AUBF

 Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide Test (CTAB) = positive in white turbidity(read after 5 mins)

o Mucopolysaccharide disorder
 Hurler syndrome
 Hunter synrome
 Sanfilippo syndrome
 Xanthrocromic = intracranial hemorrhage
o Rifampin therapy
o Merthiolate contamination
o Normal Neonates -> immature BBB
o CSF protein above 150mg/dL
o Meningeal melanoma
o Collection of CSF 2-5 days after traumatic tap
o Carotenoids (orange)-> dietary hypercarotenemia
 Silver Nitropusside (positive= RED)
o For homocystinuria
 Cysteine Disorders = all can be detected by Cyanide-Nitropusside Test = Red-Purple Color
o Cytinuria
o Cystinosis
o Homocyistinuria
 Additional = Silver-nitropusside = red color
 Ferric Chloride Test
o Alkaptonuria = transient blue
o Tyrosyluria = transient green
o Phenylketonuria = blue green
o 5-HUAA = blue-green
o Melanuria = gray-black
o MSUD = green-gray
o Indicanuria = violet-blue with chloroform
 Henoch-schonlein purpura can be detected with Occult Blood test
 Wegener’s granulomatosis = Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antigen
 Membranous glomerulous nephritis = HBsAg
 Acute Glomerulomephritis = ASO titer
 Increased eosinophil in BAL = Bronchial Asthma
 URINE ODOR
o Normal = faint aromatic odor
o Breakdown of UREA = Ammonia-liked/Ammoniacal
o Old specimen = Foul/Offensive
o Ketones = fruity/sweet
o MUSD = maple syrup
o Asparagus ingestion = Mercaptan
o Trimethylaminuria = Rotting Fish
o Tyrosinemia = Rancid Butter
 o Methionine Malabsorption = Cabbage/Hops
o PKU = mousy/musty
o Isovaleric acidemia = sweaty-feet
 Causes of anuria:
o Mercuric poisoning
o Acute nephritis
o Transfusion Reaction
 Chronic nephritis = polyuria
 Sperm
o Sperm Motility = within 60mins after semen collection
o Acrosomal Cap = for penetration
 ½ of the head, 2/3 of the nucleus
o Head = 5x3um
o Midpiece (where mitohondria is located)
o Length of tail = 45um
 Normal pH semen = 7.2-8
o Decreased pH
 Obstruction of ejaculatory duct
 Poorly developed seminal vesicle
 Increased prostatic fluid(contains acid)
o pH can be detected with Urine Strip Rgt.
o Proteolytic ezymes and ACP = found in PROSTATE
o Epididymis = site pf maturation of sperm cells
 Sucrose(table-sugar) is a non-reducing sugar
 Copper Reduction Test
o Nonspecific tests for
 Reducing sugars
 Ascorbic Acid
 Certain Drug Metabolites
 Ceophalosphorins
 Fanconi Anemia -> bone marrow disorder
 Fanconi Syndrome -> defect in PCT -> defect reabsorption
 Function of Kidneys
o Acic-Base Balance
o Electrolyte Balance (through RAAS)
o Site of urine formation
o Secretion of Hormones
o For gluconeogenesis -> kidney converts amino acid to glucose
 Hormones secreted by the KIDNEYS
o EPO by peritubular interstitial cell of the kidneys
o Renin
o 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
 Hippocrates -> Father of uroscopy -> also father of medicine
 Spermatozoa -> not typically recorded in routine urnalysis
o Stras: depends on the laboratory protocol
 L/S ratio = used to assess fetal lung maturity
 To know the cause of bloody CSF, check the
o Distribution of blood
 Intracranial Hemorrhage = equal distibution of blood
 TT = unequal
o Presence of Clotts
 IH = no clot
 T = clot
o Xanthocromia
 IH = xanthochromic
 TT = not
 CSF volume
o Adults= 90-150mL
o Neonates = 10-60mL
 Flagyl = Metronidazole (urine darkens on standing)
o Used for treatment against trichomonas vaginalis
 Second Morning Urine = AKA. Fasting urine specimen
o For glucose determination
 Paracentesis = peritonial
 Throcentesis = pleural fluid
 Pericardiocentesis = pericardialfluid
 Arthrocentesis = synovial fluid
 Amiocentesis = amniotic fluid
 Semen = masturbation
 Urobilinogen
o Chemstrix = 4-methox
o Multistix = p-demethylamonibenzaldehuide
 Limulus lysate -> test for the detctin of gram negative toxic
o Positive = Clot formation
o Negative = No clott formation
 For gram negative to
o Question: Is listeria positive?
o No. It produces endotoxin, but it is gram positive
 Effusions
o Transudate = clear
o Exudate = turbid
 Heparinin = can be used for effusions
 SYNOVIAL FLUID
o Normal crystal found in synovial fluid – WALA!
o Crystal = milky
o WBC = turbid
 Parietal Cell
o Produces HCL and Intrinsic Factor
o IF -> important for Vt B12 absorption
o Anti-Intrinsic factor in pernicious anemia = no HCl
 Reye’s Syndrome
o Inc. CSF Glutamine
o NV: 8-18 mg/dL
 SPERM TERMS
o NECROSPERMIA -> normal count but cells are dead
o ASPERMIA -> no ejaculate
o AZOOSPERMIA -> absence of sperm cells
o OLIGOSPERMIA -> decreased
 RESPIRATORY DISTRSES SYNDROME -> most commonly associated early fetal delivery
 STOOLFORM
o Ricer Watery; Cholera
o Pea sop: typhoid
o Ribbon Lie: Spastic colitis, ulcer, tumor
o Scybalous: constipation
o Butter-Like = cystic fibrosis
 FOBT = FALSE POSITIVE (these are oxidizing agents)
o TURNIPS (singkamas)
o BROCOLLI
o CAULIFLOWER
o MEAT
o ASPRIN
o FALSE NEGATIVE = ASCORBIC ACID
 Guthrie Test = for detection of phenylketonuria
o Uses bacillus subtilis (inhibited by beta-2-thienylalanine)
o Phenilalanine = inhibits the beta-2-thiethylalanine
o Uses blood from the heel stick
o Blood is placed on filter paper disj
o POSITIVE: bacterial growth
 5-HIAA
o Degredation product of serotonin (excreted by URINE)
 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
o Disorder of purine metabolisn
o Orange sand in diapers
o Associated with severe motor defects, mental retardation, self-destruction, got
 Lipiduria
o Associated with nephrotic syndrome -> filtration of HDL
o Skeletal trauma -> injury in bone -> yellow marrow scapes and appear in urine
 Small platelets = similar to diameter of lamelar body
 Male infertility
 o Low sperm cts
o Impaired motility
o Abnormal sperm forms
 Acute pyelonephritis
o WBC cast -> remember pyelonephritis is upper UTI. Hence WBC is seen
 Healthy WBC urine specimen = 0-5 WBCs/hpf
 DCT and CD = where casts are formed
 RTE cells -> most clinically significant urinary epithelial cells
o >2/hpf indicates injury
o Has small eccentric nucleus
o PCT= rectangular in shape
o DCT = rounds or oval in shape
o CD = cuboidal in shape
 TYPES of RTE
o Oval fat bodies = nephrotic syndrome
o Bubble cells = non-lipid vacuoles ; acute tubular necrosis
 Struvite renal stones = magnesium ammonium phosphate [triple phosphate crystals]
o Struvite is the name of this crystals
 Calcium Oxcalate
o Dihydrate = WeDDelite
o Monohydrate = WeWHElite
 Hypotonic Urine = Ghost cells(RBCs) and glitter cells(WBCs)
 Hypertonic = Crenated
 Fructose test = evaluate the function of seminal vesicle(normally high in fructose)
o Fructose is the major
 Decreased neutral alpha glucosidase = disorder of the epididymis
 EFFUSIONS
o Transudative Effusions (problem in plasma osmolality)
 Hypoprotinemia
 Nephrotic Syndrome
 Congestive Heart Failure
o Exudative (inflammatory conditions)
 Inflammation
 Hartnup Disease = BLUE-DIAPER syndrome
 Kimmelstiel-Wilson Disease = Diabetic Nephropathy
 Ivan Folling -> discovered phenylktouria
 Glucosuria
o Cystinosis
o Pregnany
o End-stage renal disease
 Amylase -> increased in esophageal rupture
 Acetylcholinesterase -> increased in neural tube disorders
 Barium ingestion -> grayish stool
 Chloroform -> preferred for preservation of aldosterone
 Pseudomonas -> green urine
 Tamm-Horsefall protein(uromodulin) -> major constituent of mucus and urinary cast
 Triple Phosphate -> disintegrates with a feathery appearance
 How to differentiate amorphous phosphates against urate? pH
 Acetest tablets = ketones
o Contains
 Na nitropusside
 Glycine
 Disodium phosphate
 Lacrose
 Clinitest = glucose
 Ictotest = bilirubin
 Galactose in newborn’s urine is significant
 Pass-through phenomenon -> seen when GLUCOSE IS VERY HIGH
 Chyluria (Chyle = fat lymph fluid) is seen with
o Wuchureria bancrofti infection
o Abdominal lymph node infection
 Oliguria
o Vomitting
o Diarrhea
o Severe burns
 VDRL = neurosyphilis with CSF
 Normal synovial fluid = egg white appearance.
 Fatty Casts
o Nephrotic Syndrome
o Crush injuries
o Diabtees mellitus
 Cholesterol = soluble in chloroform not it NaOH
o Stair-steps appearance
o Seen with fatty casts and oval fat odies
o Associated with nephrotic syndrome
 Glucose = most common test in synovial fluid
 Blood should not be normally found in fececs
 Ragocytes = neutrophils with IgG
 Steatorrhea = fat in stools
o Can be caused by G. lamblia
 Creatorrhea = muscle fibers in stools
 Ribbin-like stool = constipation
 Reiter cells ingesting a nuclei = Macrophage