsible Soil

6.1.1 This section is applicable to geotechnical engineering investigation of

collapsibility soil aggregate, collapsibility sandy soil, and other collapsible soil
except loess in arid and semi-arid lands. Investigation for collapsible loess
shall comply with the current national standard "Code for building
construction in collapsible loess regions" (GB 50025).

6.1.2 It shall adopt field loading test to determine collapsibility when samples are
not available to the indoor collapsibility test. In 200 kpa pressure, soil with
attached slumping type settlement ratio bearing plate width in the founder load
test is equal to or larger than 0.023 shall be determined to be the collapsible
soil.

6.1.3 Site investigation for collapsible soil shall not only abide by the stipulation in
chapter 4 of this code, but also meet the following requirements:

1. Spacing between exploration points shall select the smaller value

according to chapter 4 of this code. For the site with uneven collapsible
soil distribution shall encrypt the exploration points;
2. Depth of controlling exploratory hole shall penetrate collapsible soil layer;
3. It shall find out years, cause of formation, distribution and its interlining,
inclusion, compositions and property of agglutinate of the collapsible soil;
4. Collapsibility soil aggregate and sandy soil should adopt dynamic
penetration test and standard penetration test to determine mechanical
behavior;
5. Undisturbed soil samples shall be adopted in the exploratory shaft;
6. Undisturbed soil samples shall not only measure general physical
mechanic property, but also make collapsibility and slaking test of the soil;
7. For the collapsible soil cannot obtain undisturbed soil samples shall
measure density and moisture content with bulk mass method in the
exploratory shaft;
8. The collapsible soil with thickness exceed 2m shall be made founder load
test in different depths respectively and without the founder influence of
its neighboring testing.

6.1.4 Geotechnical engineering evaluation of collapsible soil shall be in accordance

with the following requirements;

1. Collapse degree division of collapsible soil shall confirm to the stipulation

in table 6.1.4;

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 2. Ground bearing capacity of collapsible soil should be determined by
adopting load test or other in situ measurement;
3. For the collapsible soil side slope, it shall make stability evaluation when
founder factors invoking strength reduction of collapsible soil or its
interface with underlying stratum.

6.1.5 Total collapse Δs (cm) of collapsible soil foundation dampened by water and
sink to its stable state shall be calculated as the following formulae;

n (6.1.5)
 x    Fsi hi
i 1

Where ᇞFsi——Attached slumping type settlement (cm) of founder load test

for the ith soil;

hi——ith soil thickness (cm), calculate from foundation base (when making
preliminary investigation, it shall calculate from 1.5m of the

subsurface), left out of ᇞFsi/b<0.023;

β——Compensation factor (cm-1): when bearing plate area is 0.50 m2,

β=0.014; when bearing plate area is 0.25 m2, β=0.020.

Table 6.1.4 Classification of Collapse Degree

Test conditions

Collapse degree Attached slumping type settlement ᇞFs(cm )

Bearing plate area Bearing plate area 0.25 m2

0.50 m2
Slight 1.6<Fs≤3.2 1.1<Fs≤2.3
Medium 3.2<Fs≤7.4 2.3<Fs≤5.3
Strong Fs>7.4 Fs>5.3
Note: for the collapsibility mealy sand can get the undisturbed sample with soil sampler, its test method and
evaluation criteria shall comply with current national standard "Code for building construction in collapsible loess
regions" (GB 50025).

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6.1.6 Collapse degree of collapsible soil foundation shall be determined according
to table 6.1.6.

Table 6.1.6 Collapse Degree of Collapsible Soil Foundation

Total thickness of Collapse degree
collapsible soil(m)
Total collapse ᇞs(cm )

>3 I
≤3 II
5<ᇞs≤30

>3
≤3 Ⅲ
30<ᇞs≤60

>3
≤3 Ⅳ
ᇞs>60

6.1.7 Disposal of collapsible soil foundation shall be synthetically determined

according to factors such as soil quality characteristic, collapse degree and
local construction experience, etc.

6.2 Red Clay

6.2.1 This section is applicable to geotechnical engineering investigation of red clay

(including protogenic and secondary red clay). Its color is brownish red or
brown yellow, it covers over the carbonatite and its highly plastic clay with
liquid limit is larger than or equal to 50% shall be determined to be protogenic
red clay. Protogenic red clay can reserve its basic feature after portage and
sediment as well as its clay with liquid limit is larger than 45% can be seen as
secondary red clay.

6.2.2 Geotechnical engineering investigation for the red clay district shall stress on
finding out its distribution, crevice development characteristic and foundation
uniformity.
1. Red clay state shall not only be determined by liquidity factors, but also

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 may be determined according to table 6.2.21;

Table 6.2.2-1 State Classifications of Red Clay

State Water content ratio αw
Stiffness αw<0.55
Hard plastic 0.55<αw≤0.70
Plastic 0.70<αw≤ 0.85
Soft plastic 0.85<αw≤1.00
Flow plastic αw>1.00
Note: αw=ω/ωL

2. Red clay structure may be classified according to its crevice development

characteristic as table 6.2.22;
3. Water re-immersion characteristic of red clay may be classified according
to table 6.2.2-3;
4. Foundation uniformity of red clay may be classified according to table
6.2.2-4.

Table 6.2.2-2 Textural Classifications of Red Clay

Soil mass structure Crevice development characteristic
Density-shape Crevice appears accidentally(<1 line/m )
Block-shape Crevice relatively much(1-2 lines/m )
Shiver-shape Rich with crevice(>5 lines/m )

Table 6.2.2-3 Water re-immersion Property Classifications of Red Clay

Types Relationship Water re-immersion characteristic
between Ir and I′r
I Ir>I′r After shrinkage, water re-immersion bulges to
normal position
II Ir<I′r After shrinkage, water re-immersion cannot bulges to
normal position
Note: Ir=ωL/ωp, I′r=1.4+0.0066ωL .

Table 6.2.2-4 Classifications of Red Clay Foundation Uniformity

Foundation uniformity Geotechnical compositions in foundation
compact layer
Uniform foundation All are composed by red clay
Heterogeneous foundation Composed by red clay and rock

6.2.3 Engineering geological mapping and survey in red clay district shall be made
in accordance with the stipulation in chapter 8 and stress on finding out the
following content;
1. Characteristic of different geomorphic unit red clay such as distribution,
thickness, physical makeup and soil texture, etc. as well as their

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 differences;
2. Underlying bedrock lithology and Karst development characteristic as well
as its relations with red clay soil texture and thickness variation;
3. Ground crack distribution, development characteristic and its formation,
soil mass structure characteristic as well as density, depth, spreading
direction and its development rules of soil mass medial crack;
4. Distribution, dynamic and it relation with red clay state vertical zoning of
areal surface waters and groundwater;
5. Crack case study and local investigation, design as well as construction
experience, etc. of the existed buildings.

6.2.4 Disposal of exploration points in red clay district shall select a relatively dense
spacing and find out red clay thickness and postural variation. Spacing
between exploration points of preliminary investigation should be 30-50m;
spacing between exploration points of detailed investigation for uniform
foundation should be 12-24m, for heterogeneous foundation should be 6-12m.
Spacing between exploration points may encrypt in district with great
variation in thickness and state. Exploratory hole depth in each phase may
comply with relevant regulations in section 4.1 of this code. Exploratory hole
depth shall reach bedrock for heterogeneous foundation.

When there are earth cave development or adopting rock face point bearing
pile for the heterogeneous foundation, it should make construction
investigation, the spacing between exploration points and exploratory hole
depth may be determined as it is required.

6.2.5 When the geotechnical engineering evaluation requiring us to know the

groundwater occurrence conditions, movement rules and seasonal variations,
we shall make replenishment that related requirements such as groundwater
investigation, test and observation task shall comply with chapter 7 of this
code basing upon the platting investigation.

6.2.6 Red clay indoor test shall not only confirm to the stipulation in chapter, as for
the developmental red clay, it shall make triaxial shear test or unconfined
compressive strength test. If necessary, it may make shrinkage test and water
re-immersion test. When it requires evaluating slope stability, it should make
repetitive shear test.

6.2.7 Ground bearing capacity of red clay shall be determined according to

stipulation in section 4.1.24 of this code. When fundament bury shallow,
outboard terrain slope and air face or endure with big horizontal load, it shall
determine red clay bearing capacity by comprehensive consideration
combining with the following factors;

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 1. Soil mass structure and crevice influence to bearing capacity;
2. Influence of cut surface exposure for a long time, crevice development and
water re-immersion for the soil quality

6.2.8 Geotechnical engineering evaluation of red clay shall confirm to the following
requirements;

1. Buildings shall get rid of spanning ground crack dense zone or deep and
long ground crack district;
2. Embedded depth of foundation of light-duty buildings shall be larger than
depth of rapid layer influenced by atmosphere; high-temperature service
such as furnace and kiln, etc. shall consider non-uniform shrinkage
distortion of foundation soil; when excavate the open channel, it shall
consider influence of soil mass wetting and drying alternation; in the
district with clint emergence, it shall consider ground distortion formed of
surface water infiltration;
3. Select proper supporting course fundament form, based on the item 2 of
this article, the fundament should be buried shallowly, and make use of
superficial part incrustation layer as well as checkout subjacent bed
bearing capacity; when it cannot satisfy the bearing capacity and distortion
requirements, it shall suggest to make foundation treatment or adopt pile
foundation.
4. It should adopt moist keeping measures; the side slope shall be maintained
in time to prevent dehydration drying shrinkage.

6.3 Soft Soil

6.3.1 Fine-grained soil with natural void ratio is larger than or equal to 1.0 and
natural moisture content be larger than liquid limit is judged to be soft soil,
including silt, silt quality soil, turf and cumulosol, etc.

6.3.2 Soft soil investigation shall not only confirm to general requirements, but also
find out the following content:

1. Formation types, stratification condition, distribution regularities, bedding

characteristics, uniformity in horizontal and perpendicular direction;
2. Distribution and thickness of terrene duricrust as well as underlay hardpan or
buried depth fluctuating of bedrock;
3. Influence of consolidation history, stress level and structural damage to and
distortion;
4. Micro-topography shape and pond, creek, gutter, delve distribution of unclear
burial as well as its buried depth and earth-filled conditions;

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 5. Influence of excavation, backfilling, support, engineering precipitation, piling
and well sinking, etc. to soft soil stress condition, strength and
compressibility;
6. Local engineering experience.

6.3.3 Investigation if soft soil district should adopt means of combining boring with
sampling and static sounding. Disposal of exploration points shall be
determined according to soil formation types and foundation intricacy degree.
When soil layer varied greatly or with pond, creek, gutter and delve of unclear
bury, it shall be encrypted.

6.3.4 Soft soil sampling shall adopt thin-wall sampler, its specifications shall meet
the requirements in chapter 9 of this code.

6.3.5 Soft soil in situ measurement should adopt static cone penetration test,
pressurementer test, vane shear test, flat dilatometer test and spiral lamina load
test.

6.3.6 Mechanical parameters of soft soil should be determined with indoor test and
in situ measurement as well as combining with local experience. When
conditions permit, it may make back analysis according to heap-load test and
prototype monitoring to determine it. Indoor of shearing strength indexes
should adopt triaxial test, in situ measurement should adopt vane shear test.

Compression coefficient, pre-consolidation pressure, compression index,

swelling index and consolidation coefficient may be determined by adopting
general consolidation test and high pressure consolidation test, etc.
respectively.

6.3.7 Geotechnical engineering evaluation for soft soil shall include the following
content:

1. Determine possibility of foundation destabilization and inhomogeneous

deformation; when engineering is near the pond, riverside and side slope,
it shall checkout its stability;
2. Ground bearing capacity of soft soil shall be synthetically determined
according to indoor test, in situ measurement and local experience, as well
as combining with the following factors;
1) Mechanical behavior of soft soil such as stratification condition, stress
history, design ability and sensitivity, etc. as well as drainage
condition;
2) Types, rigidity, load property and distribution of superstructure as well
as its sensibility to differential settlement;
3) Construction method and procedure;

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 3. When the neighboring high and low layer load of the building discrepant
greatly, it shall analyze its distortion differences and interaction; when
terrain is with large area of heap and loading, it shall analyze adverse
impacts to the adjacent buildings;
4. Ground subsidence calculation may adopt layer-wise summation method
or soil stress history method, and corrected according to local experience;
if necessary, it shall consider soft soil secondary consolidation effect;
5. Offer proposal for fundament forms and supporting course; as for the
double layer soil foundation with upper being hardened horizon and lower
being soft soil, it shall make subjacent bed checkout.

6.4 Fabricated Soil

6.4.1 Soil motley of fine-grained soil and coarse-grained soil as well as lacking of
media particle diameter shall be called fabricated soil.

When fine-grained soil mass with particle diameter be less than 0.075 mm
exceed 25% of the gross mass in the soil aggregate, it shall be called coarse
grain fabricated soil; when coarse-grained soil mass with particle diameter be
larger than 2 mm exceed 25% of the gross mass in silty soil or clay soil, it
shall be called granule fabricated soil.

6.4.2 Fabricated soil investigation shall confirm to the following requirements;

1. Find out terrain and geomorphic feature, fabricated soil formation cause
and distribution, as well as lower soil layer or mode of bedrock
occurrence;
2. Find out fabricated soil compositions, uniformity and its variation rules in
horizontal direction and vertical direction;
3. Spacing between exploration points and exploratory hole depth shall not
only meet the requirements in chapter 4 of this code but also be encrypted
and deepened properly;
4. It shall be with a certain quantity of exploratory shafts and adopt bulk
mass soil samples to make grading analysis and physical mechanic
property measurement;
5. As for the coarse grain fabricated soil, it should adopt dynamic penetration
test and be with a certain quantity of borehole or exploratory shaft
inspections;
6. Bearing plate diameter of field loading test and shear plane diameter of
field direct shear test shall be larger than five times of the maximal particle
size of the test soil layer, bearing plate area of load test shall not be less
than 0.5 m2, shear plane area of direct shear test should not be less than
0.25 m2.

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6.4.3 Geotechnical engineering evaluation for fabricated soil shall include the
following content:

1. Bearing capacity of fabricated soil shall be determined by adopting load

test, dynamic penetration test and combining with local experience;
2. Admit slope value of the fabricated soil side slope may be determined
according to field investigation and local experience. It shall make special
test and study for the important engineering.

6.5 Filling

6.5.1 Filling can be classified into four types according to substance compositions
and tipped fill ways:

1. Plain fill: composed of one or several sorts of material of soil aggregate,

sandy soil, silty soil and clay soil, without sundries or with little sundries;
2. Miscellaneous fill: including a great deal of sundries such as builders
rubbish, industrial waste or consumption residues, etc.;
3. Rinse fill: formed by hydraulic fill sand;
4. Compacted backfill: formed by controlling material compositions, density,
moisture content, compaction in layers or tamping according to a certain
standard.

6.5.2 Filling investigation shall include following content:

1. Data gathering, investigate terrain and culture vicissitude, filling source,

stack age limit and stack ways;
2. Find out distribution, thickness, substance compositions, grain
compositions, uniformity, compactness, compressibility and collapsibility
of filling;
3. Determine causticity of groundwater to constructional material.

6.5.3 Filling investigation shall be based upon the stipulation in chapter 4 of this
code and then encrypt exploration points and determine the scope of pond,
creek and delve of the unclear burial.

Exploration methods shall be determined according to filling property. For

the plain fill composed by silty soil or clay soil, it may adopt adjoint methods
of boring with sampling, light-duty drilling tool and in situ measurement; as
for the plain fill and miscellaneous fill with relatively much coarse grain, it
should adopt dynamic sounding and drilling as well as with a certain quantity
of exploratory shafts.

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6.5.4 Filling engineering characteristic the following indexes should be determined
by adopting the following testing methods:

1. Filling uniformity and compactness should adopt penetration sounding

method and being assistant with indoor test;
2. Filling compressibility and collapsibility should adopt indoor
consolidation test or field loading test;
3. Density test of miscellaneous fill should adopt large cubage method;
4. For the compacted backfill, it shall measure optimum moisture content and
maximal dry density of the filler before the compaction, and measure its
dry density as well as calculate compacting factors after the compaction.

6.5.5 Geotechnical engineering evaluation of filling shall confirm to the following

requirements;

1. Illustrate filling composition distribution and stack years, determine

foundation uniformity, compressibility and compactness; if necessary, the
evaluation shall be taken out according to thickness, strength and
deformation by characteristics layer or subarea;
2. For plain fill, rinse fill and miscellaneous fill, composed by industrial
waste with stable nature or builders rubbish, with long years of stacking, it
may be acting as natural foundation when it is relatively uniform and
relatively compact; miscellaneous fill composed of consumption residues
with high organic content and industrial waste with causticity to the
fundament should not act as natural foundation;
3. Ground bearing capacity of filled-in ground shall be synthetically
determined according to stipulation in section 4.1.24 of this code.
4. When the natural slope of the filling bottom surface is larger than 20%, it
shall checkout its stability.

6.5.6 After the pit excavation of the filled-in ground, it shall make construction
check of foundation subsoil. Filled-in ground after disposal shall be made
quality test. As for the compound foundation, it should make large area load
test.

6.6 Perennial Frost

6.6.1 Soil contains solid water and its frozen state could continue for more than
two years shall be determined to be perennial frost.

6.6.2 Perennial frost can be classified into five levels: non- thaw settlement, feeble
thaw settlement, thaw settlement, strong thaw settlement, and thaw collapse
according to thaw settlement coefficient (  0) and it shall confirm to the

84
stipulation in table 6.6.2. Average thaw settlement coefficient §0 of the
frozen soil may be calculated according to the following formulae.
h1  h2 e1  e2 (6.6.2)
0    100%
h1 1  e1

Where: h1, e1 -- Height (mm) before frozen soil sample thawing and
pore-solids ratio;

h2, e2 -- Height (mm) after frozen soil sample thawing and pore-solids
ratio;

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 Table 6.6.2 Classification of Perennial Frost Thaw Collapse Property
Soil designations Overall moisture Average coefficient Thaw Thaw collapse types Frozen soil types
content ωo(% ) of thaw-subsidence collapse
δo degrees
Soil aggregate, gravelly sand, coarse sand and medium sand ωo<10 δ≤1 I Non-thaw settlement Frozen soil with little ice
(grain with particle diameter be less than 0.075 mm shall ωo≥10 1<δo≤3 II Feeble thaw settlement Frozen soil with much ice
with content be no larger than 15%)
Soil aggregate, gravelly sand, coarse sand and medium sand ωo<12 δo≤1 I Non-thaw settlement Frozen soil with little ice
(grain with particle diameter be less than 0.075M shall with 12≤ωo<15 1<δo≤3 II Feeble thaw settlement Frozen soil with much ice
content be no larger than 15%) 15≤ωo<25 3<δo≤10 Ⅲ Thaw settlement Cool soil rich in ice
ωo≥25 10<δo≤25 Ⅳ Strong thaw settlement Cool soil with full ice
Mealy sand and fine sand ωo<14 δo≤1 I Non-thaw settlement Frozen soil with little ice
14≤ωo<18 1<δo≤3 II Feeble thaw settlement Frozen soil with much ice
19≤ωo<8 3<δo≤10 Ⅲ Thaw settlement Cool soil rich in ice
ωo≥28 10δo≤25 Ⅳ Strong thaw settlement Cool soil with full ice
Silty soil ωo<17 δo≤1 I Non-thaw settlement Frozen soil with little ice
17≤ωo<2 1<δo≤3 II Feeble thaw settlement Frozen soil with much ice
21≤ωo<32 3<δo≤10 Ⅲ Thaw settlement Cool soil rich in ice
ωo≥32 10<δo≤25 Ⅳ Strong thaw settlement Cool soil with full ice
Clay soil ωo<ωp δo≤1 I Non-thaw settlement Frozen soil with little ice
ωp≤ωo<ωp+4 1<δo≤3 II Feeble thaw settlement Frozen soil with much ice
ωp+4≤ωo<ωp+15 3<δo≤10 Ⅲ Thaw colapse Frozen soil rich in ice
ωp+15≤ωo<ωp+35 10<δo≤25 Ⅳ Feeble thaw settlement Frozen soil with full ice
Ice layer containing soil ωo≥ωp+35 δo>25 Ⅴ Thaw colapse Ice layer containing soil
Note: 1 overall moisture content ωo include ice and non-frozen ice;
2 This table excludes salinization frozen soil, frozen peat soil, humus soil, and highly plastic clay.

86
6.6.3 Perennial frost investigation shall be made according to design philosophy,
type and characteristic of perennial frost, as well as find out the following
content:

1. Distribution scope and ceiling depth of perennial frost;

2. Types, thickness, overall moisture content, structural feature, physical
mechanics and thermal property of perennial frost;
3. Storage forms, interrelationship and its influence to the engineering of
perennial frost supraperma frost water, interlayer water and lower layer
water.
4. Perennial frost thaw collapse property classification and frost heave
property classification of seasonally thaw layer soil;
5. Shape characteristic, form condition, distribution, occurrence development
rules and its damage degree to the engineering of unfavorable geological
actions such as thick bed subsurface ice, ice vertebrae, ice hummock,
frozen soil morass, hot thaw slump, hot thaw lake and pond, solifluction,
etc.

6.6.4 Spacing between exploration points in perennial frost district shall not only
meet the requirements in chapter 4 of this code but also be encrypted
properly; Exploratory hole depth shall meet the following requirements:
1. Foundation designed for keeping frozen state shall not be less than 2 times
fundament width lower than the basement; for the pile foundation, it shall
exceed 3-5m under the pile tip.
2. The foundation designed for gradual thawed condition and previous
thawed condition shall meet the requirements of non-frozen soil
foundation;
3. No matter what kind of design philosophy it is, exploratory hole depth
should all exceed 1.5 times of the perennial frost ceiling depth;
4. In the unstable perennial frost zone, it shall find out perennial frost floor
depth; when foundation is frozen soil with full ice or ice layer containing
soil, it shall penetrate this layer.

6.6.5 Exploration testing for perennial frost shall meet the following requirements:

1. Drilling in perennial frost district should shorten construction time and

adopt heavy caliber drilling with low speed, final hole diameter should not
be less than 108mm; if necessary, it may adopt low temperature slurry and
avoid artificial tabetisol bore frozen in borehole surroundings;
2. It shall measure groundwater table by stratified;
3. Keep borehole in the frozen state designing district, after the inside
thermometry task, it shall make backfilling in time;

87
 4. Vertical spacing of sampling shall not only meet the requirements in
chapter 4 of this code, but also encrypt properly I seasonally thaw layer,
samples in adopting, portaging, stockpiling and test process, it shall avoid
thawing;
5. Test items shall not only abide by the general requirements, but also make
test for items such as overall moisture content, volume ice content, relative
ice content, non- frozen liquid water content, freezing temperature,
coefficient of heat conductivity, frost heaving capacity and thaw
compression, etc. as it is required; for the salinization perennial frost and
peat perennial frost, it shall measure eutectic salt content and organic
content respectively;
6. As engineering requires, it may found ground temperature observing point
and make ground temperature observation;
7. When it requires finding out unfavorable geological actions concerned
with frozen soil thawing, the inquiry task should be mad e between
February to May; investigation time of perennial frost ceiling depth should
be in September and October.

6.6.6 Geotechnical engineering evaluation of perennial frost shall confirm to the

following requirements:

1. Ground bearing capacity of perennial frost shall be distinguished from

foundation keeping frozen and foundation admit thawing, and be
synthetically determined by combining with local experience and with
load test or other in situ measurement methods, as for the subordinate
building, it may be determined according to neighboring engineering
experience;
2. Except subordinate engineering, building should avoid frozen soil with full
ice, ice layer containing soil district and transition zone among ice
vertebrae, ice hummock, hot thaw lake, thick bed subsurface ice, tabetisol
and perennial frost district; it should select district such as hard formation,
frozen soil with little ice and frozen soil with much ice district as well as
groundwater table or frozen soil layer with low head water level district
and highland with subdued terrain.

6.7 Expansion Rock and Soil

6.7.1 Rock and soil containing a great deal of hydrophilic mineral, when humidity
varies, volume will also varies greatly and when distortion is restricted, it
may also generate larger internal stress, it is determined to be expansion rock
and soil. Initial judgment for expansive soil shall confirm to the stipulation in
Annex D of this code; final judgment shall be based upon the initial
judgment and be in accordance with those specified in this article 6.7.7 of
this section.

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6.7.2 Expansion rock and soil site may be classified into flat site and sloping field
site according to terrain and geomorphic conditions. Any site confirm to one
of the following conditions is flat site.

1. Terrain gradient is less than 5°, and part height differences are not
exceeding 1m within the same building scope.
2. Crest zone with terrain gradient be larger than 5° and less than 14°, as well
as the horizon distance with slope shoulder be larger than 10m.
Sites lack of conformity with the above conditions shall be classified into
sloping field site

6.7.3 Engineering geological mapping and survey in expansion rock and soil
district shall include the following content:

1. Find out expansion rock and soil appearance characteristic such as

lithology, geologic age, cause of formation, occurrence, distribution and
color, cleavage as well as crack, etc.;
2. Classify geomorphic units and site types, find out whether there are
shallow layer landslide, ground crack, gulch, microtopography shapes and
vegetation conditions;
3. Investigate excretion and amass conditions of surface water as well as
types, water levels and variation rules of groundwater;
4. Gather meteorological data such as local precipitation, evaporation power,
air temperature, ground temperature, dry/wet season and drought duration,
etc. and then find out atmospheric influence depth;
5. Investigate local construction experience.

6.7.4 Investigation of expansion rock and soil shall abide by the following
stipulations:

1. Exploration points shall be disposed combining geomorphic unit and

microtopography shape; its quantity shall increase properly based on the
non-expansion rock and soil, where exploration points of the adopted
samples shall not be less than 1/2 of all the exploration points;
2. Depth of exploratory hole shall not confirm to the embedded depth of
foundation and subsidiary stress influence depth, but also exceed
atmospheric influence depth; depth of controlling exploratory hole shall
not be less than 8m, depth of general exploratory hole shall not be less
than 5m;
3. Within the atmospheric influence depth, each controlling exploratory hole
shall adopt I-level and II-level soil sample, interval of sampling shall not
be larger than 1.0m; while outside the interval of sampling, it may be 1.5

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 2.0m; general exploratory hole may selectⅢ-level soil sample from 1m to
5m inside the subsurface depth, and then measure natural moisture content.

6.7.5 Indoor test of expansion rock and soil shall not only abide by the stipulation
in chapter 11 of this code, but also measure the following indexes:

1. Free swelling ratio;

2. Expansion ratio under a certain pressure;
3. Coefficient of contraction;
4. Expansibility

6.7.6 Important engineering site and engineering site with special purpose should
make field immersion load test, shearing test, or pressurementer test. For the
expansion rock, it shall make clay mineral compositions test, cubical
expansion quantity test and unconfined compressive strength test. For
anisotropic expansion rock and soil, it shall measure its different directional
expansion ratio, expansibility, and coefficient of contraction.

6.7.7 For the district judged to be expansive soil initially, it shall calculate soil
dilatational strain amount, contraction distortion amount and
swelling-shrinkage deformation amount, and then divide the
swelling-shrinkage degrees. Calculation and classification methods shall
comply with current national standard "Technical specifications for
construction ground in expanding soil areas" (GBJ 112). When there is
regional experience, it may also be classified according to regional
experience.

When constructed sites or its neighboring engineering with expansion rock

and soil spoilage, it shall be determined to be expansion rock and soil and
after detailed investigation and analyses of expansion rock and soil failure
mechanism to the engineering, then estimate expansibility and
swelling-shrinkage degrees.

6.7.8 Geotechnical engineering evaluation of expansion rock and soil shall be in

accordance with the following requirements;

1. As for the building constructed on the expansion rock and soil, its
embedded depth of foundation, foundation treatment, pile foundation
designing, general arrangement, construction and structural measure as
well as construction and attendance shall comply with current national
standard "Technical specifications for construction ground in expanding
soil areas" (GB J112).
2. Ground bearing capacity of first-level engineering shall be determined by
adopting immersion load test method; second-level engineering should

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 adopt immersion load test; third-level engineering may be calculated by
adopting unconsolidated undrained triaxial shear test in saturated state or
be determined according to available experience;
3. For the side slope engineering or engineering lies on the side slope, it shall
make stability checkout, while checking out, it shall consider moisture
content variation influence inside slope body; isotropic soil may adopt
rotational slide, expansion rock and soil without weak intercalation and
stratiform shall make checkout according to most unfavorable slip plane;
expansive soil side slope with swelling-shrinkage crack and geosuture
shall make checkout along crack slip plane.

6.8 Brine Salting Rock and Soil

6.8.1 When eutectic salt content is larger than in the rock and soil, and with
engineering characteristic such as melt sinking, saltheaving and corrosion,
etc., it shall be determined to be brine salting rock and soil.

6.8.2 Brine salting rock may be divided into gypsum brine salting rock and
glauber's salt brine salting rock, etc. according to major saliferous mineral
components. Saline soil may be classified as table 6.8.2-1 and 6.8.2-2
according to its saliferous chemical compositions and salinity.

Table 6.8.2-1 Classification of Saline Soil according to Saliferous Chemical

Compositions
Saline soil designations
c(Cl  ) 2c(CO32 )  c( HCO3 )
2c( SO42 ) c(Cl  )  2c( SO42 )
Chlorine saline soil >2 -
Chlorous saline soil 2-1 -
Sulfurous acid saline soil 1-0.3 -
Sulfuric acid saline soilBasicity saline <0.3 -
soil - >0.3

Note: c (Cl-) is chloride ion's mill mole in 100g soil in the table, other ions are the same.

Table 6.8.2-2 Classification of Saline Soil according to Salinity

Saline soil designations Average salinity (%)
Chlorine and Sulfuric acid and Basic salt
chlorous salt sulfite
Weak saline soil 0.3-1.0 - -
Middle saline soil 1-5 0.3-0.2 0.3-1.0
Strong saline soil 5-8 2-5 1-2
Hyper saline soil >8 >5 >2

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6.8.3 Investigation task in brine salting rock and soil district shall include the
following content:

1. Cause of formation, distribution and characteristic of brine salting rock

and soil;
2. Saliferous chemical compositions, salinity and its distribution in rock and
soil;
3. Development degree and distribution of corrosion grotto;
4. Gather meteorology and hydrologic data;
5. Types, mode of occurrence, water quality, water level and seasonal
variations of groundwater;
6. Plant growth condition;
7. Hydration depth of brine salting rock gypseous give priority to gypsum,
brine salting rock with lots of Glauber's salt, and ground temperature
condition in the tunnel passing district
8. Investigate local engineering experience;

6.8.4 Exploration testing of brine salting rock and soil shall be in accordance with
the following requirements:

1. Exploration point disposal shall not only abide by the stipulation in chapter
4 of this code, but also meet the requirements of finding out distributional
characteristics of brine salting rock and soil:
2. Selecting rock and soil samples shall be made in dry season, as for the
disturbed soil sampling for measuring saliferous ion, it should confirm to
table 6.8.4;

Table 6.8.4 Sampling Requirements for Saline Soil Disturbed Soil Sample
Exploration phase Depth scope(m ) Spacing of taking soil Percentage of thief hole in
samples(m ) the whole exploratory
hole (%)
Preliminary <5 1.0 100
investigation 5-10 2.0 50
>10 3.0-5.0 20
Detailed investigation <5 0.5 100
5-10 1.0 50
>10 2.0-3.0 30
Note: shallow footing sampling depth shall only reach 10m.

3. When the engineering requires, it shall measure ascending height of

maleficence capillary water;
4. It shall adopt feasible in situ measurement methods such as load test
according to lithologic characteristic of saline soil, as for the melt sinking

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 saline soil, it shall make immersion load test to determine its melt sinking
property;
5. For the expansion saline soil, it should field test effective expansion
thickness and overall expansion amount; when sodium sulfate content not
exceed 1% in the soil, it may not consider expansion;
6. It shall make melt-sinking test and chemical compositions analyses except
general indoor test; if necessary, it may qualify the microstructure of the
rock and soil structure;
7. Measurement of melt-sinking index may be made according to collapse
test method of collapsible soil.

6.8.5 Geotechnical engineering evaluation for brine salting rock and soil shall
include the following content:

1. Saliferous types, salinity and influence of major mineral to geotechnical

engineering characteristic in the rock and soil;
2. Melt-sinking, expansion, causticity and fitness of site engineering
construction of the rock and soil;
3. Bearing capacity of saline soil foundation should be determined by
adopting load test; when adopting other in situ measurement methods, it
shall contrast with load test results;
4. While determining bearing capacity of brine salting foundation, it shall
consider water-solubility influence of brine salting rock;
5. Gradient of brine salting rock side slope should be letdown properly
compared with weak rock side slope of non-brine salting rock; and it shall
protect the weak intercalation and broken belt partly or wholly;
6. Corrosion evaluation of brine salting rock and soil to constructional
material shall comply with chapter 12 of this code.

6.9 Decayed Rock and Residual Soil

6.9.1 Different degrees' variation of structure, composition, and property of rock

under weathering agent actions. Rock after complete weathering to soil but not
being portaged shall be called residual soil.

6.9.2 Investigation of weathered rock and residual soil shall stress on finding out the
following content:

1. Matrices geologic age and rock designations;

2. Classify degree of rock weathering according to Annex A and table A.0.3
of this code;
3. Distribution of concentric weathering mass (boulder) in dike and
decomposed granite;

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 4. Distribution of rock and soil uniformity, broken belt and weak
intercalation;
5. Groundwater storage condition

6.9.3 Exploration testing for weathered rock and residual soil shall meet the
following requirements:

1. Spacing between exploration points shall select the smaller value in

chapter 4 of this code;
2. It shall be with a certain quantity of exploratory shaft;
3. It should adopt samples in exploratory shaft or with dual tube and treble
tube, and each weathering zone shall not be less than 3 groups;
4. It should adopt in situ measurement and indoor test combining together; in
situ measurement may adopt circular cone dynamic sounding, standard
penetration test, wave celerity testing and load test;
5. Indoor test shall comply with chapter 11 of this code; as for rock mass
equivalent to the dead-soft rock and fracture, it may be according to soil
test requirements; for residual soil, if necessary, it shall make collapsibility
and slaking test.

6.9.4 For the granite residual soil, it shall measure natural moisture content of
fine-grained soil ωf, plastic limit ωP, and liquid limit ωL.

6.9.5 Ground bearing capacity and deformation modulus of granitoid residual soil
shall be determined with load test. When it has mature regional experience,
and for engineering with foundation design degree being B-level and C-level,
it may be synthetically determined according to in situ measurement
information such as standard penetration test, etc. and combining with local
experience.

6.9.6 Geotechnical engineering evaluation of weathered rock and residual soil shall
confirm to the following requirements:

1. For the thick-bedded strong weathered and full weathered rock, it should
combine with the local experience and be divided into shiver, crumb like,
and soil shape further; thick bed residual soil may be divided into hard
model residual soil and plastic residual soil further or may be divided into
clay soil, grittiness clay soil and gravel clay soil according to gravel
content and sand content;
2. The engineering constructed in soft and hard interbedding or different
weathering degrees' foundation, it shall analyze influence of differential
settlement to the engineering;

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 3. After pit excavation, it shall inspect in time, as for the petrographic
category easy to be weathered, it shall masonry fundament in time or adopt
other measures to prevent development of weathering;
4. For the dike and concentric weathering mass (boulder), it shall analyze and
evaluate its influence to foundation (including pile foundation) and offer
relevant proposals.

6.10 Pollute Soil

6.10.1 Due to the contaminating substance's intruding, the soil compositions,

structures and properties altered greatly, the soil hereby shall be determined
to be polluting soil. Naming of pollute soil may add "pollute" in front of the
original systematic name.

6.10.2 This section is applicable to investigation of industrial pollute soil, tailings

pollute soil and waste landfill percolating water pollute soil, but not
applicable to investigation of nuclear pollute soil. Evaluation of pollute soil
on the environmental impact may be made according to the mission
requirement.

6.10.3 .Pollute soil sites and foundation may be classified into the following types,
and the investigation for sites or foundation in different types shall give
prominence to the key points:
1 Polluted built site and foundation;
2 Polluted pseudo-build site and foundation;
3 Possible polluted built site and foundation;
4 Possible polluted pseudo-build site and foundation;

6.10.4 The investigation of pollute soil site and foundation shall adopt feasible
investigation means according to the engineering characteristics and the
design requirement, and it shall also meet the following requirements:
1 Based on the field investigation, pollutant source, pollutant history, pollutant
pathway, pollutant compositions, affected level of the existed building on the
pollutant sites and circumferential environment shall be put emphasis on for
the industrial pollution. For tailings pollution, different mineral species and
chemical compositions shall be mainly investigated, so as to understand the
technology, additive and its chemical property or compositions used for
mineral separation. For the waste landfill, the investigation shall focus on the
waste composition, daily capacity, heaped capacity, service life, anti-seepage
structure, deformation requirement and circumferential environment;
2 Adopt drilling or exploring mining soil sample, on-site observe the color,
state, odor and appearance structure of the pollute soil, and compared with
the normal soil, as well as identify the distribution and depth of the pollute
soil;

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 3 Sampling equipment directly contacts with test samples shall be strictly kept
clean, after each sampling, the next sample may be adopted after clean water
flushing; for sample of unstable components like easily to be break down or
volatile, the contact time of the soil sample and the air shall be reduced as far
as possible, so as to prevent running off of the volatile matter and prevent
oxygenation; after soil sample collection, feasible preservation method
should be adopted and then, the sample shall be delivered to the laboratory
within the time specified;
4 For the pollute soil requires determination for the engineering property of the
foundation soil, many means giving priority to the in-situ measurement
should be adopted; when the bearing pressure on foundation of the pollute
soil requires determination, load test should be made.

6.10.5 For the exploration test of the pollute soil, when pollutants is harmful to
human health or corrosive to machinery equipments, necessary protective
measures shall be adopted.

6.10.6 The investigation of pseudo-build polluted soil should be classified into two
phases: exploratory investigation and detail investigation. When the
condition is simple, detail investigation may be made directly.
Preliminary investigation shall give priority to field investigation, assorted with a
small amount of exploration test, find out the nature of the pollutant source and the
pollutant pathway, or preliminarily find out the distribution and pollution level of the
pollute soil; detailed investigation shall be targeted to dispose the investigation
workload, find out the distribution, pollution level, physical mechanics and chemical
index of the pollute soil and provide parameters for the pollute soil treatment on the
basis of the preliminary investigation, combined with the engineering characteristics
and possibly adopted treatment measures.

6.10.7 The layout of the exploration testing workload shall be combined with the
distribution of the pollutant source and pollutant pathway. The interval of
exploration points near the pollutant source should be dense, while the
interval of the exploration points far away from the pollutant source should
be sparse. To identify the depth of the distributive exploratory hole
distribution of pollute soil, the interval of pollute soil samples shall be
determined comprehensively according to its thickness and possibly adopted
treatment measures for the detailed investigation. When determining the
polluted soil and unpolluted soil boundary, the soil interval should not be
greater than 1m.
6.10.8 The exploratory hole with underground water shall adopt groundwater
sample with different depth, and identify the spatial distribution of the
pollutant in the underground water. When groundwater sample with different
depths are adopted in the same drill, rigid isolation measures shall be adopted

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 to prevent the conclusion distinguishing impacted by the adoption of mixing
water sample level.
6.10.9 The indoor test of pollute soil and water shall make the following tests
according to the pollute conditions and mission requirements:
1 Chemical compositions of pollute soil and water;
2 Physical mechanic property of pollute soil;
3 Evaluating index on corrosion of the constructional materials;
4 Evaluating index on environmental impact;
5 The mechanical testing items and test methods shall consider fully the
distinctive feature of the pollute soil and also make corresponding test, like
expansion, humidification and collapsibility test;
6 If necessary, special experimental investigation shall be made.

6.10.10 The pollute soil shall be evaluated according to the mission requirement, and
the site and building foundation shall be evaluated according to the following
requirements:
1 Position, composition, property, pollutant history and circumferential impact
of the pollutant source;
2 Distributive plane scope and depth of the pollute soil or the spatial scale of
the groundwater being polluted;
3 Physical mechanic property of pollute soil, evaluate the pollution incidence
to the soil engineering characteristics index;
4 When the engineering requires, provide bearing pressure on foundation and
distortion parameters, anticipate the foundation deformation characteristics;
5 Corrosiveness of the pollute soil and water to the constructional material;
6 Impact of pollute soil and water on the environment;
7 analyze the trend of polluting development;
8 Comprehensive evaluation on the perniciousness of the built items or
suitability of the pseudo-build items

6.10.11 Corrosion evaluation of polluted soil and water to the constructional

materials and corrosiveness classification shall comply with relevant
regulations of Chapter 12 of this Code.
6.10.12 Pollution incidence to the soil engineering characteristics may be classified
according to Table 6.10.12. Comprehensive evaluation with such engineering
characteristics indexes as strength, deformation and permeation may be
adopted according to physical circumstances of the engineering.
Table 6.10.12 Pollution Incidence on the Soil Engineering characteristics
Incidence Slight Moderate Big
Variable rate of the engineering characteristic index (%) <10 10~30 >30
Note: The variable rate of the engineering characteristic index refers to the D-value
of engineering characteristic index before and after the pollution to the index
before the pollution ratio.

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6.10.13 ollute soil and water to the environmental impact shall be evaluated by
combining with the specific requirements of the engineering; when no
definite requirements is available, it may be evaluated according to the
current national standard "Environmental Quality Standard for Soils"
GB15618, "Quality Standard for Ground Water" GB/T14848 and
"Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water" GB3838.
6.10.14 Treatment and restoration of the pollute soil shall be comprehensively
considered according to pollution level, distribution range, soil property,
restoration standard, treatment construction period and processing cost.

7 Groundwater
7.1 Investigation Requirements of Groundwater

Geotechnical engineering investigation shall grasp the following

geohydrologic conditions according to engineering requirements and data
gathering as well as investigation task;

1. Types and occurrence of groundwater;

2. Distribution rules of main water bearing strata;
3. Regional climate information such as annual evaporative capacity of
precipitation, and its variation as well as influence to the groundwater
table;
4. Recharge and excretion condition of groundwater, and relationship
between recharge and discharge of surface water and groundwater as well
as its influence to the groundwater table;
5. Groundwater table and highest groundwater table in history as well as
groundwater table, water-level fluctuation trend and dominating influence
factors in recent 3-5 years during the investigation period;
6. Whether there exist pollution source and its possible pollution level to the
groundwater and surface water.

For district lacking permanent ground-water table monitoring data, it should

set long-term observation port and should make long-term observation for the
groundwater related to layer when in the high-rise building or make significant
engineering preliminary investigation, ;

For high-rise building or significant engineering, when geohydrologic

conditions have significant influence to the foundation evaluation, fundament
anti-floating and engineering precipitation, it should make special
hydrological geology investigation.

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 Special hydrological geology investigation shall confirm to the following
requirements;

1. Find out mode of occurrence of the water bearing strata and confining
stratum, groundwater types, flow direction, water level and its change
ranges, when the site has multilayer groundwater influence the , it shall
measure groundwater table by lamination and find their mutually
replenishment relation;
2. Find out site geological conditions' impacts to groundwater occurrence and
seepage state; if necessary, it shall set observation port, or bury pore
pressure gauge in different depths to measure pressure head variation in
response to the depth;
3. Measure hydrogeologic parameters such as strata permeability coefficient,
etc. by field test.

7.1.5 Adoption and test of the water sample shall be in accordance with the
following requirements;

1. Water sample shall be able to represent water quality conditions in natural

condition;
2. Adoption and test item of the water sample shall be in accordance with the
stipulation in chapter 12 of this code;
3. Water sample shall test in time, standing time of clean water should not
exceed 72 hours, slight contaminated water should not exceed 48 hours,
contaminated water should not exceed 12 hours.

7.2 Mensuration for Hydrogeologic Parameter

7.2.1 Mensuration methods for hydrogeologic parameter shall be in accordance with

those specified in Annex E of this code.

7.2.2 Measurement for groundwater table shall be in accordance with the

following requirements:

1. It shall measure water level when encounter with groundwater;

2. The water level measurement for multi-layered aquifer that
influencing the engineering shall adopt water-seal measures and
separate the being measured water bearing strata from other water
bearing strata.

7.2.3 Initial water level and fixed water level may be measured directly in borehole,
exploratory shaft, or piezometer tube. Interval time of fixed water level shall
be determined according to stratigraphic penetrability. For sandy soil and soil

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 aggregate, the interval shall be no less than 0.5h; for silty soil and clay soil, the
interval shall be no less than 8h and it should united measure the fixed water
level after the investigation. Measurement reading minimum to centimeter, its
precision shall be no less than ± 2cm.

7.2.4 Using geometric method to test direction of groundwater flow, the measuring
points shall be no less than 3 gagging holes (shafts) distributed as a triangular.
Spacing between measuring points is determined be penetrability, hydraulic
gradient and terrain gradient of geotechnical, it should be 50-100m. Measure
water level in each pore (shaft) simultaneously and confirm flow direction of
the groundwater.

Measurement for groundwater velocity may adopt tracer method or

mise-a-la-masse method.

7.2.5 Pumping test shall be in accordance with the following requirements;

1. Pumping test methods may adopt according to table 7.2.5;

2. Pumping test should drawdown three times, the maximum drawdown shall
approach elevation of the ground water drawdown required by the
engineering design;
3. Water level measurement shall adopt the same method and tools reading
for pumping well shall be centimeter, while for observation port shall be
millimeter;
4. When relation curve of inflow rate and time as well as dynamic water level
and time are fluctuate within a certain scope, but not ascend and descend
continuously, we may deem that it is stable;
5. After pump finished, it shall measure to restore water level.

Table 7.2.5 Pumping Test Method and Field of Application

Test methods Field of application
Borehole or exploratory shaft simple pump water Estimate permeability coefficient of aquiclude roughly
Preliminarily measure the penetrability parameter of
Pump water without observation port water bearing strata
Measure different kinds of parameters of the water
Pump water with observation port bearing strata exactly

7.2.6 Water penetration test and injection test may be made in test pit or borehole.
For sandy soil and silty soil, it may adopt test pit monocyclic ring method; for
clay soil, it may adopt test pit bicyclical ring method; if the test depth is too
large, it may adopt bored tunneling method.

7.2.7 Water pressure test shall determine test hole site according to engineering
requirements and combining with engineering geological mapping and drilling

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 information. it shall divide test sections according to terrane penetrability and
determine initial pressure, maximum pressure and pressure levels of the test as
it is required, as well as protract relation curve of pressure and pressure water
flow in time, then calculate penetrate rate of test section to determine type of
p-Q curve

7.2.8 Measurement for pore water pressure shall be in accordance with the
following requirements:

1. Measuring method may be determined according to table E.0.2 in Annex E

of this code;
2. Measuring points shall dispose according to geological conditions and
analyses requirements;
3. Installation and burial of manometer shall be in accordance with relevant
installation technology;
4. Test data shall be analyzed and rearranged in time. When abnormal
appears, we shall analyze the reasons and adopt correspondent measures.

7.3 Evaluation for Functions of Ground-Water

7.3.1 Geotechnical engineering investigation shall evaluate functions and influences

of groundwater, and offer precaution proposals for it.

7.3.2 Evaluation for mechanical functions of groundwater shall include the

following content:

1. For fundament, underground structure and breast wall, it shall consider

float upward action of groundwater on the structures under the most
unfavorable combination condition, and it shall calculate buoyancy
according to design water level in principle; when rock and clay are with
undeveloped cleavage and equipped with regional experience or measured
data, it may be determined according to experience;
When seepage appears, delivery head of groundwater and action functions
should analyze and evaluate by seepage calculation;
2 When checkout stability of slope, it shall consider unfavorable impact of the
groundwater and its dynamic water pressure to the stability of slope;
3 Within the influence scope of groundwater drawdown, it shall consider land
subsidence and its influence to engineering; when groundwater table bounces
back, it shall consider the possible rebound and additional uplift pressure;
4 When the wall back fillings are mealy sand, silty soil or clay soil, and to
checkout stabilization of the supporting structures, it shall evaluate acting of
underground hydrostatic pressure and dynamic water pressure to supporting
structures according to different drainage conditions;

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 5 When the upwards seepage appears caused by the delivery head pressure
difference, it shall evaluate the possibility of forming underground erosion,
quicksand, streaming soil and piping;
6 When excavate foundation trench or underground engineering under the
groundwater table, it shall analyze and evaluate feasibility of precipitation or
water separation measures as well as analyze and evaluate its influence to
foundation trench stabilization and neighborhood engineering according to
penetrability and groundwater recharge conditions of geotechnical.

7.3.3 Evaluation for physical and chemical action of groundwater include the
following content:

1. For engineering structure under groundwater table shall be evaluated

causticity of groundwater to concrete and metallic material, the evaluation
methods shall comply with chapter 12 of this code;
2. For weak rock, strong weathered rock, residual soil, collapsible soil, bulge
geotechnical and brine salting, it shall evaluate unfavorable effect such as
soften, disintegration, collapse, movement and underground erosion, etc.
caused by gathering and dissipating of groundwater;
3. In frozen soil district, it shall evaluate influence of groundwater to soil
frost heave and thaw collapse.

7.3.4 When adopt water lowering measures for groundwater, it shall be in

accordance with the following requirements;

1. Under construction, groundwater table shall keep within 0.5-1.5m under

bottom surface of the foundation trench;
2. During the precipitation process, it shall take effective measure to prevent
run off of soil grain;
3. Prevent inrushing caused by deep level pressure water, if necessary, it shall
adopt measures to reduce artesian head under the foundation trench.

7.3.5 When engineering precipitation requires, it shall adopt proper water lowering
method according to penetrability and drawdown requirements of water
bearing strata. When several methods can complement for each other, it may
be used together.

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8 Engineering Geological Mapping and Survey

8.0.1 Site with rock emergence or relative intricate geomorphic and geological
conditions shall make engineering geological mapping.

8.0.2 Engineering geological mapping and survey should make in feasibility study
or preliminary investigation phases. When gathering data in feasibility study
phase, it should include interpretation results of aerophotograph,
extraterrestrial photograph.

8.0.3 Scope of engineering geological mapping and survey shall include site and
its surrounding district. Engineering geological mapping scale and its
precision shall meet the following requirements:

1. Platting scales: feasibility study investigation may adopt 1:5000-1:50000;

preliminary investigation may adopt 1:2000-1:10000; detailed
investigation may adopt 1:500-1:2000; when the conditions are intricate,
the scale may magnify properly;
2. It may adopt enlarged scale to denote the geological unit body with
significant influence to the engineering (landslide, dislocation, weak
intercalation and grotto, etc.).
3. Platting precision of geologic boundary and geologic observing point shall
be no less than 3 mm in the figure.

8.0.4 Disposal, density and localization of geologic observing point shall meet the
following requirements:

1. It shall have geologic observing points in geology tectonic line, strata

contact line, lithology boundary, datum horizon and each geologic
geologic unit body;
2. Density of geologic observing point shall be determined according to site
geomorphic, geological conditions, preset scale and engineering
requirements, etc. and this shall be representative;
3. Geologic observing point shall made use of natural and available artificial
outcrop adequately; when the outcrop is too few, it shall dispose certain
quantities of trial boring or exploratory trench according to specific
circumstances;
4. Localization of geologic observing points shall adopt proper methods
according to accuracy requirements; specific geologic observing points
such as geologic tectonic line, strata contact line, lithology boundary, weak
intercalation, water-table outcrop and unfavorable geological action, etc.
should localize with apparatus.

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8.0.5 Engineering geological mapping and survey should include the following
content:

1. Find out characteristics of terrain and geomorphic as well as their relations

with strata, structure, and unfavorable geological actions to divide
geomorphic units.
2. Years, cause of formation, property, thickness and distribution of
geotechnical; it shall qualify its degree of weathering for terrane, and
distinguish recent sedentary soil and different kinds of particular soil for
the soil layer;
3. Find out characteristics of rock mass structure types, occurrence and
property of structural plane (especially weak structural plane), rock/soil
interface and weak intercalation, etc. as well as trail of geotectonic activity
and its relation with seismic activity;
4. Find out types, replenishment source, excretion condition, well spring
position of the groundwater and lithologic characteristic, burial depth,
water-level fluctuation, pollution condition and its relationship with areal
surface waters of the water bearing strata;
5. Gather information such as meteorology, hydrology, vegetation and
standard frozen depth of soil, etc.; and inspect the maximum flood level as
well as its occurrence time and flood scopes;
6. Find out formation, distribution, shape, scale, development degree and
their influence to engineering construction of unfavorable geological
actions such as Karst, soil cave, landslide, dilapidation, mudflow, gulch,
land subsidence, fracture, earthquake disaster, geosuture and shore cutting,
etc;
7. Survey the influence of human activities to site stability, including
artificial grotto, underground mined-out, large scale digging and filling,
pump, drainage and reservoir induced earthquake, etc.;
8. Constructional distortion and engineering experience.

Achievement information of engineering geological mapping and survey

should include field map, synthetically engineering geological map,
engineering geology block plan, generalized geological section, section plan
of engineering geology, and different kinds of sketch map, photos as well as
descriptions, etc.

When make engineering geological mapping with remote sensing video

information to interpretation, field inspection geologic observing points should
be 30%-50% of the engineering geological mapping points, fieldwork shall
include the following content:

1. Inspect interpretation key;

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2. Inspect interpretation result;
3. Inspect extrapolate result;
4. Make field supplement for information unavailable in indoor
interpretation.

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9 Exploration and Sampling

9.1 General Requirements

9.1.1 When it requires finding out property and distribution of geotechnical, and
shall adopting geotechnical sample or making in situ measurement, it may
adopt drilling, costeening, trenching, cave exploration and geophysical
exploration, etc.

9.1.2 When prospecting work is disposed, it shall consider influence of exploration

to engineering natural environment, to prevent destructions of underground
utilities, underground engineering and natural environment. After completion
of borehole, exploratory shaft, and exploratory trench, it shall backfill
carefully.

9.1.3 When use static sounding and dynamic sounding as exploration tools, it shall
use mating with other exploration methods such as drilling.

9.1.4 While making drilling, costeening, trenching and cave exploration, it shall
take effective measure to ensure construction safety.

9.2 Drilling

9.2.1 Drilling methods may be adopted according to geotechnical sorts and

investigation requirements as stipulated in table 5.2.2.

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 Table 9.2.1 Applicability of Drilling Methods
Drilling methods Drilling strata Investigation requirements
Clay Silty Sandy Soil Rock Visual discriminate shall adopt Visual discriminate shall adopt drilling strata investigation
soil soil soil aggregate undisturbed samples requirements of disturbed samples

Gyration Auger boring ++ + + - - ++ ++

Without core drilling ++ ++ ++ + ++ - -
Core drilling ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++

Percussion Percussive drilling - - ++ ++ - - -

Stamping drilling + ++ ++ + - ++ ++

Vibrate drilling ++ ++ ++ + - + +

Wash drilling + ++ ++ - - - -

Note: ++: applicable; +: applicable partly; -: inapplicable

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9.2.2 Explore the shallow soil layer may adopt the following drilling methods:

1. Drilling of minor caliber twist drill (or pick up soil drill);

2. Drilling of minor caliber bucket auger;
3. Drive pipe drilling.

9.2.3 Drilling caliber and drilling tool specifications shall meet current national
standard stipulation. Pore-forming caliber shall meet the requirements of
sampling, testing and drilling technology.

9.2.4 Drilling shall be in accordance with the following requirements;

1. Measurement accuracy of drilling depth and geotechnical depth of seam

division shall be no less than ±5 cm;
2. Footage per round trip shall rigid control discrete coring drilling, thus to
make the lamination precision meet the requirements;
3. It shall make dry drilling for the borehole discriminating strata field
moisture above the groundwater table; when it is requiring to watering or
using circulating liquid, it shall adopt double barrel drilling;
4. Core drilling core adopting rate shall be no less than 80% for the intact and
relatively intact rock mass, be no less than 65% for relatively fracture and
fracture rock mass, and be adopt double barrel continuance coring for the
parts (slip band and weak intercalation, etc.) requiring priority finding out;
5. When it requires to determine rock quality designation RQD, it shall adopt
double barrel with 75 mm caliber ( N-type) and diamond drilling bit;

9.2.5 Specific methods for boring operation shall comply with current standard
"Technical Standard for Boring of Geotechnical Investigation of
Constructions" (JGJ 87).

9.2.6 Boring records and inventory shall meet the following requirements:

1. Field note shall be assumed by staff with specialized training, the notes
shall be verity and in time, and drilling round trips shall be filled in section
by section, cite posthumously are strongly prohibited;
2. Drilling field may discriminate by adopting unaided eye and touch
methods, when condition permits or with definitude requirements of the
task, it may adopt quantification and standardized methods like minitype
penetrometer, etc.;
3. Drilling achievement may be denoted by borehole field histogram or
hierarchical record; geotechnical core samples may preserve for a certain
deadline or long-term storage according to engineering requirements, it

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 may also filmed photochrome of rock core and soil core to bring under
investigation achievement information.

9.3 Costeening, Trenching and Cave Exploration

9.3.1 When the drilling methods are hard to find out the underground conditions
correctly, it may adopt exploratory shaft and exploratory trench to explore
when it requires to detailed finding out deep lying rock formation property and
structural feature in investigations such as dam site, underground engineering
and large-scale side slope, etc., it may adopt shaft or adit.

9.3.2 Depth of exploratory shaft should not exceed groundwater table. Depth, length,
and section of shaft and adit shall be determined according to engineering
requirements.

9.3.3 It shall use section plan and exploded view, etc., to reflect the lithology, strata
demarcation, structural feature, sampling, and in-situ test position of shaft,
gutter, cavity wall and cavity bottom, and assistant with photochrome of the
representative parts for the exploratory shaft, exploratory trench, and
exploration tunnel except text description records.

9.4 Adopting of Geotechnical Samples

9.4.1 Soil sample quality shall be divided into four levels according to test purposes
as it is required in table 9.4.1.

Table 9.4.1 Soil Sample Quality Level

Level Disturbing extension Test content

I Undisturbed Soil type naming, moisture content, density, strength test, consolidation test

II Slight disturbed Soil type naming, moisture content, density

III Prominent disturbed Soil type naming, moisture content

IV Complete disturbed Soil type naming

Note: 1 undisturbed refers to although the in-situ stress state has been changed , the variation of soil structure,
density and moisture content are quite small and it can meet all the indoor test requirements;
2 Soil samples from levelⅡpermitted by engineering requirements can be used to make strength and consolidation
test except foundation design level being level-a, but it should make verification by sampling for the soil sample
disturbed extension and judge its testing fitness, as well as use the test achievement combined with regional
experience.

9.4.2 Tools and methods adopted by samples may select according to table 9.4.2.

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 Table 9.4.2 Sampling Tools and Methods of Different Levels Soil Samples
Quality levels of soil Sampling tools and methods Applicable soil group
samples Clay soil Silty Sandy soil Molding gravel,

Flow Soft Plastic Hard Stiffness soil Mealy Fine Medium Coarse soilaggrega and soft rock

plastic plastic plastic sand sand sand sand

I Thin-wall Fixing plunger ++ ++ + - - + + - - - -
sampler Hydraulic ++ ++ + - - + + - - - -
pressure fixing
plunger
Free piston - + ++ - - + + - - - -
exposure + + + - - + + - - - -
Gyration soil Single acting - + ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ - - -
sampler ternary tube - - - + ++ - - - ++ ++ +
Double acting
ternary tube
Chisel lumpy soil sample from ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
exploratory shaft (gutter)
II Thin-wall Hydraulic ++ ++ + - - + + - - - -
sampler pressure fixing + ++ ++ - - + + - - - -
plunger ++ ++ ++ - - + + - - - -
Free piston
Exposure
Gyration soil Single acting - + ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ - - -
sampler ternary tube - - - + ++ - - - ++ ++ +
Double acting

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 ternary tube
III Thick-wall exposure soil sampler ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ -
Standard penetrometer ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ -
Screw thread drill bit ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + - - - - -
Core drill bit ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
IV Standard penetrometer ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ -
Screw thread drill bit ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + - - - - -
Core drill bit ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++

Note: ++: applicable; +: applicable partly; -: inapplicable;

2 Adopt sandy soil samples shall be with supplement measures preventing sample lose;
3 When be with experience, it may use ringed-line barrel sampler replace thin-wall sampler.

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9.4.3 Technical specifications of soil sampler shall comply with Annex F of this
code.

9.4.4 When adopt level-I and level-II sand samples in the borehole, it may adopt
undisturbed sand sampler, and comply with relevant current standard.

9.4.5 When adopting level-I and level-II sand samples in the borehole, it shall meet
the following requirements;

1. It should adopt slurry breast wall in the soft soil and sandy soil; if using
thimble, it shall keep water level in the tubes be equal to or higher than
groundwater table, sampling location shall be less than triplicity pore
diameter of thimble bottom;
2. While drilling with wash, percussion and vibrate methods, etc., it shall
adapt rotary drilling above 1m of the estimated sampling location;
3. Before lowering the soil sampler, it shall make bore hole cleaning
carefully and clear the disturbed soil, capping thickness of bottom hole
residual shall be no larger than spent clay length of the soil sampler
(excluding plunger soil sampler);
4. Adopt soil sample should use continuance plunging of fast static force;
5. Concrete operating methods shall comply with current standard "technical
standard for undisturbed sample boring" (JGJ 89).

9.4.6 Soil sample of level- I, II andⅢ shall be sealed carefully to prevent humidity
variation and take strict precautions against insolation or frost. It shall avoid
vibrating in the transportation, and the retention time should not exceed three
weeks. For the soil sample easy to be with vibrate liquefaction and moisture
segregation should be tested nearby.

9.4.7 Rock samples may be made with bore plug or chiseled from the exploratory
shaft, exploratory trench, shaft, and adit. Dimension of rough proof adopted
shall meet the requirements of test block machining. In particular cases,
specimen shape, dimension, and direction are determined by rock mass
mechanical test design.

9.5 Geophysical Exploration

9.5.1 In the geotechnical engineering investigation process, it may adopt

geophysical exploration in the following aspects;

1. Know the concealed geologic boundary, interface or abnormal point as a

means of test boring precession;
2. Add geophysical exploration points between the borehole and provide
criteria for interpolate and extrapolate of the drilling achievement;

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 3. Measure rock and soil mass wave celerity, dynamic modulus of elasticity,
dynamic shear modulus, predominant period, resistivity, radioactive
radiation parameter, causticity of soil to metal, etc. as a means of in situ
measurement.

9.5.2 While applying geophysical method, it shall be equipped with the following
conditions:

1. There are obvious physical property differences between the explored

object and ambient medium;
2. Explored objects have certain burial depth and scale, and geophysical
anomaly is with adequate strength;
3. It could restrain disturbance and distinguish useful signal and undesired
signal;
4. Make effectiveness test of method in representative district.

9.5.3 Geophysical exploration shall select effective methods according to buried

depth and scale of explore object and physical property differences between
them and its ambient medium.

9.5.4 When judging and explaining the geophysical exploration achievement, it

shall consider its ambiguous solutions and distinguish useful information and
undesired signal. If it requires, it shall adopt multifold methods to explore and
make synthetically judgment and explanation, as well as make testing for the
available geophysical prospecting parameter or a certain quantity of borehole.

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10 In-situ Measurement

10.1 General Requirements

10.1.1 In situ measurement method shall be selected according to factors such as

geotechnical conditions and requirements of design to the parameter, as well
as regional experience and applicability of testing methods, etc.

10.1.2 When estimate natural parameter of geotechnical engineering and evaluate

geotechnical engineering problems by making use of regional experience
according to in situ measurement achievement, it shall be contrasted with
inverse computation parameter of the indoor test and engineering to inspect its
reliability.

10.1.3 Instrument and equipment of in situ measurement shall be surveyed and

standardized periodically.

10.1.4 When analyzing the in situ measurement achievements, it shall pay attention
to the influence of instruments and equipments, test conditions as well as test
methods to the test. And it shall reject abnormal data combining with strata
conditions.

10.2 Load Test

10.2.1 Load test may be used to measure bearing capacity and deformation modulus
of geotechnical in the bearing plate within dominating influence scope.
Shallow layer plate load test is applicable to shallow layer foundation soil;
deep level plate load test is applicable to deep-buried foundation soil and
large-diameter pile end soil; spiral lamina load test is applicable to deep level
foundation soil or foundation soil below groundwater table. The testing depth
of the deep-level plate load test shall not be less than 5m.

10.2.2 Load test shall dispose in representative site, each site should be no less than 3,
it shall increase properly when the rock and soil mass in the site is uneven.
Shallow layer plate load test shall dispose in section of foundation base
elevation.

10.2.3 Technical requirements for load test shall be in accordance with the following
requirements:

1. Test pit width or diameter of shallow layer plate load test shall be no less
than three times of bearing plate width or diameter; test well diameter of

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 deep level plate load test shall be equal to bearing plate diameter; when
test well diameter is larger than the bearing plate diameter, the soil depth
abut against bearing plate surroundings shall be no less than bearing plate
diameter;
2. Geotechnical in test pit or test well bottom shall avoid disturbance, and
keep its original state structure and field moisture, lay sand bedding course
alignment not exceeding 20mm under the bearing plate, as well as install
test equipment as soon as possible; when screw spanner drill in the soil, it
shall operate according to drill in one pitch while turn one circle, thus it
can reduce disturbance for the soil;
3. Load test should adopt round rigidity bearing plate, select appropriate
dimension according to soil softness and hardness or rock mass fracture
density; bearing plate area of soil shallow layer plate load test shall be no
less than 0.25m2, it shall be no less than 0.5m2 for soft soil and filling with
bigger particle diameter; bearing plate area of soil deep level plate load test
should select 0.5m2; bearing plate area of lithostatic load test should be no
less than 0.07m2.
4. Loading ways of load test shall adopt relatively stable method of stage
maintenance loading sedimentation (routine slow method); it shall adopt
unstable method of stage loading sedimentation (fast method) or equal fall
velocity rate method; loading levels should take 10-12 levels but not be
less than eight levels, load measurement accuracy shall be no less than
±1% of the maximum loading.
5. Sedimentation of bearing plate may be measure by dial indicator or
electrical logging displacemeter, its precision shall be no less than ±0.01
mm;
6. For slow method, when the test subject is soil mass, after each stage of
load application, measure and read once sedimentation for interval of 10
min, 15 min, 15 min, measure and read sedimentation once for interval of
30 min in the following time, when the subsidence is less than 0.1 mm for
continuous two hours, it may be deemed as standard of relatively stabilized,
and shall apply to the lower stage load; when test subject is rock mass,
measure and read sedimentation once for intervals of 1 min, 2 min, 2 min,
5 min and measure and read sedimentation once for interval of 30 min in
the following time, when the reading difference is less than 0.01 mm for
continuous thrice, it may be deemed as standard of relatively stabilized,
and shall apply to the lower stage load;
7. When one of the following conditions appears, it may terminate test:

1) Soil near the bearing plate appear evident lateral extrusion and
peripheral geotechnical appear evident upheaval or radial crack
sustainable development;

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 2) Subsidence of this stage load is larger than 5 times of the former stage
load subsidence, load and subsidence curve appear evident direct
drop;
3) 24 hours' sedimentation rate in certain level load cannot reach relative
stabilization standard;
4) Ratio of total subsidence and bearing plate diameter (or width) exceed
0.06.

10.2.4 According to analyzing requirements of load test achievement, it shall protract

load (p) and sedimentation (s) curve; if necessary, it shall protract all levels of
load sedimentation (S) and time (t) or logarithm of time (lgt) curve.

It shall be in accordance with p-s curve inflection point; if necessary, it shall

combine with the s-lgt curve characteristics to determine scale threshold
pressure and extreme pressure. When p - s appears to be slow varied curve, it
may select pressure of corresponding to a certain relative sedimentation value
(that is, s/d and d is the bearing plate diameter) to evaluate foundation soil
bearing capacity.

10.2.5 Soil deformation modulus shall be in accordance with the initial tangential
path of the p - s curve, and may calculate elasticity theory of isotropey
semi-infinite elastic medium.

Deformation modulus E0 (MPa) of shallow layer plate load test may calculate
according to the following formulae:

pd (10.2.5-1)
E 0  I 0 (1   2 )
s

Deformation modulus E0 (MPa) of deep level plate load test and spiral lamina
load test may calculate according to the following formulae:

pd (10.2.5-2)
E0  
s

Where I0——round bearing plate of rigidity bearing plate shape factor shall be
0.785, square bearing plate be 0.886
μ——Poisson ratio of the soil (soil aggregate be 0.27, sandy soil be 0.30,
silty soil be 0.35, silty clay be 0.38 and clay be 0.42);
d——Bearing plate diameter or side length (m);
p——Pressure of p-s curve linearity range (kPa);
s——Sedimentation corresponding to p (mm);

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 ω——Coefficient concerned to experimental depth and soil group may be
selected according to table 10.2.5.

10.2.6 Benchmark bedding value Kv may be calculated as the following formulae

according to plate loading test with bearing plate side length be 30cm:

p (10.2.6)
Kv 
s

Table 10.2.5 Calculate Coefficient of Deep Level Load Test

Soil group Soil aggregate Sandy Silty soil Silty Clay
d/z soil clay
0.30 0.477 0.489 0.491 0.515 0.524
0.25 0.469 0.480 0.482 0.506 0.514
0.20 0.460 0.471 0.474 0.497 0.505
0.15 0.444 0.454 0.457 0.479 0.487
0.10 0.435 0.446 0.448 0.470 0.478
0.05 0.427 0.437 0.439 0.461 0.468
0.01 0.418 0.429 0.431 0.452 0.459
Note: d/z is ratio of bearing plate diameter and bearing plate bottom surface depth.

10.3 Statically Cone Penetration Test

10.3.1 Statical cone penetration test is applicable to soft soil, general clay soil, silty
soil, sandy soil, and soil with little macadam. static sounding may adopt
single-bridge probe and double-bridge probe or single-bridge probe and
double-bridge probe with pore water pressure measurement according to
engineering requirements, and it may test specific penetration resistance (ps),
static point resistance (qc), side friction resistance (fs) and pore water pressure
while penetrating (u).

10.3.2 Technical requirements for static cone penetration test shall be in accordance
with the following requirements:

1. Sectional area of the probe circular cone base shall be 10cm2 or 15cm2,
skirt board height of single-bridge probe shall be 57mm or 70mm
respectively, skirt board area of double-bridge probe shall be 150 x 300
cm2, cone angle of the cone tip shall be 60°.
2. Probe shall be forced in the soil perpendicularly with even rate; the
penetration rate is 1.2m/min.
3. Probe load cell shall make regular detector calibration w in conjunction
with apparatus and cable, non-linear error, repeatability error, hysteresis
error, temperature drift and capture error of indoor probe standardize load

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 cell shall all be less than 1%FS, field test capture error shall be less than
3%, insulation resistance shall be less than 500MΩ;
4. Depth recording error shall be no larger than ±1% of the feeler inspection
depth;
5. When the penetration depth exceed 30m, or after passing through thick
seam, it penetrates into the hardpan, it shall take measures to prevent hole
deviation or perch broken, it may also be deployed with deviational survey
probe, and measure deflection angle of feeler inspection pore as well as
adjust depth of the soil layer borderline;
6. Before the penetration of pore pressure probe, it shall ensure the probe
strain cavity is saturate with excluded alveolar liquid, and take measures
on the spot to keep the saturated state of the probe until the probe entering
into the soil layer soil layer under the groundwater table; in pore pressure
static exploration test, it is request not to lift the probe;
7. When make pore water pressure dissipation test in predetermined depth, it
shall measure different time pore pressures after the penetration, its time
interval shall be controlled reasonable from dense to sparse; the test
process is request not to loose probe rod.

10.3.3 Achievement analyses of static cone penetration test shall include the
following content:

1. Protract different kinds of penetration curves: single-bridge and

double-bridge shall protract ps-z curve, qc-z curve, fs-z curve and Rf-z
curve; pore pressure pore pressure probe shall protract ui-z curve, qt-z
curve, ft-z curve, Bq-z curve and pore water pressure dissipation curve:
ut-lgt curve

Where Rf——frictional ratio;

ui——pore water pressure measured be pore pressure probe penetrating
into the soil (that is initial pore pressure);
qt——true cone head resistance (corrected by pore pressure);
ft——true side friction resistance (corrected by pore pressure);
Bq——pore pressure coefficient of static exploration,
ui  u0
Bq 
qt   vo
u0——hydrostatic pressure in the test depth (kPa);
σvo——overall burden pressure in the test depth (kPa);
ut——pore water pressure at time t in the pore water pressure dissipation
process;

2. According to linestyle attributions of the penetration curve, and combined

with the adjacent borehole information and district experience to divide

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 soil layer and determine soil group; calculate average value of related test
data with each soil layer static sounding, or make statistical analysis for
the data, and provide spatial variation rules for the static sounding data.

10.3.4 According to static sounding information and make use of with the regional
experience, it may make mechanical lamination and estimate the soil plastic
state or compactness, strength, compressibility, foundation bearing capacity,
individual pile bearing capacity, pile-sinking resistance and fluidized
distinguish, etc. It may estimate consolidation coefficient and permeability
coefficient of soil according to pore water pressure dissipation curve.

10.4 Circular Cone Dynamic Penetration Test

10.4.1 Circular cone dynamic penetration test types can be classified into three: light
duty, heavy duty and extra-heavy duty, their specifications and applicable soil
groups shall comply with table 10.4.1.

Table 10.4.1 Cone Dynamic Sounding Types

Types Light duty Heavy duty Extra-heavy duty
Drop hammer Hammer quality(kg) 10 63.5 120
Drop distance(cm) 50 76 100
Probe Diameter(mm) 40 74 74
Cone angle(°) 60 60 60
Probe rod diameter(mm) 25 42 50-60
Index Reading N10 when Reading N63.5 Reading N120 when
penetrating 30 cm when penetrating 10 penetrating 10 cm
cm
Major applicable geotechnical Filling soil, sandy Soil aggregate and Dense and compact
soil, silty soil and dead-soft rock soil aggregate, soft
clay soil in the below the sandy soil rock and dead-soft
superficial part and middle density rock

10.4.2 Technical requirements for circular cone dynamic penetration test shall be in
accordance with the following requirements:

1. adopt automate drop hammer device;

2. The maximal skewness of the touch probe rod shall not exceed 2%,
stamping penetration shall be made continuously; and at the same time,
prevent stamping eccentricity, probe rod inclination and lateral swash as
well as keep probe rod squareness; stamping velocity should be 15-30
hits/min;
3. For each 1m penetration, it should rotate probe rod for one and a half
circle; when penetration depth exceed 10m, it should rotate probe rod once
for each 20 cm penetration;

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 4. When N10>100 for the light-duty dynamic sounding or blow counts exceed
50 for the 15 cm penetration, it may cease the test; when N63.5>50 for
continuance thrice for the heavy duty dynamic sounding, it may cease test
or adapt extra-heavy duty dynamic sounding.

10.4.3 Achievement analyses of circular cone dynamic penetration test shall include
the following content:

1. Haplopore continuance circular cone dynamic penetration test shall

protract blow count and penetration depth relation curve;
2. When calculate penetration index average value of haplopore lamination, it
shall reject value within critical depth and abnormal value within lead and
lag influence scope;
3. Calculate penetration index average value and coefficient of variation of
site lamination by thickness method of weighted mean according to
penetration index average value of each pore lamination.

10.4.4 It may make mechanical lamination according to circular cone dynamic

penetration test index and regional experience, and evaluate soil uniformity
and physical property (state and compactness), soil strength, distortion
parameter, ground bearing capacity, individual pile bearing capacity as well as
find out earth cave, slip plane, soft hardpan interface, and testing foundation
treatment effect, etc. While applying the test results, whether or how to correct
them shall be determined by the physical circumstances while founding the
statistical relationship.

10.5 Standard Penetration Test

10.5.1 Standard penetration test is applicable to sandy soil, silty soil and general clay
soil.

10.5.2 Equipment of standard penetration test shall conform to the requirements

specified in table 10.5.2.

Table 10.5.2 Equipment Specifications of Standard Penetration Test

Drop hammer Hammer quality(kg) 63.5
Drop distance(cm) 76
Penetrometer Split duct Length(mm) > 500
Outside diameter(mm) 51
Inside diameter(mm) 35
Drive shoe Length(mm) 50-76
blade angle(°) 18-20
single-blade thickness in the cutting edge (mm) 1.6
Drill stem Diameter(mm) 42

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 Relatively bent < 1/1000

10.5.3 Technical requirements for standard penetration test shall be in accordance

with the following requirements:

1. Standard penetration test pore adopt rotary drilling and keep water level in
the bore tower than groundwater table a little. When the pore wall is
instable, it may use slurry breast wall drill to 15 cm above the test
elevation, and make the test once again after clearing the bottom hole
surflaes;
2. Adopting free drop weight method of self-releasing hook stamps and
lessen the frictional resistance between the guide bar and hammer, to avoid
eccentricity and lateral swash when stamping and keep the squareness after
the coherence of penetrometer, probe rod and guide bar, the stamping
velocity shall be less than 30 hits/min;
3. After the penetrometer drilling into 15 cm of the soil , it shall start to
record the blow counts for drilling each 10cm, accumulative total blow
count drilling into 30 cm is the blow counts of standard penetration test N.
When blow counts are reaching 50 hits, but the penetration depth is not
reaching 30 cm, it may record the practical penetration depth of the 50 hits,
and recalculate blow counts of standard penetration test N equivalent to 30
cm according to the following formulae, and then terminate the test.

50 (10.5.3)
N  30 
S

Where ΔS——50 Penetration while hitting (cm)

10.5.4 Standard penetration test achievement N may sign in section plan of

engineering geology directly, and may protract haplopore standard blow
counts N and depth relation curve or histogram. While make statistics for blow
count average value of lamination standard norm, it shall reject.

10.5.5 Blow counts of standard penetration test N may make evaluation for physical
condition, soil strength, distortion parameter, ground bearing capacity,
individual pile individual pile bearing capacity, sandy soil, silt liquefaction and
piling possibility, etc. of sandy soil, silty soil and clay soil. While applying the
value N, whether and how to correct them shall be determined by the physical
circumstances while founding the statistical relationship.

10.6 Vane Shear Test

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10.6.1 Vane shear test can be used to measure undrained shear strength and
sensitivity of saturate soft clay soil (Φ≈0).

10.6.2 Disposal of vane shear test points may be 1m for isotrope soil vertical spacing
while for soft clay soil of anisotropic or laminae fine sand, it should make
static sounding first, and combining with soil layer and then to test by
selecting soft clay.

10.6.3 Major technical requirements for vane shear test shall be in accordance with
the following requirements:

1. Vane spanner's shape should be rectangle, its ratio of diameter to high be

should 1:2, plating thickness should be 2-3 mm;
2. Depth of vane spanner insert into hole bottom shall be no less than 3-5
times of the borehole or thimble diameter;
3. After the vane insert into the test depth, it shall rest for at least 2-3 min,
and then it may begin to test;
4. Twist the shear rate should adopt (1°-2°)/10s, and it shall record for 1 min
after measuring of the peak strength;
5. While finishing the measurement of peak strength or stable value testing,
after continuous rotating for six circles as the twist direction, measure the
undrained shear strength of the manipulated soil;
6. For the vane shear apparatus with opening steel loop, it shall correct
frictional resistance influence between the axostyle and the soil.

10.6.4 Achievement analyses of vane shear test shall include the following content:

1. Calculate soil undrained shear resistant peak strength, residual strength,

manipulated soil strength and sensitivity of each testing points;
2. Protract curve of soil undrained shear resistant peak strength, residual
strength, manipulated soil strength and sensitivity vary in response to
depth of haplopore vane shear test, when it is required, it shall protract
relation curve of shearing strength and torsion angle;
3. Correct the measured vane undrained shear strength according to soil layer
condition and regional experience.

10.6.5 Vane shear test achievement may determine ground bearing capacity,
individual pile bearing capacity and calculate stability of slope, determine
consolidation history of soft clay soil according to regional experience.

10.7 Pressurementer Test

10.7.1 Pressurementer test is applicable to clay soil, silty soil, sandy soil, soil
aggregate, dead-soft rock and soft rock, etc.

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10.7.2 Pressurementer test shall be made in the representative position and depth,
measure cavities of pressurementer shall be in the same soil layer. Vertical
spacing of the testing points shall be determined according to strata conditions
and engineering requirements, but it should not be less than 1m, horizon
distance between test hole and available boring should be no less than 1m.

10.7.3 Technical requirements for pressurementer test shall be in accordance with the
following requirements:

1. Preboring pressurementer test shall guarantee pore-forming quality, drilled

diameter shall mating well with pressurementer diameter to prevent
collapse of holewell; self drilling aiguille, drill speed, rate of advance,
cutting edge distance, mud pressure and flow, etc. of self drilling
pressurementer test shall confirm to relevant regulations;
2. Loading levels may adopt 1/5-1/7 of the expected critical pressure, loading
level in the initial stage may select the smaller value; if necessary, it may
make unload anew loading test to test the anew loading pressurementer
modulus;
3. Each level pressure shall maintain for 1min or 2min, after this, apply lower
level pressure to maintain for 1min, and after loading for 15s, 30s and 60s,
then measure and read deformation amount, and then 2min later loading
for 15s, 30s, 60s and 120s, then measure and read the deformation amount;
4. When outspread volume of the measure cavity is equal to the inherence
volume of the measure cavity, or the pressure reaches maximum pressure
admitted by the instruments, it shall terminate the test.

10.7.4 Achievement analyses of pressurementer test shall include the following

content:

1. After the binding force and volume correction for all levels of pressure and
relevant volume (or recalculate to be radius increments) respectively,
protract pressure and volume curve if it is required, it may protract creep
curve;
2. Determining initial pressure, critical pressure and extreme pressure by
pressure and volume curve as well as combining with creep curve;
3. Calculate pressurementer modulus as the following formulae according to
tangential path slope of the pressure and volume curve:

V0  V f P (10.7.4)
E m  2(1   )(Vc  )
2 V

Where Em - Pressuremneter modulus (kPa);

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  - Poisson ratio shall select value according to formulae 10.2.5;
Vc - Initial inherence volume of pressurementer measure cavity (cm3);
V0 - Volume corresponding to initial pressure p0 (cm3);
Vf - Volume corresponding to critical pressure pf (cm3);
Δp/ΔV - Slope of pressurementer curve tangential path (kPa/cm3);

10.7.5 It may evaluate ground bearing capacity and distortion parameter according to
initial pressure, critical pressure, extreme pressure, and pressurementer
modulus and combined with regional experience. It may also measure to test
the soil in situ horizontal stress, static lateral pressure coefficient and
undrained shear strength, etc. according to pressurementer curve of the self
drilling pressurementer test.

10.8 Flat Dilatometer Test

10.8.1 Flat dilatometer test is applicable to soft soil, general clay soil, silty soil, loess,
and sandy soil of looseness to middle dense.

10.8.2 Technical requirements for flat dilatometer test shall be in accordance with the
following requirements:

1. Flat dilatometer test probe length shall be 230-240mm, width be 94-96mm,

thickness be 14-16mm, probe throat angle be 12°-16°, diameter of probe
side steel diaphragm be 60mm;
2. It shall make probe calibration before and after test for each pore, and
select average value of before and after the test to be the modified value;
eligible criteria of diaphragm is:

While calibration, air pressure measured value ΔA= 5-25kPa when it is

bulged to 0.05mm;
While calibration, air pressure measured value ΔB=10-110kPa when it is
bulged to 1.10mm;

3. While testing ,it shall be penetrated into the soil with static force evenly,
the penetration rate should be 2cm/s; the spacing between testing points
may be selecting 20-50cm;
4. After probe reaching the predetermined depth, it shall be pressurized and
depressurized with even rate, and measure diaphragm pressure A, B and
C's value of bulging to 0.05mm, 1.10mm and recur 0.05mm;
5. Flat dilatometer dissipation test shall be made within the testing depth,
time interval could be 1min, 2min, 4min, 8min, 15min, 30min, 90min,
after these, it my read once every 90min, until the ending of dissipation.

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10.8.3 Flat dilatometer test achievement analyses shall include the following content:

1. Correct the membrane tension for the testing measured data:

Po=1.05 (A-Zm-△A) – o.05 (B-Zm-△B) (10.8.3-1)
P1=B-Zm-△B (10.8.3-2)
P2=C-Zm+△B (10.8.3-3)

Where p0-Contact pressure before diaphragm bulging into the soil(kPa);

p1-Pressure of diaphragm bulging to 1.10mm(kPa);
p2-Terminate pressure of diaphragm bulging back to 0.05mm(kPa);
zm-Pressure gauge initial reading before zero setting(kPa);

2. Calculate the following indexes according to p0, p1 and p2:

ED=34.7(p1-p0) (10.8.3-4)
KD=(p0-u0)σvo (10.8.3-5)
ID=(p1-p0)/(p0-uo) (10.8.3-6)
UD=(p2-p0)/(P0-u0) (10.8.3-7)

Where ED - Dilatometer modulus (kPa);

KD - Dilatometer horizontal stress index;
ID - Dilatometer soil texture index;
UD - Dilatometer pore pressure index;
u0 - Hydrostatic pressure in the test depth (kPa);
σvo - Soil effective over burden pressure in the test depth (kPa)

3. Protract relation curve of ED, ID, KD and UD with depth.

10.8.4 It may distinguish soil group and determine clay soil state, static lateral
pressure coefficient and horizontal bed coefficient, etc. by according to flat
dilatometer test index and regional experience.

10.9 In-situ Direct Shear Test

10.9.1 Field direct shear test may be used to rock and soil mass themselves, shearing
test of rock and soil mass along weak structural plane weak structural plane as
well as interface of rock mass with other material, it may be divided into
anti-shearing test of rock and soil mass test block's shear failure under the
normal stress and along the shear plane, cleavage test (friction test) of rock
and soil mass shearing along the shear plane after the shearing and anti-cutting
test of rock mass shearing when normal stress is zero.

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10.9.2 Field direct shear test may be made in test adit, test pit, exploratory trench or
large-diameter borehole. When the shear plane is horizontal or near horizontal,
it may adopt flat stacking or inclined shearing method; when shear plane is
relatively steep, it may adopt wedge method.

Lithology of the same test group shall be equal fundamentally; the stressed
state shall be similar to the practical stress of the rock and soil mass in the
engineering.

10.9.3 Rock mass in each group in field direct shear test should not be less than 5;
shearing area shall not be less than 0.25m2. Minimal side length of the test
block should not be less than 50 cm; height should not be less than 0.5 times
of the minimal side length. Distance between the test blocks shall be larger
than 1.5 times of the minimal side length.

Soil mass test should not be less than 3 in each test group, shearing area be
less than 0.3m2, and height should not be less than 20 cm or be 4-8 times of
the maximum particle size, and shear plane slot shall be 1/3-1/4 of the minimal
particle diameter.

10.9.4 Technical requirements for field direct shear test shall be in accordance with
the following requirements:

1. When excavating the test pit, it shall avoid disturbance to the test block
and prominent variation of the moisture content; when test below the
underground water table, it shall avoid influence of water pressure and
seepage to the testing;
2. Normal load applied and shear load shall lie in center of shear plane and
shear slot; or make the resultant of Normal load and past the shear plane
center and keep stableness of Normal load.
3. Maximal normal load shall be larger than design load and be in accordance
with equivalent classification; load precision shall be ±2% of the test
maximum load;
4. Normal load of each test block may be divided into 4- 5 levels to apply;
when normal deformation reach relative stabilization state, it may apply
shear load;
5. Each level of shear load shall be equivalent applied according to 8%-10%
of pre-estimate maximum loading classification, or equivalent applied
according to 5%-10% of the normal load classification; rock mass be in
accordance with every 5-10 min, soil mass be in accordance with every
30s to apply one level of shear load;
6. When shear deformation rise rapidly or the shear deformation reach 1/10
of the test block dimension, it may terminate the test;

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 7. Determine residual shear strength according to test result of shearing
displacement be larger than 10 mm, if it is required, it may make friction
test along the shear plane.

10.9.5 Field direct shear test achievement analyses shall include the following
content:

1. Protract shearing stress and shearing displacement curve, shear stress and
vertical displacement curve and determine ratio strength, yield strength,
peak strength, dilatation points and dilatation strength;
2. Protract normal stress and ratio strength, yield strength, peak strength,
residual strength curve and determine relevant parameter.

10.10 Wave Celerity Testing

10.10.1Wave celerity testing is applicable to measure pressure wave, shear wave or

Rayleigh wave celerity of all manner of rock and soil mass, it may adopt
haplopore method, cross-hole shooting method or interface wave method
according to mission requirements.

10.10.2Technical requirements of haplopore method wave celerity testing shall be in

accordance with the following requirements:

1. Test hole shall be perpendicular;

2. Fix three-component geophone to the predetermined depth in the pore and
it shall be cling to the pore wall;
3. It may adopt terrain shock excitation or pore inside shock excitation;
4. It shall dispose combining with measuring point, vertical spacing of
measuring points should be 1-3m layers. Horizon variation section shall be
encrypted, and it should be tested from bottom to top point-to-point.

10.10.3Technical requirements of cross-hole shooting method wave celerity testing

shall be in accordance with the following requirements:

1. Vibration source pore and test pore shall be disposed in the same beeline;
2. Pore distance test pores in the soil layer should be 2-5m, in the rock
formation should be 8-15m, vertical spacing of the measuring points
should be 1-2m; near surface measuring points should dispose in 0.4 times
of the pore distance depth, seismic focus and rectifier shall be disposed in
the same elevation of the same strata;
3. When the measured test depth is larger than 15m, it shall measure shock
excitation pore and test hole gradient as well as inclined azimuth, the
measuring point spacing should be 1m.

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10.10.4Wave celerity testing of interface wave method may adopt transient method or
steady-state method, it should adopt low-frequency seismograph and the track
pitch may be determined according to site conditions through the test.

10.10.5Wave celerity testing achievement analyses shall include the following

content:

1. Identify first break time of pressure wave and shear wave in the waveform
recording;
2. Calculate measuring point distance from the vibration source;
3. Determine wave celerity according to wave propagation time and distance;
4. Calculate dynamic modulus of elasticity, dynamic shear modulus, and
dynamic Poisson ratio of geotechnical stress.

10.11 Rock Mass In-Situ Stress Testing

10.11.1Rock mass stress test is applicable to anhydrous, intact, or relatively intact

rock mass. Measure and calculate rock mass space stress and plane stress may
adopt pore wall strain method, aperture distortion method and bottom hole
strain method.

10.11.2When testing rock mass virgin stress, the measuring point depth shall exceed
stress influence area; when test in the underground grotto, the measuring point
depth shall exceed twice of the grotto diameter.

10.11.3Technical requirements for rock mass stress test shall be in accordance with
the following requirements:

1. In the measure section of measuring point, the lithology shall be

unity and intact;
2. Pore wall and bottom hole of the test hole shall be lubricate, level
off and dry
3. Stabilized reference is the difference of continuance thrice reading
(read once every 10 min) and it shall not exceed 5 με;
4. Testing reading in the same borehole shall not be less than thrice.

10.11.4 Confining pressure test after the core stress relieved shall be made within
24 hours, the pressure should divided into 5-10 levels, maximal pressure
shall be larger than maximal principal stress of the pre estimate rock
mass.

10.11.5 Interpretation of testing result shall meet the following requirements:

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 1. Calculate rock mass plane stress and space stress according to
testing achievement, the calculation method shall meet
requirements of current national standard "Standard for tests
method of engineering rock massas" (GB/T 50266);
2. Release strain value and depth according to core and protract
release process curve;
3. Protract pressure and strain relation curve according to confining
pressure test data and calculate elastic constant of rock.

10.12 Testing with Shock Excitation Method

10.12.1 Testing with shock excitation method can be used to test dynamic
property of natural foundation and artificial foundation and provide
dynamic property parameter such as foundation rigidity, damping ratio
and mass of vibration, etc. for vibration and vibration isolation designing
of dynamic machine foundation.
10.12.2 Testing with shock excitation method shall adopt forced vibration
method, when condition permitted, it should adopt forced vibration and
free vibration testing methods simultaneously.
10.12.3 When making testing with shock excitation method, it shall gather
information such as machine property, fundament form, base elevation,
foundation soil property and uniformity, underground structure as well as
disturb vibration source, etc.
10.12.4 Technical requirements for testing with shock excitation method shall be
in accordance with the following requirements:

1. The minimal operating frequency of mechanical type shock

excitation equipment should be 3-5 Hz, the maximal operation frequency
should be larger than 60 Hz; disturbing force of electromagnetism shock
excitation equipment should not be less than 600N;
2. Block fundamental dimension should be 2.0m * 1.5m * 1.0m. It
should adopt two blocks fundament to make the contrast test in the same
strata conditions, the area of base shall be conform, height be 1.0m and
1.5m respectively; pile foundation testing shall adopt two stumps, piles
spacing be designing spacing; distance between pile cap edge and pile
axial may be 1/2 of the pile spacing, pile cap aspect ratio shall be 2:1, the
height should not be less than 1.6m; when making contrast test for
different pile numbers, it shall increase pile numbers and correspondence
pile cap area; concrete strength level of testing fundament should not be
less than C15;
3. Testing fundament shall be disposed in surroundings of constructed
fundament and on the soil layer with similar property, its bottom surface
elevation shall be confirm to the constructed foundation base elevation;

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 4. It shall make testing in two conditions: clear-disposal and imbed. it
shall make tamping in layers for the imbed fundamental earth backing;
5. Accuracy, installation, testing method and requirements of
instrument and equipment shall confirm to stipulation in current national
standard "Code for measurement method of dynamic properties of
subsoil" (GB/T 50269).

10.12.5Achievement analyses of shall include the following content:

1. Forced vibration testing shall protract the following amplitude

frequency response:

1) Amplitude frequency response curve (Az-f curve) of vertical

vibration being vertical amplitude varied in response to frequency;
2) Amplitude frequency response curve (AxΦ-f curve) of horizontal
gyration coupled vibration being horizontal amplitude varied in
response to frequency and amplitude frequency response curve
(AzΦ–f curve) of vertical amplitude varied in response to frequency;
3) Amplitude frequency response curve (AxΦ-f curve) of torsional
vibration being horizontal in twisting disturbance moment actions
varied in response to frequency;

2. Free vibration testing shall protract the following oscillogram:

1) Vertical free vibration oscillogram;

2) Horizontal gyration coupled vibration oscillogram;

3. Calculate foundation rigidity factor, damping ratio and mass of

vibration according to amplitude frequency response curve of forced
vibration testing and oscillogram of free vibration testing as well as
current national standard "Code for measurement method of dynamic
properties of subsoil" (GB/T 50269).

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11 Indoor Test

11.1 General Requirements

11.1.1 Indoor test item and test method of geotechnical property shall confirm to the
stipulation of this chapter, its concrete operations and test apparatus shall
conform to current national standard "Standard for Soil Test Method" (GB/T
50123) and national standard "Standard for Tests Method of Engineering Rock
Massas" (GB/T 50266). When evaluate geotechnical engineering, the
parameter value adopted should compare with relevant in situ measurement
achievement or prototype observation back analysis achievement, and be
determined after the correction.

11.1.2 Test items and methods shall be determined according to engineering

requirements and geotechnical property characteristics. It shall consider
geotechnical in-situ stress field and stress history, as well as new stress field
and boundary condition caused by engineering activity when it is required,
make test conditions approach practical conditions; and pay attention to
geotechnical inhomogeneity, anisotropy and discontinuity as well as causing
differences of rock and soil mass and geotechnical samples between
engineering characteristics.

11.1.3 For the special test items, it shall workout special testing program.

11.1.4 It shall make visual inspection and concise description for the geotechnical
significance before preparing the samples.

11.2 Soil Physical Property Test

11.2.1 All manner of engineering shall all measure the following soil grade indexes
and physical property indexes:

Sandy soil: grain composition, specific weight, natural moisture content,

natural density, maximal and minimal density;

Silty soil: grain composition, liquid limit, plastic limit, specific weight, natural
moisture content, natural density, and organic content;

Clay soil: liquid limit, plastic limit, specific weight, natural moisture content,
natural density, and organic content.

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 Note: 1. if it can not take soil sample from level I, Ⅱ and Ⅲ for sandy soil, it may only make moisture
content and grain composition test;
2. Visual observations without organic matter, it may not make organic content test.

11.2.2 When test liquid limit, it shall adopt method in current national standard
"Standard for soil test method" (GB/T 50123) according to classification
evaluating requirements and it shall denote in the test report. Specific gravity
of experienced district may be determined according to experience.

11.2.3 When requiring providing soil permeability parameter for seepage analyses,
foundation trench precipitation designing, etc. it may make penetrant test.
Constant head test is applicable to sandy soil and soil aggregate; varying head
test is applicable to silty soil and clay soil; soft soil with low water
permeability may measure consolidation coefficient, volume compressibility,
calculate permeability coefficient by consolidation test. Selecting value for
soil permeability coefficient shall be determined after comparing with
achievement of field pumping test or injection test.

11.2.4 When it requires making quality control for soil backfill or reclamation work,
it shall make compaction test to test the relationship between dry density and
water content of the soil and determine maximal dry density and optimum
moisture content.

11.3 Soil Compress Consolidation Test

11.3.1 When making sedimentation calculation by adopting compressive modulus,

consolidation test maximal pressure shall be larger than effective sole weight
pressure and supplementary pressure sum of the soil, test result may rearrange
by using e - p curve, calculation for compression coefficient and compressive
modulus shall be adopted from effective sole weight pressure and
supplementary pressure sum of the soil pressure section. When considering pit
excavation unload and loading influence, it shall make rebound test, its
pressure application shall be similar to the practical load/unload state.

11.3.2 When calculate sedimentation by considering soil stress history, test result
shall be rearranged according to e-lgp curve and determine pre-consolidation
pressure as well as calculate compression index and swelling index. Applied
maximal pressure shall meet the requirements of protracting intact e-lgp curve.
Swelling index shall make once unload rebound and then load again until
scheduled final stage pressure completed after estimated pre-consolidation
pressure.

11.3.3 When it requires making sedimentation duration relation analysis, it shall

select part soil samples under pressure of the effective sole weight pressure

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 and supplementary pressure sum and make detailed consolidation duration
record, as well as calculate consolidation coefficient.

11.3.4 For the engineering on the thick bed high compression soft soil, it shall select
a certain quantity of soil samples to measure coefficient of secondary
consolidation when mission requiring, and use this to calculate secondary
consolidation settlement and its relationship with the duration.

11.3.5 When making stress-strain relation analyses of soil, and providing parameter
for nonlinear elasticity elastoplasticity and plastic, it may make triaxial
compression test, as well as it should meet the following requirements:

1. Make the sample consolidate respectively by adopting more than three

different fixing confining pressure, and then increase axle load
progressively till destruction; each confining pressure test should make
one to three times rebound and rearrange the test result into relation curve
of axial stress and axial strain in each fixing confining pressure;
2. Make isotropic consolidation isotropic consolidation test with confining
pressure being equal to isotropic consolidation and loading progressively
and then obtain relation curve of confining pressure and volumetric strain.

11.4 Soil Shear Strength Test

11.4.1 Test method of triaxial shear test shall be determined according to the
following conditions:

1. For saturate clay soil, when loading rate is relatively fast, it should
unconsolidated undrained (UU) test; saturate soft soil shall make test for
sample again after pre-consolidation under sole weight pressure;
2. It may adopt consolidation undrained (CU) test for foundation by
pre-compaction treatment, foundation with good drainage condition,
engineering with low loading rate or relatively fast loading rate but with
higher soil over-consolidation level, as well as requiring to checkout earth
slope stability when water level fall down rapidly; when it requires to
provide effective stress shearing strength indexes, it shall adopt
consolidation undrained measure pore water pressure (CU) test.

11.4.2 Test method of direct shear test shall be determined according to load types,
loading rate, and drainage condition of foundation soil. For soft clay with
internal friction angle Φ≈0, it may use level soil sample to make unconfined
compressive strength test.

11.4.3 Test shearing strength with shear breakage plane existed such as landslide belt,
it shall make residual strength test. When determining the calculating

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 parameter, it should be determined after comparing with achievement of field
observation back analysis.

11.4.4 When it is with special requirements for the geotechnical engineering

evaluation, it may make K0 consolidated-undrained test, K0
consolidated-undrained measure pore water pressure test, special stress ratio
consolidated-undrained test, plane strain compression test and plane strain
extension test, etc.

11.5 Soil kinetic Property Test

11.5.1 When engineering design requires to measured soil kinetic property, it may
dynamic triaxial test, dynamic simple shear test, or resonant column test.
While selecting test method and apparatus, it shall pay attention to the
applicability of dynamical strain.

11.5.2 Dynamic triaxiality and dynamic simple shear can be used to measure the
following kinetic property of the soil:

1. Dynamic modulus of elasticity, dynamic damping ratio and its relations

with dynamical strain;
2. Dynamic stress and dynamical strain relations in the pre-selected
circulation circles;
3. Liquefaction shear stress and dynamic stress circulation circles relations of
saturated soil.

11.5.3 Resonant column test can be used to measure dynamic modulus of elasticity
and dynamic damping ratio when the dynamical strain is small.

11.6 Rock Test

11.6.1 Rock compositions and physical property test may select the following items
according to engineering requirements:

1. Rock mine qualifying;

2. Grain density and block density test;
3. Water absorption and saturate water absorption test;
4. Slake-durability test;
5. Expansion test;
6. Freeze-thaw test

11.6.2 Uniaxial compressive strength test shall measure strength under dryness and
saturated state respectively as well as provide compressive ultimate strength
and softening coefficient. Elastic modulus and Poisson ratio of rock may be

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 measured according to uniaxial compression deformation. For anisotropy
obvious rock, it shall test strength of parallel and vertical stratification plane
respectively.

11.6.3 Rock triaxial compression test should select four types confining pressure
according to its stress condition and provide principal stress difference and
axial strain relation under different confining pressure, shearing strength
envelope curve, and intensive parameter c and value Φ.

11.6.4 Rock direct shear test may measure shearing strength on discontinuity surfaces
such as rock as well as cleavage plane, slip plane, fault surface, or rock
formation stratification plane, etc. and provide value of c and Φ as well as
shear stress and displacement curve under each normal stress.

11.6.5 Rock tensile strength test may apply a pair of linear load in the specimen
diametrical to make specimen destruct along diametrical and measure the rock
tensile strength indirectly.
11.6.6 When measure rock strength and modulus indirectly, it may make point load
test and acoustic velocity testing.

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12 Assessment of Water and Soil Corrosivity

12.1 Sampling and Testing

12.1.1 Corrosion evaluation can be left out when there are adequate experiences
or sufficient documents to recognize that soil or water (groundwater or
surface water) of engineering site and its surroundings have no
corrosiveness to constructional material. Otherwise, it is required to take
water or soil samples to conduct an experiment and evaluate their
corrosiveness to constructional material according to this chapter.

The evaluation of the soil to the steel structural corrosiveness may be made
according to the mission requirements.

12.1.2 Taking water and soil samples shall comply with the following provisions:

1. When concrete structure locates below groundwater level, soil sample

shall be taken to make the corrosion test.

2. When concrete locates in the underground water or surface water, water

sample shall be taken to conduct corrosion test of water;

3. When concrete structure locates above the underground water level and
parts locate under the underground water level, soil sample and water
sample shall be taken respectively to conduct corrosion test;

4. Water and soil samples shall be taken from the concrete structure-located
depth, and their sampling quantity shall be no less than two pieces at each
site. When the salt composition and content of the soil are distributed
unevenly, sampling shall be made by zoning and in layers, and that shall
be no less than two pieces for each zone and each layer.

12.1.3 Items and test method for water and soil corrosion test shall comply with
the following requirements:.
1 Test items of water corrosion on the concrete structure include: pH value,
Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO2-4, HCO3-, CO32-, Aggressiveness CO2, free CO2, NH4+,
OH- and the total salinity;
2 Test items of soil corrosion on the concrete structure include: analysis on pH
value, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO2+4, HCO3-, eutectic salt of CO32- (soil-to-water
ratio is 1: 5);
3 Test items of soil corrosion on the steel structure include: pH value, redox

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 potential, polarization current density, resistivity and mass loss;
4 The test method of the corrosiveness test items shall be in accordance with
those specified in Table 12.1.3.

Table 12.1.3 Items of corrosion test

No. Test items Test method

1 PH value Electrometric method or fastigiated electrode method

2+
2 Ca EDTA Volumetric method
2+
3 Mg EDTA Volumetric method
4 Cl- Mohr's method
5 SO42- EDTA Volumetric method or mass method
-
6 HCO3 Acidimetry
2-
7 CO3 Acidimetry
8 Aggressiveness CO2 Gaiyer method
9 Free CO2 Alkaalimetric titration method
-
10 NH4 Nesster's reagent colorimetric method
-
11 OH Acidimetry
12 total salinity Calculation method
13 redox potential Platinum electrode method
14 polarization current density In-situ polarization method
15 resistivity Four-electrode method
16 mass loss Tube-pot method

12.1.4 The water and soil corrosion to the building materials may be classified
into four levels: micro, weak, moderate and strong, and they may be
evaluated according to Section 12.2 of this Code.

12.2 Corrosion Evaluation

12.2.1 Influenced by environmental form, corrosiveness of water and soil to

concrete structure shall comply with those specified in table 12.2.1;
demarcation of environmental form shall be conducted according to Annex
G of this standard.

Table 12.2.1 Corrosion evaluation of water and soil to concrete structure

according to environmental form
Environmental form
Corrosion level Corrosive medium
I II Ⅲ
weak Vitriol content <200 <300 <500
medium SO2-4 200~500 300~1500 500~3000

137
 strong (mg/L) 500~1500 >3000 3000~6000
>1500 >6000
Magnesium salt <1000 <2000 <3000
weak
content 1000~2000 2000~3000 3000~4000
medium 2+
Mg 2000~3000 3000~4000 4000~5000
strong
(mg/L) >3000 >4000 >5000
Ammonium salt <100 <500 <800
weak
content 100~500 500~800 800~1000
medium
NH+4 500~800 800~1000 1000~1500
strong
(mg/L) >800 >1000 >1500
Caustic alkali <35000 <43000 <57000
weak
content 35000~43000 43000~57000 57000~70000
medium -
OH 43000~57000 57000~70000 70000~100000
strong
(mg/L) > 57000 >70000 >100000
<10000 <20000 <50000
weak
Total mineralization 10000~20000 20000~50000 50000~60000
medium
(mg/L) 20000~50000 50000~60000 60000~70000
strong
>50000 >60000 >70000
Note:
1. Values listed in table are applicable to situation of alternation of wetting and drying for I and II-form
environment, Vitriol content SO42- ; if without alternation of wetting and drying, values listed in table shall
be multiplied by coefficient of 1.3;
2. Values listed in table are applicable to non-frost zone (section); for frost zone (section), values listed in table
shall be multiplied by coefficient of 0.8; for partial freezing zone (section), those values shall be multiplied
by 0.9;
3. Values listed in table are applicable to corrosion evaluation of water; for corrosion evaluation of soil, those
values shall be multiplied by 1.5; unit shall be expressed with mg/kg;
4. (OH-) content in caustic alkali (mg/L) as listed in the table shall be sum of OH- content (mg/l) in NaOH and
KOH.
12.2.2 Corrosion evaluation of water and soil to concrete structure influenced by
strata penetrability shall comply with those specified in table 12.2.2.
Table 12.2.2 Corrosion evaluation of water and soil to concrete structure
according to strata penetrability
Corrosion PH value Corrosive CO2(mg/L) HCO-3(mmol/L)
Level A B A B A
>6.5 >5.0 <15 <30 >1.0
Weak
6.5~5.0 5.0~4.0 15~30 30~60 1.0~0.5
Medium
5.0~4.0 4.0~3.0 30~60 60~100 <0.5
Strong
<4.0 < 3.5 > 60 - -
Note:
1. A refers to groundwater of directly approach water or strong permeable layer; B refers to groundwater of
weak permeable layer; the strong permeable layer refers to gravel soil and sandy soil; the poor permeable
layer refers to silty soil and cohesive soil;
2. HCO-3 Content refers to corrosiveness of HCO-3 of such kind of soft water whose salinity below 0.1g/L;

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3. Corrosion evaluation of soil only consider PH indices When evaluate its corrosiveness, A refers to strong
permeable soil layer; B refers to poor permeable soil layer.

12.2.3 When corrosion level evaluated according to table 12.2.1 and 12.2.2 are
different, it is required to do overall evaluation according to the following
provision:

1. In corrosion levels, when there is only weak corrosion without medium

corrosion or strong corrosion, it shall be evaluated as weak corrosion;

2. In corrosion levels, when maximum is medium corrosion rather than

strong corrosion, it shall be evaluated as medium corrosion;

3. If there is one or more is strong corrosion in corrosion level, it shall be

evaluated as strong corrosion.

12.2.4 Corrosion evaluation of water and soil to steel bar shall comply with those
specified in table 12.2.4.

Table 12.2.4 Corrosion evaluation of steel bar in reinforced concrete structure

Cl - content in water(mg/L) Cl - content in soil(mg/kg)
Corrosion level Long-term Alternation of
soil layer ω<20% Soil layer ω≥20%
immersion wetting and drying
<10000 <100 <400 <250
Weak
10000~20000 100~500 400~750 250~500
Medium
- 500~5000 750~7500 500~5000
Strong
- > 5000 > 7500 > 5000
Note: A refers to gravel soil, sandy soil, hard and hard plastic cohesive soil above the underground water
level; B refers to the wet, extremely wet silty soil, plastic, soft plastic and flow plastic cohesive soil.

12.2.5 Corrosion evaluation of soil to steel structure shall respectively comply

with those specified in table 12.2.5.
Table 12.2.5 Corrosion evaluation of soil to steel structure
Polarization
Corrosion Oxidation-reduction Resistivity
pH current density Mass loss (g)
level potential (mV) (Ω·m) 2
(mA/cm )
>5.5 >400 >100 <0.02 <1
Weak
5.5~4.5 400~200 100~50 0.02~0.05 1~2
Medium
4.5~3.5 200~100 50~20 0.05~0.20 2~3
Strong
< 3.5 < 100 <20 > 0.20 >3
Note: Corrosion evaluation of soil to the steel structure takes the highest one among all of the corrosion
levels.

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12.2.6 Protection for corrosion of water and soil to constructional material shall
comply with those specified in current national standard (GB
50046).”Code for anticorrosion design of industrial constructions”.

140
13 In-situ Inspection and Monitoring

13.1 General Provisions

13.1.1 On-site inspection and monitoring shall be conducted during engineering

construction period; for engineering of special requirements, it is required to
determine necessary items in accordance with engineering characteristics and
continue the construction at usage period.

13.1.2 Record, data, and figure of on-site inspection and monitoring shall be kept
perfectly and shall interpret and analyses according to engineering
requirements.

13.1.3 On-site inspection and monitoring documents shall be sent to the parties
concerned in time. When monitoring data approach to critical value of
endangering engineering, it is required to reinforce monitoring and report in
time.

13.1.4 After complete on-site inspection and monitoring, it is required to commit

outcome report; the report shall be attached with relation curve and drawing; it
is also required to conduct analysis weighting and offer a proposal.

13.2 Inspection and Monitoring for Foundation of Ground Base

13.2.1 After excavate foundation trench (foundation ditch) of natural foundation, it is

required to inspect whether exposed foundation condition accord with
reconnaissance report. It is required to offer treatment measures or proposal
for revising design if abnormal circumstance exists. When there are many
differences with reconnaissance report, it is required to make suggestion for
conducting construction reconnaissance. Inspection should include following
contents:

1. Distribution and property of rock and soil;

2. Groundwater situation;

3. For soil-ground base, it is allowed to adopt light-duty fastigiated dynamic

sounding or other instrument to conduct inspection

13.2.2 It is required to inspect whether rock and soil condition accord with
reconnaissance report through probe boring or probe boring for pile

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 foundation project. It is required to put forward treatment measures if meet
abnormal circumstance. When there are many differences with reconnaissance
report, it is required to make suggestion for conducting construction
reconnaissance. It is required to inspect bearing capacity of individual pile
with method combining load test and dynamic measurement. For hole-digging
pile of major diameter, it is required to inspect dimension of bottom hole and
rock and soil situation pile by pile.

13.2.3 Inspection for foundation treatment effect can be conducted with some
methods besides load test, such as static sounding, circular cone dynamic
sounding, standard penetration test, lateral pressure test, wave celerity test.
And these tests shall be conducted according to those specified in chapter 10
of this standard.

13.2.4 Monitoring scheme for foundation trench engineering shall be determined in

accordance with site conditions and construction design of excavation support;
and the scheme shall include following contents:

1. Deformation of support structure;

2. Ground deformation of periphery of foundation trench;

3. Deformation of adjacent projects and underground facility;

4. Groundwater level;

5. Situations such as leakage, water belching, scouring, and piping.

13.2.5 It is required to conduct settlement observation for the following projects:

1. Building whose foundation design level of ground base is a grade;

2. Building of B grade on heterogeneous foundation or poor subsoil projects

which make ground base stress have obvious changes such as adding layer,
expanding construction keeping on construction, adjacent excavation and
heaped load

3. Project whose groundwater level has great changes for reason of pumping;

4. Other projects need settlement observation specified in other related

standards.

13.2.6 Settlement observation shall be executed according to those specified in

current standard Code for measurement of building deformation (JGJ 8).

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13.2.7 It is allowed to conduct the following monitoring for rock and soil body when
project requires:

1. Test for convergence quantity of grotto or rock slope;

2. Measure recurrent magnitude of excavation;

3. Measurement for soil pressure or rock mass stress;

13.3 Monitoring for Bad Geological Action and Geologic Hazard

13.3.1 It is required to conduct monitoring for bad geological action and geologic
hazard for the following situations:

1. When there is bad geological action or geologic hazard near site and may
endanger safety or regular service of engineering;

2. When engineering construction and operation may accelerate development

of bad geological action or arouse geologic hazard;

3. Engineering construction and operation may bring particular adverse

effects on nearby environment.

13.3.2 For monitoring for bad geological action and geologic hazard, it is required to
compile monitoring compendium in accordance with geologic condition of
site and nearby; and the monitoring shall be conducted according to the
compendium. Contents of compendium are: purpose and requirement of
monitoring, monitoring items, distribution of measuring points, observing
interval and time limit, observation instrument, method and accuracy, data and
figure shall be submitted; and offer calamity prediction and proposal of
adopting measures in time.

13.3.3 For development area of Karst earth cave, it is required to put emphasis upon
monitoring following contents:

1. Ground deformation;

2. Dynamic variation of groundwater level;

3. Pumping situation of field zone and nearby area;

4. Influence of groundwater level variation to earth cave development and

collapse occurrence,

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13.3.4 Landslide surveillance should include following contents:

1. Displacement of sliding mass;

2. Position and slippage of slip surface;

3. Occurrence and development of landslide cracks;

4. Groundwater level, flow direction, flow rate of spring water and interstitial
water pressure of sliding zone inside and outside sliding mass;

5. Occurrence and development of displacement, deformation, and crack of

support structure and other engineering works.

13.3.5 It is required to monitor tension crack when required to determine stability of

dilapidation desquamation body or dangerous rock. For dilapidation that may
bring great hazard, it is required to conduct system monitoring and then
predict time, scale, direction, method and influence circle of possible
dilapidation according to monitoring results.

13.3.6 For present worked-out section, it is required to observe remove of ground

surface and deformation of building and the following provisions shall be met:

1. Observation line shall be distributed by parallel and vertical to direction of

mineral layer, and their length shall exceed range of moving basin;

2. Spacing of observing points can be determined according to mining depth

and they shall be approximately equal.

3. Observation period shall be determined according to epidermal

deformation velocity and mining depth.

13.3.7 For land subsidence caused from pumping of urban or industrial park, it is
required to conduct regional land subsidence monitoring; requirement and
method of monitoring shall comply with related standards.

13.4 Monitoring of Groundwater

13.4.1 It is required to conduct groundwater monitoring under the following

situations:

1. When water table fluctuation influence stableness of rock and soil;

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 2. Phreatic rise create uplift pressure and have great influence to
moisture-proof, waterproof ability or stability of basement or underground
structure;

3. When construction dewatering has great influence to proposed project or

adjacent project;

4. Variation of interstitial water pressure and groundwater pressure caused by

variation of construction or ambient condition has great influence to
engineering design or construction;

5. When falling of groundwater level make regional land subsidence;

6. Water table fluctuation may make rock and soil soften, collapse and
bulging and crinkling;

7. When it is required to evaluate influence of contaminant travel to

environment.

13.4.2 Distribution of monitoring work shall be determined according to monitoring

purpose, site conditions, engineering requirement, and geohydrologic
condition.

13.4.3 Groundwater monitoring method shall comply with the following provisions:

1. It is allowed to install special observation ports of groundwater level for

groundwater level monitoring, or conduct by using water well and natural
groundwater outcrop;

2. Pore pressure gauge and manometer can be used for monitoring interstitial
water pressure and groundwater pressure;

3. When monitor water quality with chemical analytical method, sampling

times shall be no less than 4 per year; and it is required to analyses related
items.

13.4.4 Monitoring time shall satisfy the following requirements:

1. Dynamic monitoring time shall be no less than one water year;

2. When variation of interstitial water pressure could influence project safety,

it is required to stop monitoring since interstitial water pressure down to
safe value;

145
3. For project suffered uplift pressure of groundwater, groundwater pressure
monitoring should not stop until engineering load is larger than uplift
pressure;

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14 Geotechnical Engineering Analysis Assessment and Result Report

14.1 General Provisions

14.1.1 Analysis weighting for rock and soil engineering shall be conducted on the
basis of engineering geologic mapping, exploration, test and gathering
available information and integrating characteristic and requirement of
engineering. Analysis weighting for all manner of engineering, rock, and soil
with bad geological action and geologic hazard as well as different kinds of
specialty shall respectively comply with those specified in Chapter 4, 5, 6 of
this standard.

14.1.2 Analysis weighting for rock and soil engineering shall comply with the
following requirements:

1. Fully master sort, characteristic, load situation and deformation control of

engineering structure;

2. Grasp geological setting of site, consider heterogeneity, anisotropy, and

time-variation of rock and soil material, and evaluate uncertainty of rock
and soil parameters. Determine the optimal valuation;

3. Fully consider local experience and experience of similar engineering;

4. For problems of rock and soil engineering like sufficient theory gist and
few practical experiences, it is allowed to get measured data through onsite
model test or full scale test to conduct analysis weighting;

5. If necessary, it is suggested to adjust design and construction scheme

through construction monitoring.

14.1.3 For analysis weighting of rock and soil engineering, it is required to conduct
quantitative analysis on the basis of qualitative analysis. It is required to do
quantitative analysis for deformation, strength and stableness of rock and soil
body; for suitability of site, stability of site's geologic condition, it is allowed
to only do qualitative analysis.

14.1.4 Calculation for rock and soil engineering shall comply with the following
requirements:

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 1. Calculation according to limit state of bearing capacity can be used to
evaluate bearing capacity of rock and soil foundation as well as stability of
side slope, retaining wall and foundation; it is allowed to calculate with
partial coefficient or overall safety factor; when experiences are equipped,
it is allowed to make calculation with resisting power acceptable value of
implied safety factor;

2. Re-computation control conducted according to requirements of limiting

state for normal use is useful for evaluating deformation of rock and soil
body, dynamic response, water permeability and inflow of water.

14.1.5 Analysis weighting for rock and soil engineering shall be conducted according
to reconnaissance level differences of rock and soil engineering.
Reconnaissance for rock and soil engineering of C grade can be conducted
according to experience of adjacent engineering by integrating test data of
feeler inspection and boring with sampling; Reconnaissance for rock and soil
engineering of B grade shall be conducted on the basis of detailed prospecting
and test as well as integrating experience of adjacent engineering, and also
supply strength and deformation indices of rock and soil; reconnaissance for
rock and soil engineering of a grade shall be conducted according to
requirements of B grade, furthermore, it is appropriate to supply documents of
load test and it is required to specially study to complex problems in the
document and inspect conclusion of evaluation by integrating monitoring.

14.1.6 When task required, according to engineering prototype or measurement

results of full scale test about property of rock and soil body, it is allowed to
reverse calculate rock and soil parameter and verify design calculation as well
as examine engineering effect or accident cause.

14.2 Analyses and Adoption of Rock and Soil Parameter

14.2.1 Rock and soil parameter shall be adopted according to engineering

characteristic and geologic condition and it is required to evaluate its
reliability and applicability according to following contents.

1. Sampling method and influence of other factors to test result;

2. Adopted test methods and value-taking standard;

3. Analyses and comparison for results gotten through different testing

method;

4. Dispersion degree of test result;

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 5. Testing method and matching property of computation module;

14.2.2 Parametric statistics for rock and soil shall comply with the following
requirements:

1. Physical mechanics indices of rock and soil shall be respectively counted

according to engineering geologic unit and horizons of site;

2. It is required to calculate mean value, standard deviation and coefficient of

variation according to following formulae:
n (14.2.2-1)
 i
m  i 1

 (14.2.2-2)
 n  
2

   i  
1  n 2  i 1  
f   i  n 
n  1  i 1
 
 

f (14.2.2-3)

m

Where:

 m - Mean value of rock and soil parameter;

σf - Standard deviation of rock and soil parameters;

δ - Compiling coefficient of rock and soil parameters.

3. Analyses distribution of data and explain option standard of data.

14.2.3 It is appropriate to draw figure about variation of major parameters in the

depth, and divide into correlation type and noncorrelation type according to
variation characteristic. If necessary, it is required to analyses variation law of
parameter along horizontal direction.

For parameter of correlation type, it is appropriate to determine residual

standard deviation according to the following formula by integrating empirical
relation between rock and soil parameter and depth, and also use residual
standard deviation to calculate coefficient of variation.

149
  r   f 1 r2 (14.2.3-1)

r (14.2.3-2)

m

Where:

σr - Residual standard deviation

r - Correlation coefficient; for non-correlation type, r＝0.

14.2.4 Normal value φk of rock and soil parameter Can be determined according to
the following method:

 k  rs m (14.2.4-1)

 1.704 4.678  (14.2.4-2)

rs  1    2 
 n n 

Where: rs - Statistic compensation factor

Note: Positive or negative sign in formula shall be considered as disadvantage combination, for example:
compensation factor of shearing strength indices shall take negative value.

Statistic compensation factors also can be adopted according to sort and

significance of rock and soil engineering, variability of parameter, number of
statistical data as well as experience.

14.2.5 In reconnaissance report of rock and soil engineering, it is required to supply

rock and soil parameter value according to the following different situations:

1. In general situation, it is required to supply mean value of rock and soil

parameter, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, data distribution
scope and quantity of data.

2. Normal value of rock and soil parameter required for calculation for limit
state of bearing capacity shall be calculated according to formula
(14.2.4-1); when there are value-taking method specially specified in
design specifications, it can be executed according to relevant standards.

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14.3 Basic Requirements of Outcome Report

14.3.1 Source material of reconnaissance report for rock and soil engineering can be
used after tidy up, inspection, analyses, and affirmation without fault.

14.3.2 Reconnaissance report of rock and soil engineering shall be prepared with
integrated document, data without fault, clear figure, conclusion with gist and
reasonable suggestion and; and also shall be true and precise, easy to use and
fit for long-term storage; and it is required to adjust measures to local
conditions, and possess obvious emphases as well as definite engineering
pertinence.

14.3.3 Reconnaissance report of rock and soil engineering shall be compiled

according to task requirement, phase of exploration, engineering characteristic
and geologic condition

1. Reconnaissance purpose, task requirement and technical standard of gist;

2. Upcoming construction information;

3. Distribution of reconnaissance method and works;

4. Terrain, strata, architectonic, rock and soil property and uniformity of site;

5. Property indices of rock and soil, strength parameter, deformation

parameter, recommended value of ground bearing capacity;

6. Occurrence situation, type, water level and variation of groundwater;

7. Corrosiveness of soil and water to constructional material;

8. Description for bad geological action that may influence stableness of

engineering, as well as evaluation on extent of injury to engineering;

9. Evaluation on stability and suitability of site.

14.3.4 Reconnaissance report of geotechnical engineering shall conduct analytic

demonstration to utilization, regulation and transformation proposal of rock
and soil; as well as offer a proposal; for possible geotechnical engineering
problems occur at engineering construction and operation period, raise
proposal of monitoring and preventive measures.

14.3.5 Outcome report shall attach the following figure:

151
 1. Layout chart of exploration points;

2. Engineering geological histogram;

3. Sectional view of engineering geology;

4. Outcome chart of in-situ measurement;

5. Outcome chart of indoor test.

Note: When required, it is allowed to attach integrative engineering geological map,

generalized geological section, water table map, sketch, photo, aggregate analysis
chart as well as utilization, regulation and upgrading option of rock and soil,
including related chart, calculation diagram of rock and soil engineering and
calculation outcome chart.

14.3.6 Suggestion on utilization, regulation, and transformation of rock and soil

should conduct technical and economic proof of different scheme and put
forward suggestions about requirements of design, construction, and field
monitoring. .

14.3.7 If task requires, the following special reports shall be submitted. :

1. Test report of rock and soil engineering;

2. Inspection or monitoring report for rock and soil engineering;

3. Accident survey and analysis report of rock and soil engineering;

4. Report on utilization, regulation or upgrading option of rock and soil;

5. Technology consultation report on special rock and soil engineering

problems.

14.3.8 Letters, terms, codes, signs, numbers, measurement units, and gauge marks of
reconnaissance report shall meet those specified in national related standards.

14.3.9 Outcome report content for reconnaissance of rock and soil engineering of C
grade can be simplified properly, and shall focus on figures and assist with
necessary description; for outcome report of reconnaissance of a-grade rock
and soil engineering, not only those specified in this section shall be met but
also submit special test report, research report or monitoring report for special
rock and soil engineering problems.

152
153
 Annex A: Rock/soil Classification and Verification

A.0.1 the rock hardness degree can be classified according to the qualitative standards
stated in Table A.0.1.

Table A.0.1: Qualitative Classification of Rock Hardness Degree

Hardness degree Qualitative verification Typical rock
Hard Harder Clear stamping sound, rebound, Non-weathered - slightly weathered granite,
rock rock hand-shocking, hard to shatter, diorite, diabase, basalt, andesite, gneiss,
basically no water absorption reaction quartzite, quartz, sand silica, psephite and cherty
limestone, etc.
Hard Relatively clear stamping sound, slight 1. slightly weathered harder rock;
rock rebound, slight hand-shocking, 2. non-weathered - slightly weathered marble,
relatively hard to shatter, slight water slate, limestone, dolomite and calcareous
absorption reaction sandstone, etc.
Soft Soft rock Unclear stamping sound; no rebound, 1. moderately weathered - highly weathered
rock easy to shatter, can use fingernails to harder rock or hard rock;
scratch strokes on the rock after 2. non-weathered - slightly weathered tuff,
soaking phyllite, marlite and soft sandy mudstone, etc.
Softer Dumb stamping sound; no rebound, 1. Highly weathered harder rock or hard rock;
rock pitted, easy to shatter, can break off 2. moderately weathered- highly weathered soft
with fingers and thumb after soaking rock;
3. non-weathered - slightly weathered shale,
mudstone and argillaceous sandstone, etc.
Softest rock Dumb stamping sound; no rebound, 1. all kinds of fully-weathered rocks;
deeply pitted, be crumbled with 2. all kinds of semi-diagenesis rock
fingers, can be pelletized after soaking

A.0.2 The rock mass integrity degree can be classified according to the qualitative
standards stated in Table A.0.2.

Table A.0.2: Qualitative classification of Rock Mass Integrity Degree

Integrity degree Structural surface richness Incorporation degree Type of the Relevant
degree of the main structural major structural structure type
Group Average surface surface
number interval (m)
More integral 1-2 >1.0 Good or general Fissure, bedding Integral
surface condition or
extremely heavy
layer structure
Integral 1-2 > 1.0 Bad Fissure, bedding Massive or
surface heavy layer
structure

154
 2-3 1.0-0.4 Good or general Massive
structure
Breaking 2-3 1.0-0.4 Bad Fissure, bedding Fissure block or
surface, minor medium-thick
fault layer structure
≥3 0.4-0.2 Good Inlaid
cataclastic
structure
General Intermediate
and thin layer
structure
More breaking ≥3 0.4-0.2 Bad All kinds of Fissure massive
structural structure
≤ 0.2 General or bad surface Crack block
structure
Bad Disorder Bad incorporation Bulk structure
incorporation
Note: the average interval is referred to the average interval value of the main structural surface (1-2 groups).

A.0.3 The rock weathering degree can be classified according to the provisions of
Table A.0.3.

Table A.0.3: Rock Weathering Degree Classification

Weathering degree Field characteristics Weathering degree parameters

Wave velocity Weathering

ratio, Kv coefficient, Kf
Non-weathered The rock mass is unaltered and shows little 0.9-1.0 0.9-1.0
weathering trace
Slightly weathered The structure is basically not changed, and the 0.8-0.9 0.8-0.9
joint plane has some tincture or slight
discoloration, has a few weathering fissures
Moderately weathered The structural parts are damaged, and there is 0.6-0.8 0.4-0.8
the secondary mineral in the joint planes; the
weathering fissures are evolved and the rock
mass is cut into blocks. It's hard to dig with
pickaxe and the core driller can drill into the
rock mass
Highly-weathered A majority of the structure is damaged, and 0.4-0.6 < 0.4
the mineral components are changed
prominently, and the weathering fissures are
evolved, the rock mass is breaking, and it can
be dug with pickaxe but it's uneasy to drill in
through dry drilling method

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Fully-weathered The structure is damaged basically, but it can 0.2-0.4 -
be recognized, and still has some relic
structure intensity. It can be dug with pickaxe
can drilled in through dry drilling methods
Residual soil The organization structure is fully damaged < 0.2 -
and weathered into soil shape; it's easy to
excavate with hoe or pickaxe, and to drill
through dry drilling method. It has plasticity.

Note: 1. the wave velocity ratio Kv is the ratio of the compressional wave velocity of weathered rock and unaltered
rock.
2. The weathering coefficient Kf is the ratio of the saturated uniaxial compressive strength between the weathered
rock and the unaltered rock;
3. The rock weathering degree can be classified according to the local experiences in addition to the field
characteristics and quantitive indicators listed in the table;
4. The granitoid rocks can be classified according to the standard penetration test results: N ≥ 50, highly-weathered;
50>N≥30, fully-weathered; N<30, residual soil;
5. The mudstone semi-diagenesis rock can be not involved in the weathering degree classification.

A.0.4 the rock mass structure type can be classified according to Table A.0.4:

Table A.0.4: Rock Mass Structure Type Classification

Rock mass Rock mass Structure shape Evolution of the Geotechnical Contingent
structure type geological type structural surface engineering geotechnical
characteristics engineering
problem
Integral Massive Massive block Give priority to Stable rock Partially
structure magmatite and bedding surface, mass, can be slipped or
metamorphic and seemed as the collapsed, the
rock, heavy layer protogenic/tectonic homogeneous rock burst
of sedimentary joints, mostly elastically structure type
rock show close type, isotropic body that is deeply
the interval is buried in the
greater than 1.5m, cavity
generally 1-2
groups, without
any risk structure
Massive Heavy layer Massive, Has a few The structural
structure sedimentary rock, styloid penetrable joint surfaces are
massive fissure, and the mutually
magmatite and structural surface restraint, and
metamorphic rock interval is the rock mass is
0.7-1.5m. basically stable,
Generally, it's 2-3 approaching to

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 groups and has a the elastically
few isolated bodies isotropic body

Layer Multi-rhythm thin Lamellate plate Have bedding, The It can be

structure layer, moderate- shape schistose and joint, deformation slumped along
bedded and has interlayer and intensity the structural
sedimentary rock, dip-slip offset are controlled surface, and the
para-metamorphic by the bedding softer rock can
rock surface, and generate plastic
can be seemed deformation
as the
aeolotropy
elastoplastic
body, poor
stability
Crack block The broken rock Fragment Faultage, joint, The integral It's easy to
structure that has severe shape schistosity, strength is generate
structure bedding evolution, extremely low, large-scale rock
influence the structural and controlled mass
surface interval is by the weak destabilization
0.2- 0.50m; structural plane, and the
generally more presenting groundwater
than 3 groups, elastoplastic can aggravate
have many isolated body, and the such a
bodies stability hereof destabilization
is poor
Bulk structure Shattered fault Crumb-like The structure and The integrality It's easy to
zone, the weathering is suffered from generate
high-weathered fissures are dense, huge damage, large-scale rock
and and the structural presenting poor mass
fully-weathered surface is stability and destabilization
zone complicated, filled approaching to and the
with clay soil to the loose bulk groundwater
form disordered media can aggravate
patches and such a
crumbs destabilization

A.0.5 The organic content of the soil can be classified according to Table A.0.5.

Table A.0.5: Soil Organic Content Classification

Item Organic On-site identification characteristics Remark

content,

Wu (%)

Inorganic soil Wu< 5%

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Organic soil 5%≤Wu≤10% Mouse color, luster, odorous, including humic 1. if the one can identify the soil on site or has

substance and incompletely decomposed animal the local experience, the organic content

and plant body; showing bubble in the water measurement can be exempted;

surface after soaking; the volume is shrink after 2. when ω > ω L, 1.0 ≤ e < 1.5, it's named as

drying silty soil

3. when ω > ω L, e ≥ 1.5, it's named as silt

Peat soil 10%<WU≤60 Deep gray or black color, fishy odor, can find out According to the local characteristics and

%<div> incomplete decomposed plant structure, the body demands, it can be subdivided according to

is expanded after soaking, it's easy to disintegrate, Wu as:

has plant trash floated in the later, obvious drying Weak peat soil (10% < Wu ≤ 25%)

shrinkage Moderate peat soil (25% < Wu ≤ 40%)

High peat soil (40% < Wu ≤ 60%)

Peat coal Wu > 60% In addition to the characteristics of the peat soil, it

also has obvious features like loose structure,

lightweight soil, dark, lackluster and drying

shrinkage

Note: the organic content Wu can be identified according to the ignition loss test.

A.0.6 the field identification of the soil aggregate compactness can be classified
according to Table A.0.6.

Table A.0.6: Field Identification of the Soil Aggregate Compactness

Compactness Skeleton particle content and Digging property Drillability

arrangement

Loose The skeleton particle weight is less than It can be excavated by hoe, and It's easy to drill in, and the

60% of the total weight, the arrangement the side wall is easy to collapse, slight bouncing of the drill

is disordered, and a majority of them are when taking out the bulky article stem can make the pore wall be

not contacted from the side wall, it will be collapsed

collapsed immediately

Moderate compact The skeleton particle weight is equal to It can be excavated with hoe, and It's hard to drill in, and the

60-70% of the total weight, the the side wall has flake-off bouncing of the drop hammer

arrangement is staggered, and a majority phenomenon, when taking out the is not acute, and the pore wall

of them are contacted large article from the side wall, it has collapse phenomenon

can still remain concavity

Compact The skeleton particle weight is greater It's hard to excavation with hoe or It's hard to drill in, and the

than to 70% of the total weight, the pickaxe, but it can be loosen with bouncing of the drop hammer

arrangement is staggered, and series crowbar, and the side wall is is acute, and the pore wall is

them are continually contacted relatively stable stable

Note: the compactness shall be integrally identified according to the listed characteristics.

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 Annex B: Blow Count Correction of Taper Dynamic Sounding

B.0.1 when the heavy taper dynamic sounding is adopted to identify the compactness
of the soil aggregate, the blow count N’63.5 shall be corrected according to the
following formula:
N63.5=α1·N’63.5 (B.0.1)
Where: N63.5 - the corrected blow count of heavy taper dynamic sounding;
α1- the correction coefficient, taken from Table B.0.1;
N’63.5- the actually-measured blow count of heavy taper dynamic sounding

Table B.0.1: Correction Coefficient of the Blow Count of Heavy Taper Dynamic
Sounding
N′63.5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 ≥ 50
L(m)
2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
4 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.92 0.90 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.84
6 0.93 0.90 0.88 0.85 0.83 0.81 0.79 0.78 0.75
8 0.90 0.86 0.83 0.80 0.77 0.75 0.73 0.71 0.67
10 0.88 0.83 0.79 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.67 0.64 0.61
12 0.85 0.79 0.75 0.70 0.67 0.64 0.61 0.59 0.55
14 0.82 0.76 0.71 0.66 0.62 0.58 0.56 0.53 0.50
16 0.79 0.73 0.67 0.62 0.57 0.54 0.51 0.48 0.45
18 0.77 0.70 0.63 0.57 0.53 0.49 0.46 0.43 0.40
20 0.75 0.67 0.59 0.53 0.48 0.44 0.41 0.39 0.36
Note: for the purpose of the table, L is the length of the perch.

B.0.2 When the extra-heavy type taper dynamic sounding is adopted to identify the
compactness of the soil aggregate, the blow count N120 shall be corrected according
to the following formula:
N120=α2·N′120 (B.0.2)
Where: N'120 - the corrected blow count of extra-heavy taper dynamic sounding;
α2- the correction coefficient, taken from Table B.0.2;
N′120-- the actually measured blow counts of extra-heavy taper dynamic sounding.

Table B.0.2: Correction Coefficient of the Blow Count of Extra-Heavy Taper

Dynamic Sounding
N′120 1 3 5 7 9 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
L(m)
1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
2 0.96 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.88
3 0.94 8.88 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.84 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.81 0.81
5 0.92 0.82 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.72
7 0.90 0.78 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.68 0.68 0.67 0.66

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9 0.88 0.75 0.72 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.64 0.63 0.62 0.62
11 0.87 0.73 0.69 0.67 0.66 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.53
13 0.86 0.71 0.67 0.65 0.64 0.63 0.61 0.60 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.55
15 0.84 0.69 0.65 0.63 0.62 0.61 0.59 0.58 0.56 0.55 0.54 0.53
17 0.85 0.68 0.63 0.61 0.60 0.60 0.57 0.56 0.54 0.53 0.52 0.50
19 0.84 0.66 0.62 0.60 0.58 0.58 0.56 0.54 0.52 0.51 0.50 0.48
Note: for the purpose of the table, L is the length of the perch.

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 Annex C: Engineering Classification of Debris Flow

C.0.1 the engineering classification of the debris flow can be implemented according
to Table C.0.1:

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 Table C.0.1: Engineering Classification and Characteristics of The Debris Flow
Type Characteristics of debris flow Drainage characteristics Subtype Severity Drainage Solid matter Flow(<m3/s) Accumulation
area flow area(k m2)
(km2) quantity10-4m3)
I high-frequency Basically, the debris flow is generated It's mostly located in the intensive I1 Severe >5 >5 > 100 >1
debris flow annually. The sources of solid matter uplift area, and the rock formation I2 Moderate 1-5 1-5 30-100 <1
trench mainly include the landslide and hereof is breaking and intensively I3 Slight <1 <1 < 30 -
collapse. The outbreak raininess is less weathered, and the mountain has poor
than 2-4mm/10min. In addition to the stability. The stack of debris flow is
lithology factors, the trenches of severe free, and covered no vegetation or little
landslide and collapse mostly have grasses. In the mid-stream and the
viscous debris flow; vice versa, the downstream of the viscous debris flow
small-scale sparse debris flow will be trench, the slope of the trench bed is
generated. greater than 4%.
II. The outbreak period is generally more The stability of the mountain body is II1 Severe > 10 >5 > 100 >1
Low-frequency than 10 years. The sources of the solid relatively satisfactory, and there is no II2 Moderate 1-10 1-5 30-100 <1
debris flow matter is mainly come from the trench, large-scale landslide and collapse. The II3 Slight <1 <1 < 30 -
trench and in the occurrence of the debris flow, rubble stones are spread over the trench
the "bed-exposure" phenomenon is bed and the fan-shaped area. The
distinct. In the duration of storm, the vegetation is satisfactory, and the
shallow landslide generated in the slope trench bed is densely covered with
is generally the key factor to motivate brushwood, and the fan-shaped areas
the generation of debris flow. The o are mostly cultivated as farmland. In
outbreak raininess is generally greater the mid-stream and the downstream of
than 4mm/10min. The scale hereof is the viscous debris flow trench, the
generally large, and the property hereof slope of the trench bed is less than 4%.

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 is of both viscidity and sparseness
Note: 1. for the purpose of the table, for the high-frequency debris flow trench, the flow is referred to the centennial flow; for the low-frequency debris flow trench, it's referred to the highest
ever known flow.
2. The engineering classification of the debris flow should combine both the field characteristics and the quantitative indicators. Provided that one of the quantitative indicators is satisfied, then
the relevant engineering classification can be identified.

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 Annex D: Primary Distinguishing Method of Swelling Soil

D.0.1 The swelling soil can be primarily distinguished upon the following
characteristics:

1 Is mostly dispersed over the terrace, mountain-front hillock and basin margin of
two or more steps;

2 Shows smooth torography and no obvious natural scarp;

3 The shallow landslide, ground crack, newly-excavated road-cut, side slope,

foundation trench collapse are often found;

4 The crack is evolved and at irregular direction, and often of smooth face and
scrape, and the crack joints are often filled with gray or celadon clay;

5 It's hard in dry state and soft in the water soaking; under the natural conditions, it
shows hard or hard plastic states;

6 The free swelling ratio is generally greater than 40%;

7 The untreated buildings are damaged in groups, and the low-rise ones are severer
than those high-rise ones, and the rigid structures are severer than the flexible
structures;

8 The building cracks are mostly appeared in the dry season, and the fracture width
can be various according to the seasonal variations.

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 Annex E: Hydrogeologic Parameter Measurement Method

E.0.1 the hydrogeologic parameters can be measured according to the methods stated
in Table E.0.1.

Table E.0.1: Hydrogeologic Parameter Measurement Method

Parameter Measuring method
Water level Drill hole, or piezometer tube observation
Permeability coefficient, transmissibility coefficient Pumping test, injection test, water pressure test, indoor
permeability test
Specific yield, water release coefficient Single-pore pumping test, unsteady fluid flow pumping
test, groundwater level long-term observation, indoor
test
Leakage coefficient, leakage factor Multi-pore pumping test (steady flow or unsteady flow)
Unit water absorption Injection test, water pressure test
Height of capillary rise Test pit observation, indoor test
Note: in addition to the water level, the empirical value can be adopted provided that the data accuracy
requirements is not high.

E.0.2 the pore-water pressure can be measured according to the methods of Table
E.0.2.

Table E.0.2: Measuring Method and Application Conditions of the Pore-Water

Pressure
Tools type Application conditions Measuring method
Vertical pipe manometer The uniform pervious The piezometer tube equipped with the
aquifer whose filter is driven into the soil layer to
permeability coefficient directly measure in the tube
is greater than 10-4cm/s
Water pressure manometer The measurement of the The groundwater pressure of the
soil layer that has low small-scale manometer probe equipped
permeability coefficient on the pore wall can transferred to the
shall resulted from mercury gauge by plastic pipe for
pressure change due to measurement.
the tide fluctuation
Manometer The electrometric All kinds of soil layer The pore pressure can be transferred to
type manometer (electrical the membrane through porous stone, and
resistance strain the membrane will result in the
gage-type, string wire deflection change to induce change of
strain type) the resistance slip (or string wire) to be
measured by the receiving tools
Pneumatic manometer All kinds of soil layer Two exhaust pipes are adopted to make
the pressure be constant, and the

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 transferred pore pressure generate
pressure difference in the water valve of
the pervious component for
measurement
Pore pressure static sounding tools All kinds of soil layer The probe is equipped with multihole
pervious filter, and the pressure gauge
measures the pressure in the penetration
procedure

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 Annex F: technical standards of the soil sampler

F.0.1 the technical parameters of t he soil sampler shall meet the requirements of
Table F.0.1.

Table F.0.1: Technical Parameters of the Soil Sampler

Parameters of soil sampler Thin-wall soil sampler Thick-wall soil sampler
Open free Water Fixed
piston pressure piston
fixed
piston
Area ratio, 13-20 ≤ 10 10-13

Dw2  De2
×100(%)
De2
Inside clearance ratio, 0.5-1.5 0 0.5-1.0

D s  De
×100(%)
De
Outside clearance 0-2.0 0

Dw  Dt
ratio, ×100(%)
Dt
Blade angle, α(°) <10 5-10
Length, L(mm) 400,550 For sandy soil: ( 5-10) De
for clay soil: ( 10-15) De
Outside diameter, Dt(mm) 75-89,108 75,100
Liner Made of round or semi-closed pipeline The liner-free bundle-type soil
plastic, phenolic aldehyde laminated paper sampler see the left
or galvanized iron sheet
Note: 1. the sampling tube and the liner inner wall must be smooth and round;
2. In particular cases, the diameter of the soil sampler can be enlarged to 150- 250 mm;
3. Symbols in the table:
De---- Internal diameter of the cutting edge of the soil sampler;
Ds---- Internal diameter of the sampling tube, or the internal diameter of the liner for the lined tube
Dt---- Outside diameter of the sampling tube;
Dw---- Outside diameter of the soil sampler drive shoe; for thin-walled tube, Dw= Dt.

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 Annex G: site environment type

G.0.1 the site environment classification shall meet the requirements of Table G.0.1.

Table G.0.1: Environment Classification

Environment Geological condition of the site environment;
classification
I High cold area, dry area directly neighboring to the water; High-cold area and the underground
water in the poor permeable layer of the dry area
II Humid area directly neighboring to water; the underground water in the strong permeable layer of
the humid area
III Slight-wet poor permeable layer of climatic areas; strong permeable layer above underground
water level of climatic areas
Note:
1 The high cold area is referred to the area whose absolute altitude is equal to or greater than 3000m, and the
dry area is referred to the area whose absolute altitude is less than 3000m and the dryness degree is equal to or
greater than 1.5; the humid area is referred to the area whose dryness degree K value is less than 1.5;
2 The strong permeable level refers to gravel soil and sandy soil; the poor permeable level refers to silty soil
and cohesive soil;
3. The moisture content ω<3% soil layer can be seemed as the dry soil layer, free from any corrosive
environment conditions;
3A When the concrete structure has one side contact the surface or underground water, and another side
expose to the air, water may evaporated through seepage or capillary action in the exposed air, the concrete
structure hereof shall be classified as I-level;

4. When there is any local experience, the environment type can be classified according to the local
experience; when the same site has two environment types, it shall be determined according to specific
circumstances.

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 Annex H Explanation of Wording

H.0.1 Words used for different degrees of strictness are explained as follows in order
to mark the differences in executing the requirements in this code.
1) Words denoting a very strict or mandatory requirements:
“Must” is used for affirmation; “must not” for negation.
2) Words denoting a strict requirements under normal conditions:
“Shall” is used for affirmation; “shall not” for negation.
3) Words denoting a permission of a slight choice or an indication of the most
suitable choice when conditions permit:
“Should” is used for affirmation; “should not” for negation.

H.0.2 “Shall comply with…or” “shall meet the requirements of…”is used in this code
to indicate that it is necessary to comply with the requirements stipulated in
other relative standards and codes.

169