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Lecture 4 Handout

The document outlines lecture 4 of a structural mechanics course. It discusses beams and 2-D frames, including types of beams, supports, loads, internal forces, and sign conventions for forces and moments. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating internal forces at specific sections of beams using free body diagrams and the method of sections.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
48 views

Lecture 4 Handout

The document outlines lecture 4 of a structural mechanics course. It discusses beams and 2-D frames, including types of beams, supports, loads, internal forces, and sign conventions for forces and moments. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating internal forces at specific sections of beams using free body diagrams and the method of sections.

Uploaded by

TTT
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Structural Mechanics Lecture 4: Outline

(CSE 20201)
• Chapter 4: Beams and 2-D Frames
– Internal forces
Lecture 4 – Shear force / Bending moment functions
– Relationship among internal forces
– Shear force / Bending moment diagram

Dr. Songye ZHU


Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 2

Chapter 4 4.1 Types of Beams


Members that are slender and support loadings applied
• Beams and 2-D Frames perpendicular to their longitudinal axis are called beams.
Span

Cantilever Span

Cantilever Main Span

Beam over a number of supports is called


Reference: Mechanics of Materials – R.C. Hibbeler
Chapter 6: Bending Continuous beam
CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 3 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 4
4.2 Supports of Beams 4.2 Supports of Beams

• Roller Supports • Pinned Support

Not resist
Horizontal
load
x=0

y=0
y=0

y=0
CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 5 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 6

4.2 Supports of Beams 4.3 Load on Beams


• Point Loads
• Fully Fixed Support
Rigid support Load
• Concentrated Moments

• Uniformly Distributed Loads (UDL)

x=0
=0 Beam
• Other Types of Distributed Loads
y=0

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 7 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 8


4.4 Support Reactions 4.4 Support Reactions
• Cantilever Beam
Find R1 , R2 and R3? Find R1 , R2 and M?
P

m n
R3 L
m P
n R2

R1
L

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 9 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 10

4.5 Internal Resultant Forces 4.5 Internal Resultant Forces

Internal Resultant Forces • Sign convention


– Normal force, N
– Shear force, V The internal forces at a specified Axial Force: Tension is positive
– Bending moment, M point in a member can be determined
by using the method of sections
Bending Moment: To produce tension in bottom
fibers (“U” shape) is positive
(Clockwise on the left, counterclockwise on the right)
M M
N N Shear Force: To produce a clockwise spin is
positive
V V
(Upwards on the left, downwards on the right)

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 11 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 12


4.5 Internal Resultant Forces 4.5 Internal Forces in beams

• Sign convention • Internal Force in a Cantilever Beam


– Although the choice is arbitrary, the convention illustrated 2kN
has been widely accepted in structural engineering V (+)
M (-)
N=0
M M 5m 5m
N N 2kN
10 kNm
V V
10 kNm

2kN 2kN

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 13 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 14

4.5 Internal Resultant Forces Example 4-1


• Procedure for analysis
Find Internal Forces at section a-a and b-b.
– Determine the support reactions before the member is “cut”
– Keep all distributed loadings, couple moments & forces acting on the 20 kN
member in their exact location a b
– Pass an imaginary section through the member, perpendicular to its
axis at the point where the internal loading is to be determined
– Then draw a free-body diagram of the segment that has the least no.
of loads on it a
4m b 1m
– Indicate the unknown resultants N, V & M acting in their positive 8m 2m
directions
– Find the unknown internal forces

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 15 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 16


Example 4-1 Example 4-2

Ax=0
20 kN
•Solution Find Internal Forces at section a-a
Support Reactions
FBD of entire beam
Ay=4 kN By=16 kN
a 2 kN/m

Cut Section a-a A B


20 kN
M M Show internal force according to
4m a
N N sign convention 10 m
V V
4 kN By=16 kN N=0
V = 4 kN
M = 16 kN-m

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 17 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 18

Example 4-2 Example 4-2

2 kN/mX10m = 20 kN •Solution 2 kN/mX4m = 8 kN


•Solution
2 kN/m
Support Reactions 2 kN/m Internal forces at the section
M
Ax
FBD of Left segment
FBD of entire beam 10 kN
N
Ay By
V
Equations of equilibrium
10 m
4m

2 kN/m
Cut Section
2 kN/m
Keep distributed load 24 kNm

10 kN 10 kN Show internal force according to 10 kN


sign convention 2 kN

2 kN/m
M M
24 kNm
N N
10 kN 10 kN
V V 10 kN
2 kN

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 19 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 20


4.6 Shear and Moment Diagrams 4.6 Shear and Moment Diagram

IMPORTANT NOTES
• Express V and M as functions of arbitrary position x along
• Beams are long straight members that carry loads perpendicular to their
axis.
longitudinal axis. • These functions can be represented by graphs called shear
• To design a beam, we need to know the variation of the shear and and moment diagrams
moment along its axis in order to find the points where they are
maximum
• Establishing a sign convention for positive shear and moment will allow
us to draw the shear and moment diagrams

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 21 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 22

4.6 Shear and Moment Diagrams 4.6 Shear and Moment Diagrams

Procedure for analysis • Shear and bending-moment functions must be determined


Support reactions for each region of the beam between any two
• Determine all support reactions acting on beam discontinuities of loading
• Resolve all forces into components acting perpendicular
and parallel to beam’s axis
– If no parallel component, No axial force .

Shear and moment functions


• Specify separate coordinates x having an origin at beam’s
left end, and extending to regions of beam between
concentrated forces and/or couple moments, or where
there is no discontinuity of distributed loading

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 23 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 24


4.6 Shear and Moment Diagrams 4.6 Shear and Moment Diagrams
Procedure for analysis Procedure for analysis
Shear and moment functions Shear and moment diagrams
• Section beam perpendicular to its axis at each distance x • Plot shear diagram (V vs. x) and moment diagram (M vs. x)
• Draw free-body diagram of one segment • If numerical values are positive, values are plotted ABOVE
• Make sure V and M are shown acting in positive sense, axis, otherwise, negative values are plotted BELOW axis
according to sign convention
• Sum forces perpendicular to beam’s axis to get shear Draw Moment Diagram on Compression Side
• Sum moments about the sectioned end of segment to get
moment • It is convenient to show the shear and moment diagrams
directly below the free-body diagram

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 25 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 26

Example 4-3 Example 4-3


• Solution
Find Internal Forces at section a-a 2 kN/m Support Reactions
FBD of entire beam
10 kN 10 kN Cut Section
a 2 kN/m Keep distributed load, and Show
internal force
2 kN/m
A B M Internal Forces
10 kN
N FBD of Left segment
x a V
10 m

2 x kN

M
N
10 kN
x/2
V

x
CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 27 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 28
Example 4-3 Example 4-3

Shear-force and bending


Shear Force Diagram Bending Moment Diagram moment diagrams for a
V (kN) M (kN-m) simple beam with a uniform
load

24 25 Maximum Moment

.
qL
10 2 + Maximum moment occurs at
+ + 2 V
- qL the centre span and equals
- qL2/8
10 2
qL2
8
+ M

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 29 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 30

Example 4-3 Example 4-4


Some Observations: Solution:
 When the loading is uniformly distributed, the shear force slopes down at Support Reaction
a uniform rate and the slope is equals to the distributed load.

 The bending moment is a quadratic function of x (parabola). FBD

 The maximum bending moment occurs at where shear force is equal to 0.

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 31 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 32


Example 4-4 Example 4-4
Shear-force and bending
moment diagrams for a simple
Some Observations:
beam with a concentrated load.  There is a step change in SFD at the position of the
point load. The amount of drops is equal to the point load.
Special Case – P at mid-span  The moment at the pinned end is zero.
Pb When a=b=0.5L, maximum  The moment increases linearly from the left support, and
L
+ moment occurs at the centre reaches a maximum at the position of the point load and
0
- V span and equals PL/4. then decreases linearly on the right side of the point load.
Pa

Pab
L
 The slope of the bending moment diagram is equal to
L
the shear force.
+ M
0

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 33 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 34

Example 4-5 Example 4-6


Draw the shear and moment diagrams for beam shown
Shear-force and bending
below.
moment diagrams of a
cantilever beam with a
uniform load.

0
Maximum Moment:
- Maximum moment
V qL occurs at the support and
equals qL2/2.
0
-
M qL2
2
CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 35 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 36
Example 4-6 Example 4-6

Support reactions 0 ≤ x1 ≤ 5 m,
…… +↑  Fy = 0; ... V = 5.75 N

Shear and moment functions +  M = 0; ... M = (5.75x1 + 80) kNꞏm


Since there is a discontinuity of
distributed load and a concentrated load
at beam’s center, two regions of x must 5 m ≤ x2 ≤ 10 m,
be considered.
+↑  Fy = 0; ... V = (15.75  5x2) kN

+  M = 0; ...
M = (2.5x22 + 15.75x2 +92.5) kNꞏm

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 37 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 38

Example 4-6

_
The End
of the Session
+

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 39 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 4 40

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