Structural Mechanics Lecture 6: Outline

(CSE 20201)
• Chapter 4: Beams and 2-D Frames
– Statically determinate frames
Lecture 6 • Chapter 5: Arches

Dr. Songye ZHU

Reference:
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Chapter 4, Structural Analysis – R. C. Hibbeler

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 2

4.9 Shear & Moment Diagrams for

a Frame
Example 4-12
• Frame consists of several members that are either fixed or • Draw the moment diagram for the frame
pinned connected at their ends
• Assume the support at B is a pin
• To obtain the shear & moment diagrams:
– Determine the reactions at the frame supports
– Using method of sections, find the axial, shear and moments acting at
the ends of each member
– All loadings are resolved into components acting parallel &
perpendicular to the member’s axis
– The shear & moment diagrams for each member can then be drawn
as described previously
• Moment diagram is (+) on the compression side of the frame

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 3 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 4

Example 4-12 Example 4-12
M2 The internal reactions at the joint ends
• Solution N2 C B 15 kN

Support Reactions: V2 FBD of member CB

5 kN
15 kN (FBD of entire frame) V2 = 5 kN
N2 = -15 kN
5 kN M2 = -5kN(4.5m) = -22.5 kN
the frame is sectioned into 2
25 kN
members FBD of Joint C
M2
N2
V1 = N2 = -15 kN
N1 = -25 - V2 = -30 kN
V2
30 kN V1 M1 = M2 = -22.5 kN
M1
N1

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 5 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 6

Example 4-12 Example 4-12

• Axial Force Diagram (AFD) and Shear Force

Diagram (SFD)

5
+
-
15 -

- AFD 15
N(kN) SFD
V (kN)
30

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 7 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 8

Example 4-12 Example 4-13

• In accordance to +ve sign convention & using the • Draw the shear & moment diagrams for the frame
techniques discussed, the moment diagrams • Assume A is a pin, C a roller & B is a fixed joint
• Neglect the thickness
C 22.5 of the members
B
22.5

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 9 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 10

Example 4-13 Example 4-13

M1 N1
Solution • Internal reactions at B
V1 – FBD of member AB
• Support reactions
ΣFx = 0, N1 = -9 kN
through FBD of entire frame ΣFy = 0, V1 = -2.25 kN
2
ΣMB = 0, M1= -6.75 kNm
2.25 kN
1
– FBD of joint B
9 kN
x ΣFx = 0, …, N2 = -7.96 kN
M2 N2 ΣFy = 0, …, V2 = 4.77 kN
ΣMB = 0, …, M2= -6.75 kNm
V2
2.25 kN
6.75 kN
9 kN
CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 11 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 12
Example 4-13 Example 4-13
1.59 kN
2.25 kN
• The vertical distributed loading
3 kN/m
on BC
– FBD of member BC 1.59 kN
4.77 kN
• resultant force = 9 kN
6.75 kNm
• Perpendicular to its axis
7.96 kN – (9kN)cos 45o=6.364kN
1.59 kN • Along its axis
– 6.364kN/4.243m =
1.59 kN 1.5kN/m
• Using these results, V & M
4.77 kN diagrams are shown
6.75 kNm

7.96 kN
CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 13 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 14

Example 4-13 4.10 Determinacy & Stability

• Statically Determinate
9
– All reactions and internal forces in a structure can be
_
determined from equilibrium equations only
• Statically Indeterminate
N (kN)

9
– More unknown reactions and internal forces than
equilibrium equations.
– Need to use compatibility equations in addition to the
equilibrium equations

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 15 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 16

4.10 Determinacy & Stability 4.10 Determinacy & Stability

• Review: Determinacy for Trusses • Total # of unknowns = r

# of unknown force and moment reactions
b+r=2j statically determinate
• Total # of equations = 3 n
b+r>2j statically indeterminate # of members

(b + r) – 2 j = degree of indeterminacy – There are only 3 equilibrium eqn’s per member

b+r<2j unstable

b: # of bars; r: # of reactions; j: # of joints

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 17 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 18

4.10 Determinacy & Stability 4.10 Determinacy & Stability

• Determincy • Classify the determinacy of the following structures

– For coplanar structure

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 19 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 20

4.10 Determinacy & Stability 4.10 Determinacy & Stability

Example 4-14 Example 4-14

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 21 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 22

4.10 Determinacy & Stability 4.10 Determinacy & Stability

Frame structures consist of members that are connected together by rigid joints.
Sometimes the members form internal loops. In order to classify these structures, it
• Stability
is necessary to use the method of sections and cut the internal loop apart.

r = 9, n = 2, 9 > 6
Statically indeterminate to the third degree

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 23 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 24

4.10 Determinacy & Stability 4.10 Determinacy & Stability

• Unstable (concurrent reactions) • Unstable (parrallel reactions)

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 25 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 26

Chapter 5: Arches 5.1 Introduction of Arches

• An arch acts as inverted cable so it receives loading in compression
• Because of its rigidity, it must also resist some bending and shear
depending upon how it is loaded & shaped

Zhao-Zhou Bridge, China

Cold Spring Bridge, USA

Arch of Triumph,
Paris

Harbor Bridge, Sydney

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 27 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 28
5.1 Common Types 5.1 Common Types
• Arches can be used to reduce the bending moment in long-span
structures.
• Different types of arches fixed arch two-hinged arch
r = 6, n = 1 r = 4, n = 1
3º indeterminate 1º indeterminate

fixed arch
two-hinged arch
three-hinged arch tied arch
r = 6, n = 2 r = 7, n = 2
determinate 1º indeterminate

Three-hinged arch tied arch

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 29 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 30

5.2 Three-Hinged Arch 5.2 Three-Hinged Arch

• Consider the three-hinged arch as
shown. • One method is to apply the moment equilibrium eqn about
points A & B. Simultaneous solution will yield the reactions
• The third hinge is located at the crown
& the supports are located at different Cx and Cy
elevations
• The support reactions are determined from the force eqn
• To determine the reactions at the
supports, the arch is disassembled & of equilibrium
the free-body diagram of each
member is shown
• Then the internal force, shear & moment loadings at any
point along the arch can be obtained using method of
section

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 31 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 32

5.2 Three-hinged Arch Example 5-1

• Example 5-1 SOLUTION:

FBD of the structures:
B C D
+∑MA = 0 …… Ey = 60 kN (↑)
Determine the internal forces A E ↑+ ∑Fy = 0 …… Ay = 60 kN (↑)
→+ ∑Fx = 0 Ax + Ex = 0
Ax = - Ex

FBD of left half (ABC)

↑+ ∑Fy = 0 …… Cy = 0
+∑MA = 0 – Cx×15 – 60×20 = 0
Cx = – 80 kN (←)
→+ ∑Fx = 0 Ax + Cx = 0
Ax = 80 kN (→)

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 33 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 34

Example 5-1 Example 5-1

To find internal forces, dismember at joints

Member BC (from equilibrium equations):
PB = 80 kN (compression)
MB = 0 (No moment)
VB = 0 (No shear)

Member AB:
Resultant P = 100 kN (compression)
No moment
No shear

Similarly, we can get internal forces of member

CD and DE
CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 35 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 36
Example 5-1 Example 5-2

B C D No moment !! 120 kN

No shear !!
B C D

15 m
A Axial force diagram E

A E

20 m 10 m 10 m 20 m
Conclusion: In this example, the arch is in pure compression (without
moment & shear) under these loads.

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 37 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 38

Example 5-2 5.2 Three-hinged Arch

Cable
B C D

A E
Arch
Reaction forces Axial force diagram
• Arches are like inverted cables except:
– arches develop compression not tension
– cables adjust their shape. they carry only tension (No moment or shear
carried in the cables)
– arches have an initial shape specified by the designer, they cannot change
Shear diagram Moment diagram
shape when the loading changes. Therefore they can be in pure compression
(without moment & shear) under only 1 set of loads (funicular load).
Conclusion: changing load from that corresponding to funicular shape causes
bending & shear
CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 39 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 40
mi
d
5.2 Three-hinged Arch 5.2 Three-hinged Arch
P
• Determine support reactions • FBD of entire arch

Ax Bx

Ay By

a P Cy • FBD of left half

Cx
f
A
Ax

Ay
L/2
CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 41 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 42

5.2 Three-hinged Arch Example 5-3

• The three-hinged open-spandrel arch
• For three-hinged arch, the support reactions and bridge shown in the Figure has a
parabolic shape & supports the uniform
internal reactions are only dependent on the location load
of three hinges • Show that the parabolic arch is
subjected only to axial compression at
– The higher rise, the smaller the lateral support reactions an intermediate point such as point D
– When f→0 ==> H→∞, unstable
• Assume the load is uniformly
transmitted to the arch ribs

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 43 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 44

Example 5-3 Example 5-3
SOLUTION: • FBD of Right Half
• Here the supports are at the same
elevation
• FBD of entire arch

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 45 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 46

Example 5-3 Example 5-3

y • A section of the arch taken through y • FBD of Segment BD
point D
x x

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 47 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 48

Millennium Bridge, England

The End
of the Session
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S7nXXy1NhpM
CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 49 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 6 50