CHAPTER 15 SEQUENCES AND SERIES Definitions ‘Asequence is a set of numbers (terms) written in a defined order with a rule or formula for obtaining the terms, For example, 1, 3,5, 7,9, 11... and 2,4, 6, 8, 10... are sequences, Each term is obtained by adding 2 to the preceding term, A series is formed when the terms of a sequence are added. For example, 143+5+7+9+... isa series. Ifthe series stops after a finite number of terms, it is called a finite series. For example, 1+3+5+7 +9 isa finite series of five terms. However, if the series does not stop but continues indefinitely it is called an infinite series. Thus2+4+6+8+ 10 +... is an infinite series. Note that the same definitions are given to finite and infinite sequences. Types of sequences Twortypes of sequences shall be considered, namely: 1. Arithmetical Progression (AP), sometimes called Linear sequence. 2. Geometrical Progression (GP), also called Exponential sequence. Arithmetical Progression (A.P.) oF Linear sequence An Arithmetical Progression (A.P.) or a linear sequence is a sequence in which any term differs from the preceding term by Constant called the common difference Which may be positive or negative. For example, 2, 5, 8, 11 is an Arithmetical Progression (AP) with common difference 3. For a linear sequence, the first term is denoted by 'a' and the common difference by ‘d'. The nth term is denoted by U,,, where Ui means the first term, U: means the second term etc. The first four terms of an AP are: 5 Up=atd; U3=a+2dand ie. a, (at+d), (a+ 2d), (a+ 3d). The general term or the formula for obtaining the terms of any linear sequence is given by: where n is the number of terms and /, the last term. This formula can be used to find any term of an AP if the first term a and the common difference d are known, Note that d= U; — U; = U3 — U2 ete. ie. the difference between consecutive terms. For example, the common difference of the AP 2,5, 8, 1] is d=5-2=8-5=11-8=3 Illustrative examples Example 1 Find the 11"" term ofa linear sequence of the form 4, 9, 14, 19, ... Solution From the sequence, the first term, a= 4 and the common difference, d= 9~ 4on _cbifferene be Cee poe ( 4 ar Heise:vvu yy Work out the solution in each case. Review exercise 15 1. Find the 8" term of the following lir sequences. 1) 2A 6 8. S74 1 iii) 0,-+,-1, -1 7 iv) 12, 5, an v) 8, 14, 20,... qi) 3) 58. 54 2. Find a formula for the nth term of ttsocio a - es i ae O An Gbhnekic a cial os 2 Fad | _-the loth” Low a nan ertrensan fn the pth erm: Ue at Cred bee Ue= it 10%) iinet neers ~~ Une a Geib me tt (pe )\2 : = lt7n-2 i eae |[-7t 425 [ = -\42r aw an-l,Deters the number of terms in the sequence; 5; Te 17. 77 and hence find the 30 the term. sae Un =S+6 (01) =5+6n-6 i, = 6n= | on. le. := here to search = 455 125% || Three consecutive terms of a linear sequence (A. P) are +1 and —*, where m #0 and m m+2 m # -2. Find the value of m. m m+2 (m— 1) G+ 2) =m (4—m) mw? +2m —m—2=4m—n? me t+m—2=4m—nr we t+ ne tm— 4n—-2=0 2m? — 3m—-2=0 (m — 2) (2m + 1)=0 1 =2 orm=—-> it Fi- SSDS rer meer ere tecreceras a he Sth_and loth orm: of @ lines une Ge -|>2 an 24 reecbrely rd the Ge amd the Gmnun Teteorae of he F2Fronce ' Tam he Frise frst five’ — SalL_ term of He sequence ec ‘a Uo = 9tad atyd=-1> -O eerepad = Ve largd =-2t+ -@ shee Qgr4d = 10 Oy -C)_ eee : ad Wd =< -2t+I% sa =—(~ ie d=--3 Puls d2-B ine =e | LatyGy= - 8 tea -a \ ey[SSSCE 1993 Qu 7] 2. The fourth term ofa linear sequence is 19 and the eleventh term is 54. Find the eighth term. A 5 B. 33. CG 39 D. 44 [SSSCE 1993 Qu 26] 3. The first and second terms of a linear sequence are 15 and 12 respectively. Find the nth term. A. 18-—3n B. 12+3n C. 12n4+3 D. 12-—2n [SSSCE 1993 Qu 45]oy . eo 3 2. Given U, = 19 2 at3d=19 a) Also, U,, = 54 3 a+10d =54 ....... (2) (2) — (1) gives 7d=35 ad=5 Substituting d = 5 into (1) => a+3(5)=19 > a=4 The eighth term, U; = a+ 7d => Usg=4+7(5) =39 Hence the eighth term is 39. 3. Given U, =15 2B HTS osscsctiseaconun (1) Also, Uz = 12 => atd=12. Substituting (1) into (2) = 15+d=12 => =-3 The nth term is given by U, =at+(n-1)d => U, =15+(n—1)(-3) U, = 15 —3n+3 U, = 18—3nwASee ji 9% me Sth temp An anh ‘ MB es bas St Sil nc nem ts ole H a ww eet lalnie Wo "i oo i a sep HA. Si Us? = Us at fed = Cat ad) e aoe catlod 7 4 g +)od “Wd o Lie geet, uqrad =O: om So q+ Uy all rs | a pee ed oe — | a ated- or =G20 . asks Oe J sae Dil vaca — SP (ice ae L _d.3 : i | iatad 0= S eee tt Ie . i OO 2 li wae? (5° ot 34 ie SeePye Gar Lem Pon AP is -8 Lf the vaen of te “Hh bem bs the | BaF Ged= Saye = QS | C8 F ted = SC tel by Had s*forudb) Alinear sequence has common difference 3 and the fifteenth term is 50, find the first term.Sum of an AP (linear sequence) ae There are two important formulae for finding the sum of an A.P or a linear sequence. The sum of the first 7 terms ofan AP or linear sequence denoted by S, is given by : S, = 4[2a+ (n- 1d] ae All symbols denote their usual meaning. The first formula is used when a and d are known. The second formula is also used when the first term a and last term / are known but not the common difference. For any arithmetic sequence we can write the following two properties: 1. d=Un-Un1 where d= U2 — U, = U;— U2 ete. 2. Un=Sn-Sr1 where U2 = S)— S| U3 =S3— S$) -ete. Illustrative examples Example 1 Find the sum of the first six terms of the AP 3, 5, 7, 9, ...4. Find the sum of the first 50 terms of the sequence 1, 3,5. 7,9, Solution 153.5, 7,9 a—1,d=2,n=50 == . Ra +m — I)d] = 2500.ll aa Dl He, me, He Bt em Qs-¥ — b= w2 N=2o- - js Be oe 7 — . m= #70,1. Determine the sum of the natural numbers from 1 to 100. Solution a=1 and/= 100 (last term), » = 100 The sum is given by : S,=3 [FIRST + LAST] Sue 200 + 100] ; Sn = 5050. ‘ 2. Find the sum of all odd numbers between. 4 100 and 200? SAAN St - Solution At Se HVPHO1,103,105:., ii). 199 es CS MO d= 2 1g, SPO) - eat Ld Sh LOD =101+(n=1)2 Si ar 10l=(n~1)2 ) Sse— ) Te Sth Gnd -CLeventh tom & {1 Mene a, Gwe. fe ane | a ae Cal cu fe oa aC | | a oe ie ort al = 4 $— ue aD i eee es ae 2 ses Cn- i) ee a ay | ‘oes Ba vases = lySolution Sy = 3 [2a + (n~ 1d] Siz = [a + (12 1)d] S12 = 6[2a + 11d] But Sip = 168 6[2a + 11d] = 168 12a + 66d = 168 Deve 28 ee (a) uz =(at+(3-1)d Ug, =a+2d Butuz =7 DEE Ges [eon casos sesso gen 2a oe) ten Q) ~ eqn (2) * 2: Da Pad a Ais as co Se anol (3) eqn (2) — eqn (3): 1 4 ‘ ce 8 Wm & wm wu uwCreated by T. Madas Question 20 (##*) non calculator The sum of the first 20 terms of an arithmetic series is 1070. The sum of its fifth term and its tenth term is 65, a) Find the first term and the common difference of the series. b) Calculate the sum of the first 30 terms of the series. ja=-13), (2655,[WASSCE June 2007 Qu 4] 47.How many terms of the arithmetic progression (A.P) 3, 7, 11, 15,... must be added together to produce a total of 300? A. 14 B12 ©€ 10 D. 8 [WASSCE June 2007 Qu 20] 48. Find the sum of the eynanontial anaeannn47. Given the AP 3, 7, 11,15, - > a=3,d=7-3=4 From the question, S,, =300 But S, =2[2a+(n-1)d] 300= 3126) +(n-1)(4)] 300 =4(6+4n—4) 300 =4(2+4n) 600 =n(2 + 4n) 600 =2n + 4n” 4n? + 2n—600=0 2n? +n—300=0 (n-12)(2n + 25) =0 ¥'uUUDo YU UY n=12, n= -% +, n=12 (sincen cannot be negative)ep on 2 (SSSCE 1994 Qu 3 Find the number of terms of the arithmetic progression 4 + 6%4+94+11% +... needed to make a total of 126. Solution §, =2a+(n-Da] S, =126,a=4,d=61-4=8 > 126 =4[2(4) +(n- 1)(8)] = 252=n[8+5n-5] Expanding the bracket and simplifying => 504=5n? +11n = 5n* +11n-504=0 > (n-9(5n +56) =0 > n=9 n=—56 7s * "=9(since ncannot be ne gative)Question 15 (**+) non calculator The-k"" term of a sequence is given by a, =5k-3. By showing clearly al the steps in the calculations, evaluate the sum ay. kel 24950] Question 16 (***) non calculator The n' term of an arithmetic series is given by uy, =U 6ne Find the sum of the first twenty terms of the series.1 Question 6 (SSSCE 1999 Qu 3) a) Asequence U, is defined byU, =2, U yay =2U, — 1,0 = 12,3, verve i) Find the first five terms of the sequence ii) Show that U,,, =3U,, -2U,4 b) Alinear sequence has common difference 3 and the fifteenth term is 50, find the first term. Solution a) i) GivenU, =2, Uys =2U,, -1,n = 1,2,3,. Whenn =1 > Uy, =2U,-1 > U, =2U, -1=2(2)-1=3Whenn = 2, 9 Un =2U,-1 = Uy =, -1=2(3)-1=5 Whenn = 3 = U3,, =2U,-1 => U, =U, -1=25)-1=9 Whenn = 4 > Ua =2U,-1 = U, =2U, -1=29)-1=17 . The first five terms of the sequence is 2, 3, 5,9 and 17 ii) Given U,,, =2U,, -1 3 1=2U, -Uy ee(1) From (1), subtract 1 from each subscript => 1=2U,.,-U, UH QW yg — AV evvesen (2) Putting (2) into (1) U,, =2U,,_, —(2U,, -U,,.;) U,, =2U 4 —2U,, + U ass 3U,, =2U,.. + Un. Un. =3U, — U4 uu UY oo Se Given d =3 and U,, =50 U,, =a+(n-l)d Uy3 =a + (15-193) 50 =a+(14)(3) 50=a+42 a=8 ». The first term is 8. buud QOnectinn 7 (SSSCFE 27000 Ou 5)Question 19 (WASSCE Noy 2009 Qu 10b) The sum of the first n terms of a series is 8n? —4n. : i) Find the first three terms of the series. ii) Show that the series is a linear sequence. iii) Find the wth term of the series. Solution i) S, =8n?-4n When n=1, S, =8(1)? —4(1)=4 When n=2, S, =8(2)? —4(2)=24 When n=3, S; =8(3)? —4(3) =60 The first term, U, =S, =4 The second term, U, =S,-S, =24-4=20 The third term, U, =S, -S, =60-24=36 2ee ii) The series is 4, 20, 36, ... Common difference, d =20 —-4=16 Or d =36-20=16 Since the series has a common difference, it implies the series is a linear sequence (AP), iii) For an AP, U, =a+(n—1)d where a=4, d=16 > U,=4+(n-1)(16) => U,=4+16n-16 = U “160-2 Hence the nth term is 16n —12 nQuestion 114 (****4) ‘The sum, S,,, of the first n terms of an arithmetic series'is given by Sa= n+kn, where k is anomzero constant. Given that the 5" term of the series is 11, find the 17" term of the series. Created by T MadasVe. We Lerm Wa of Hoe Gries Sop Md ft Bey. @. (fp 24g IS ips a Wjeag) oe y D>) Be Nuer © fis Whwer Of 4 8)Geometrical progression (GP) or exponential sequence A Geometrical Progression (GP) or €xponential sequence is a sequence where each term is obtained from the preceding term by multiplying by a constant factor. This constant factor is called the common ratio, denoted by r. For example, the sequence 6, 12, 24, 48 is a G.P with common ratio 2. The general term or formula of a GP with first term a and common ratio r is given by : where n is the number of terms. The first four terms of a GP are: ; U, =a; V2 —an U5 =ar and Uy =ar ie. a,ar; ar, ar... Note that the common ratio, r is given by: U, Us it ey U, U,4 \upn-— ur Worked Examples 1. Determine the n- th | term of the geometric progesau - 12, 48, - 192, Solutioneererer | || _| 4h terme Ca- = a (ats) ae ee. a sei 4 P39 1 ek > 3P=4 => Also, 34 3 ao 8 1.4 rig 2 3 lyri => 7P=%5 > = 3y2_1 2pq axgxgat and q are in GP 1 Lek 3XP=2%2 =3 P=% i 24a 2*P=3%3 = 2 P=%5Worked Examples cee 1, The fifth and ninth terms of an exponential Put r= 2 i eqn (1): | 16=a(2)" 9 16 = 16a 416 a= lo pa at= Question = 3 (SSSCE 1995 Qu 3) The third and ath beni of an exponential sequence are 7 a) the first ‘ean and. ez common ratio; pb) the eighth term in the sequence. ~ and = = = respectively. Find Solution a) The general formula a an exponential sequence is U, =ar”" The 3% term, U3 =ar? =f (1) The 6h term, U, =ar°? = gy (2) Dividing (2) by (1) 5 1 ar 32 1 4 > = S=5X%F ar: 1 32, 1, Nip = peal => Fr= From(1), r=4 > @= 1 «. The first term is 1 and the common ratio is > b) The'S* tain, U,=ar 7 a1x()’ =i Question 4 (SSSCE 1997 Qu 2) || 2) Te sim op th fe onl tr tee CO tan ea | : e mm [ Erne tho) conn vou: janine a) 479A rv i say yt al i= @ Ug =a Ue=w U=ae" Uy I ef =) aw = | U6 zi ays == SH S mala me ci a _— masa a fe 7 ye Putbr) — y- > _inte ; i GFF 2° ¢o oft Gta ko oa = S — Do G =f w Ue ar = wins Ine; s) The Send benn op. 0 _ bw co Gp) is BEC tre thon 3S “Gat ea Pheer Leoleyveen he fourth aed thd berms i Po» Coleus ~ \ Ae Comma yaa 8) sto fut & mt Th a ost p= liz 36 or ln = C4 HU . : ai 224 Sie ee ee QCr- v) 2326 Or = v= GW attr Gu | en Ba aCe a Clery) = BE sfcar ets Qli-r)z3€ When ras 44236 ae 4. when r-—-& aCi-v)= 26A* Series - Elective Mathematics 53. The 1st, 3rd, 6th terms of a linear sequence (AP) are the first 3 terms of an exponential sequence (G.P). Find the common ratio of the G.P. Ae BE Siig! ipa 3 2 [WASSCE June 2009 Qu 13]At Series - Elective Mathematics 53, If the 1%t, 3'4, 6t terms of an AP are the first three terms of a GP, then the first three terms of the GP are U, =a, U, =a+2d, U; =a+5d U2 U; | @. i at2d _at5d a a+2d => a(at+5d)=(a+2d)(at+2d) => a*+5ad=a* +4ad +4d? => Sad —4ad =4d* > ad =4d? > a=4d Substituting a = 4d into first 3 terms of the GP > U,=4d, U, =6d, U, =9d “ Common ratio, r = Ua S42 U, 4d 2 4juestion 17 (WASSCE Nov 2008 Qu 9b, The 1st, 5% and 10" terms of a linear sequence are in geometric progression. If the sum of the 2"4 and 8t terms of the linear sequence is 30, find the i) 1stterm; ii) non-zero common difference of the linear sequence. Solution Let a=1s' term and d=common difference Ifthe 1st, 5% and 10‘ terms of an AP are in GP => a,at+4d,a+9d (GP) Calculating the common ratio =iat 4d aat 9d a at+4d = (a+4d)? =a(a+9d) = a? + Bad + 16ad? =a? +9ad sae(L If the sum of the 274 and = terms of the AP is 30 => U,+U,=30 => (a+ d)+(a+7d)=30 => a+4d=15 SG H=15— A cerserssssem(2) Substituting (2) into (1) = d(15-4d)=16d" => 20d?-15d=0 = d=} Putting d = 3 into (2) => a=15-4(3)=15-12=3 +. The first term, a = 3 and the F 3 common difference, d = 3Sum of a GP or exponential sequence The general formula of the sum of the first h terms of an exponential sequence is given by: This formula is used when for r< 1 ice. when the common ratio is less than unity. Whenr > 1 ie. when the common ratio is greater than 1, the sum of the first n terms is given by: For any geometric sequence, we can write the following two properties: tfPra? fd t to > pe ePpppere ) Th “on ea Beli eRe | -A Sum @ Ae an i eo i Si eas s-A rel oo = 1) ee -— Z \ " Ss We CAV] = ize.6+ the series _ Solution == = 5 and 1 = 6. —=a—7") = : se), 1 0. ar" —— >0 asn> wo. 1l-r Thus S, > a asasn—> o. o. a at | The quantity —- is called the sum to infinity, denoted by S... Hence the sum to infinity of a GP is: |ete ‘sum to infinity of the p+ 3t+1i+ .. a ig C224 [SSSCE Nov 20given by 1+4+142. to infinity of the series. me) h6c+ 6 Oop g [WASSCE Now 2916(Created by T. Madas Created by T. Madas Question 15 (**4) The.k"" term of a geometric progression is given by ty =15625x1.25-*, a) Find the first three terms of the progression. b) Find the sum jo infinity of the progression. c) Evaluate the sum 10 Ye, & giving the answer to the nearest integer. fi =12500,- # =10000, us, = 8000] + |S.. = 62500 [So = 557894) OSIM THE Poem Gu) Wes lsezs x t2g7# ER Bh OS 1-28 Uy, = I8628% 125" = 12500 Ug = IS¢2sx 128% = 2000 “3. Uy = 18G28% F259 = 7 b) OSING THE StinoAeD eww WT a= 12800 , P= 0.8 B= 2 = J2sov _ l2s00 _ Bos ler l-0?) DD "asco " ce) osm, gos a0) writ he to a ee ee 1 S| Qos Wel tae FU, = _ (280 ( ~og'?) (- 0% u 38789-1136... ~ Ss789 ==, ACreated by T. Madas Created by T. Madas Question 63 (*##**) The first three terms of a geometric series are 2(2k-+1) : y= 2749 uy = 45 and uw, =2 a) Find the value of k. b) Show that the’sum of the first ten terms of the series is 65472 . Question 64 | (*#**) ‘The amount of £33500 is to be divided into three shares, so that the thre the terms of a geometric progression. Given that the value of the smallest share is £2000, find ie]29 (ay= UUs 23 2@ul = 2 wa tote oth +2ReHt) a 4 2 Desd eUEHZ oo 2 1/21) ST 2-4 Gk AS 2 yo 2 2 1 >>, = ohn lo23 Do-We = GENS Is = bok 3 6sq72 ke 3a 7 AB PRUE so that the three shares formCreated by T. Madas Created by T. Madas Question 71. (##**) ‘The first three terms of a geometric series are wm =q(4p4l), tt =9q(2p+3) and 3 =g(2p—3). a) Find the possible values of p. ‘The sum to infinity of the Series is 250. b) Find the value of q.q) todanc AC tye Patria 4 YW 4 Gen) 4 Gis) No xr “RQUING Goo -favitiolr Ug @-2) Mp) *l = 4 (ps3) (@pra)xt Dune SPE BY Soe APGen) __st{ap+3) Ar epts) ra) 8 le pe-b ee p= & = q@p-3) = = => = = = ) Woe ACA AT THE Ger |B 7 ; Wand ) ead) Uy Uy = 284) uy =t5e} p Wad mp tak Se xe drC4px)= | ps3) dr (2p+3) = 4 @p-3) (4e+1)C2p-3)= GrveyGrra) ®*—1op -3 = 4p% tap a 4)>-22p -Rso 2" —Wp ~4=0 Gpri ke - 4) nSa/ s-Nq as Cs-2a FG) Us ery ee th = FP) n= 299-43 Sse —Ws= Fer ya 2p9 2g \ we = Ue : — SEARER ESTES Beneeee.” 11 it i = Td = a EL. Fee Yes eae _# | CaP? PEP = 09-FF) GFF)? (PAPI SPF A) = FF ( 69 TP) EOL 7-19) vet FGPE LIL HT cep F p2Pp OP} Pe Pee 2 ae re ap Sp Upe + lage tle =a 9 ee ¢- fe f — ore — (ory — 29 -Je = 2 Q eee eee 4 98"eF - (29°F =O [| Val Gar eee ee ag et mag<—os Od a ad tae ame Gy 13a Sp yso aE — a P=oa ZoQuestion 37. (***) A novelist is planning to write a new book. He plans to write 15 pages in the first week, 17 pages in the second week, 19-pages in the third week, and so on, so that he wriles an extra two pages each week compared with the previous week. a) Find the number of pages he plans to write in the tenth week. b) Determine how many pages he plans to write in the first ten'weeks.[33],,[240], [n=16 ) Wecesaall ¢ @ [R= Bfaso-aiT] Up = (SE Vx2 inte = Fo 2 Bets 4x2] oe 3, = sfx] SA | gs: Shes eee ) = Alen rd] SIVGE SOUTION IL AL POKITILE AD FER. 4G = B[204Ga)e] 1€ Me1S Sx@{)e-- ags dep = 4.[2420-2] n=16 16X20 = .-. dO 4g = 2(2n+26] Loe AS = CH vty) - AeCreated by T. Madas Question 28 (***) Arnold is planning to save forthe next 48 months in order to raise a deposit'to buy a flat. He plans to save £300 this month and each successive month thereafter, to save an-extra £5 compared to the previous month. a) Find the amount he will save on the twelfth month. b) Find the total amount he will save at the end of the 48 months. Franen is alsn nlannina tn save for the nevt 48 manths in arder tn hw a car| fos 300 Uzathe id (dss 5 My = Booe LIX S Un * 38S mee [24 ra] > De? £8 | axa00 + 4x5 | > Bag = ae x (600 4238) 4 Sag = Ax 835 3 Put = Roo nNCreated by'T. Madas Created by T; Madas Question 89 (***#) {n oil company is drilling for oil. t costs £5000 to drill for the first 10 metres into the ground. ‘or the next 10 metres it costs an extra £1200. compared with the first 10 metres, thus t costs £6200 . Each successive 10 metres drilled into the ground costs )an extra 21200, compared with the cost of drilling the previous 10 metres. ‘a) Find the cost of drilling 200 metres into the ground. She company has a budget of £15,000,000, b) Determine the maximum depth, in'metres, that can be reached on this budget. . [£328,000] , [520ma) Bey A NoteL = Be £ (es c.pa] . =age 2 (axsoo rtxtos] °o Z =s to { toceo « 22800 ] 5 = Ft Spm = Ue d 328,000 A a WorkaNe. Baawanene” he eB rend] \Soo0a « BL axse00 + Grri)x fao0 |] \S0000a = 4 [lovee + oon -ne | 'Soco009= (2800 $2oou | 'Seca000 = Atlooy + Gooy® Grow pho +1So0000D =O ) - € = laa v2 Liday => Sy + Wy — 'sa000 <0 => M+ W ~ Woo = 0 ) BY te QuAbRATIC Rea ——— =e Yes F000dD | _ —_—_—_—_———— 6 h= ve DER OF ISO Ww et EECreated by T Madas Question 102 (*#*#*4.) Ladan is repaying an interest-free loan of £6200 over a’period of n months, in such a way so that her monthly repayments form an arithmetic series. She repays £350 in the first month, £340 in the second month, £330 in the third month and so on until the full loan is repaid. Determine, showing a full algebraic method, the valueof n .THE ADTHMETIC. SRUEE IS Bot BHOt BBP b------- +O 2 Js 62oo thug) upfee ne A pou, omGee f Heee we HE a= 38, d2-1D 4 A,= 6200 Sue & Bor Gna] Ga = 4 [ax3s0 Cu NE) | bro = & [[T50 = oy +10] bas = 2 [70 - ton] 620 = 4C-n) lato = WCI-n) Rho = Uy- ne 1m +\2t0 = 0 By THe Quavernc FORMA OR FACOReSTION Wt VGA dxteldu” Wed _ “o he ew = H's af oo Axi BR_ FeO WIC} Soudticn) SB WALD GSE Uy= 0+ G-\d On=% Uy It B-NE) @ v=o A> 35 +(4-560) Uy |= 256 - 30 Ugo 3° —330 G3, = So u.=> 7 heal a