PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE

2021
Chapter one: QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS.

Introduction
Qualitative analysis is the identifications of cations and anions in given samples of substances.
Compounds can only be identified by carrying out sample tests which identify the ions present.
The identification follows a scientific procedure in which conclusions (or deductions) are made
on observations from tests or experiments.
Qualitative analysis reactions are usually carried out in tests tubes using small quantities of
reagents, even if reagents are in excess. Large quantities of reagents are wasteful and small
quantities usually give observable and reliable results. Large quantities can also result in
dangerous reaction which cannot be controlled and give unreliable results or wrong observations
and conclusions.

This section forms question number two of chemistry paper 545/3 or paper 545/4. It is mainly
based on the chemistry of salts which is learnt in senior two. Students are therefore advised to
revise the chemistry of salts in order to present quality work in this section. Safety is the most
important aspect for students of chemistry in the laboratory; therefore students should take
caution and responsibility. Students should revise all rules and regulations of the laboratory
before performing practical.
Qualitative analysis requires a student to carry out a number of sample tests on one or more
substances mixed, the observation is recorded from which deduction about the substance is
made.

Unless the quantity is specified, volumes of about 1cm3 for liquids and almost 0.2g for solids are
sufficient to use in qualitative test tube reactions. The reactions occur mainly in aqueous
solution. The results can positive or negative. The positive indicates the expected result is present
and negative test indicates that the expected result is absent.

The reactions with both dissolved and undissolved ions produce various precipitates and gases.
Each ion has its own particular properties which can be used to identify it.

The tests are qualitative and require careful observations deductive and thinking. The qualitative
analysis in this case will be limited to the following ions.
The cations considered at this level include:
White substance
1. Zinc ions Zn2+
2. Lead (ii) ions Pb2+
3. Aluminium ions Al3+
4. Calcium ions Ca2+
5. Ammonium ions NH4+
6. Magnesium ions Mg2+

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 1

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Coloured substances
7. Copper (ii) ions Cu2+
8. Iron (ii) ions Fe2+
9. Iron (iii) ions Fe3+
At this level, the anions considered include:
1. Sulphate ions SO42-
2. Chloride ions Cl-
3. Carbonate ions CO32-
4. Nitrate ions NO3-
5. Iodide ions I-
6. Bromide Br -
7. Sulphite ions SO32-

During qualitative analysis there are three major phase namely.

 Preliminary tests which give a clue about the composition the compound given.
 Precipitation reactions of cations (confirmatory tests for cations)
 Precipitation reactions of anions (confirmatory tests for anions)

PRELIMINARY TESTS.
These are tests carried out to give you a clue of the possible cations and anions present in a given
substance. The word probably is used. These include, colour of the substance, smell and
solubility of the substance in water, action of heat, formation of precipitates and gases. In some
qualitative analysis exercises, a short list of ions can be given as present and in this case the ions
identified from the preliminary tests alone.

However, in others, preliminary tests alone are not sufficient to completely identify the ions.
Further tests would have to be performed before the ion could be clearly identified; an additional
or extra test which identifies an anion or cation conclusively is known as confirmatory test. A
confirmatory test clearly identifies an ion. There can be more than one confirmatory test for a
particular ion. On such test is sufficient to confirm the ion.
The following notes are useful in the identification of ions.
a) Colour: cations in their solid or dissolved aqueous solution have characteristic
colours.
(i) Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Al3+, Zn2+, NH4+, and Pb2+ are colourless or white solid.
(ii) Cu2+ is blue.
(iii) Fe2+ is green
(iv) Fe3+ is yellow or brown.
(v) NO3-, SO42-,Cl-,or hydrated compound is a crystalline substance.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 2

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
b) Action of heat on solids
When solids are heated they decompose and gases are usually given off. These
gases usually give useful information about the anions present in the unknown
substance. A wide range of different gases can be given off and all must be
identified with physical and chemical tests. Most gases can be identified by one or
a combination of the following properties.
The colour, smell, effect on litmus paper, action on splint and the usual
confirmatory tests can carried out on some gases e.g. for SO2, is a colourless gas
with an irritating smell, it turns moist blue litmus paper red and then bleached,
and turns acidified dichromate solution from orange to green.
Procedure
 Put a small portion of the unknown substance in a clean dry test tube.
 Heat gently at first the more strongly.
 Observe the colour changes on the solid and observe the gases and vapours given
off and identify them by their colours, smell, effect on litmus and their
confirmatory test.
 Record the colour of the residues left after the heating which is usually an oxide
of the metal and some of the metal oxides have certain characteristic colours.
These can also be used to give useful information about the cation present in the
unknown substance.

The table below shows the possible observations and deductions that can made when a
substance is heated.
Observations Deduction
A colourless liquid forms on the upper parts of the Water of crystallization
test tube which turns white anhydrous copper (II) Substance is hydrated, HCO3- , OH-,
sulphate blue and blue cobalt (II) chloride paper or HSO4- probably present.
pink.
A reddish brown gas with an irritating smell and NO2 is evolved probably NO3-
turns moist blue litmus paper red is given off present
A colourless gas which turns moist blue litmus SO2 is evolved probably SO32- or
paper red and acidified potassium dichromate from SO42- present
orange to green
A colourless gas with a chocking/pungent smell NH3 is given off and NH4+ is present
which turns moist red litmus paper blue and forms
dense white fumes with Conc. HCI
A colourless gas which turns damp blue litmus CO2 is given off and CO32- or HCO3-
paper red and lime water milky present
Colourless gas with an irritating smell, turns blue HCl gas probably Cl- present
litmus paper red and forms dense white fumes with
Conc. NH3

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 3

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Greenish yellow gas with a very sharp irritating Cl2 gas evolved probably Cl- present
smell bleaches damp litmus paper.
white (smoky) fumes with chocking smell turns SO3 gas evolved probably SO42- or
blue litmus paper red and forms a white precipitate HSO4- present
with BaCI2 or Ba(NO3) solution
Colour of the residue (Observation) Possible metal oxide formed
(Deduction)
The residue is black Cu, FeO, Fe3O4 is formed probably
Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, probably present.
Yellow residue when hot and turns white on cooling ZnO is formed probably Zn2+ present
Red-brown residue when hot and turns yellow when PbO is formed probably Pb2+ present
cold
Pale green solid leaves a reddish brown residue Fe2O3 formed, Fe2+ salt oxidized to
after heating Fe3+
Green solid leaves black solid after heating CuO or FeO formed hence Cu2+ or
Fe2+ present
A yellow substance forms a reddish brown residue Fe2O3 formed probably Fe3+ present
White sublimate forms on the walls of the test tube NH4+ probably present
Cracking sound heard (decrepitation occurs) Possibly Pb(NO3)2 present.

Notes

 Litmus paper must be damp

 Which testing for gases with litmus paper, do not touch the mouth of the inner walls of
the test tube. Hold the test paper in the mouth of test tube without touching the tube.
 Have the litmus paper, delivery tube, and other necessary apparatus ready before a
reagent is poured onto a test substance. Any gases produced may diffuse away quickly.\

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 4

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
General rules on solubility of common salts.
This information can be used to predict formation of precipitates.
Salts Soluble Insoluble
Nitrates All nitrates are soluble in None
water
Chlorides All chlorides are soluble -lead (II) chloride (only
except lead (II) chloride and soluble in hot water)
silver chloride -silver chloride
Sulphates All sulphates are soluble -lead (II) sulphate
except lead (II) sulphate, -barium sulphate
barium sulphate and calcium -calcium sulphate is only
sulphate sparingly soluble
Carbonates Carbonates of group 1 and All carbonates are insoluble
ammonium carbonate except those group 1 and
ammonium carbonate
Hydrogen carbonates All are soluble None
Sulphites Sulphites of group 1 and All sulphites are insoluble
ammonium sulphite except those of group 1 and
ammonium sulphite

NB:
 Sparingly soluble salts in most cases are a mixture of a soluble and an insoluble salt.
During filtration, a soluble salt forms the filtrate and an insoluble salt forms the residue.
 Dilute acids are used to dissolve solids that do not dissolve in water. In case the reaction
is slow warm the mixture.
Observation Deduction
Solid dissolves in acid with bubbles An insoluble salt of CO32- present
of a colourless gas that forms a white
precipitate with lime water (turns
lime water milky)
Substance dissolves in an acid on An insoluble compound
warming Probably O2- or Cl- present

Group Activity
1. You are provided with the following substances labeled
A - Pb(NO3)2
B - ZnCO3
C - FeSO4 . 7H2O
D - CuSO4 . 5H2O
E - NH4Cl
a) Heat each solid using a small portion strongly until no further change occurs on the solid
b) Observe the colour changes on each solid and identify the gases by colour, smell, effect
on litmus paper and a confirmatory test if any.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 5

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
PRECIPITATION REACTIONS AND CONFIRMATORY TESTS OF THE CATIONS

Precipitation is due to formation of insoluble metal hydroxides, chlorides, sulphates.

Sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide (ammonia solution) are commonly used to detect
cations in solutions by precipitating them out as insoluble metal hydroxide.
Some insoluble hydroxides will dissolve when excess reagent is added. Therefore, it is
important to record the observation with few drops and when excess reagent is added.
In case the precipitate dissolves then record the colour of the solution formed.
Examples of these reactions include;

a) Copper (II) ions Cu2+

(i) Using sodium hydroxide solution, a blue precipitate insoluble in excess is
formed.
Equation: Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Cu(OH)2(s)
(ii) (Confirmatory test): using aqueous ammonia solution, a blue precipitate
soluble in excess forming a deep blue solution.
Equation: Cu2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Cu(OH)2(s)
In excess ammonia solution, the blue precipitate dissolves forming a deep
blue solution. The deep blue solution is a complex ion, tetra amine copper
(ii) ions.
Equation: Cu(OH)2(s) + 4NH3(aq) Cu(NH3)42+(aq) +2OH-(aq)
b) Iron (II) ions Fe2+
(i) Using sodium hydroxide solution, a dirty green precipitate insoluble in
excess is formed, turns brown on standing. This is because oxygen in air
oxidizes iron (II) ions to iron (III) ions.
Equation: Fe2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Fe(OH)2(s)
(ii) Using ammonia solution forms a dirty green precipitate insoluble is
excess, turns brown on standing due to aerial oxidation of iron (II) ions to
iron (III) ions.
Equation: Fe2+(aq) + 2OH- (aq) Fe(OH)2(s)
(iii) (Confirmatory test): using potassium hexacyanoferate (III) solution, a
dark blue precipitate is formed.
c) Iron (III) ions Fe3+
(i) Using sodium hydroxide solution, a brown precipitate insoluble in excess
is formed.
Equation: Fe3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) Fe(OH)3(s)
(ii) Using ammonia solution, a brown precipitate insoluble in excess is
formed.
Equation: Fe3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) Fe(OH)3(s)
(iii) (Confirmatory test): Using potassium hexacyanoferate (II) solution, a
dark blue precipitate is formed.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 6

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(iv) (Confirmatory test): Using potassium thiocyanate solution; a deep red
solution is formed.

d) Zinc ions Zn2+

(i) Using sodium hydroxide solution, a white precipitate soluble in excess
forming a colourless solution.
Equation: Zn2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Zn(OH)2(s)
The white precipitate zinc hydroxide dissolves because it is amphoteric
therefore reacts with sodium hydroxide forming a soluble complex ion,
Called zincate ion.
Equation: Zn(OH)2(s) + 2OH-(aq) Zn(OH)42-(aq)
(ii) (Confirmatory test): using ammonia solution, a white precipitate soluble
in excess forming a colourless solution.
Equation: Zn2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Zn(OH)2(s)
The precipitate dissolves because zinc hydroxide reacts with ammonia
forming a soluble complex ion, called tetra amine zinc ions.
Equation: Zn(OH)2(s) + 4NH3(aq) Zn(NH3)42+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
e) Lead (II) ions Pb2+
(i) Using sodium hydroxide solution, a white precipitate which dissolves in
excess forming a colourless solution.
Equation: Pb2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Pb(OH)2(s)
The precipitate dissolves because lead (II) hydroxide is amphoteric and
therefore
reacts with sodium hydroxide solution forming a soluble complex ion
called plumbate ion.
Equation: Pb(OH)2(s) + 2OH-(aq) Pb(OH)42-(aq)
(ii) Using ammonia solution, a white precipitate insoluble in excess ammonia
is formed.
Equation: Pb2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Pb(OH)2(s)
(iii) (Confirmatory test): using potassium iodide solution, a bright yellow
precipitate is formed.
Equation: Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq) PbI2(s)
(iv) (Confirmatory test): using dilute hydrochloric acid and warm, a white
precipitate soluble on warming and re-appears on cooling.
Equation: Pb2+(aq) + 2CI-(aq) PCI2(s)
(v) (Confirmatory test): using potassium dichromate solution, a yellow
precipitate is formed.
Equation: Pb2+(aq) + CrO42-(aq) PbCrO4(s)
(vi) Using dilute sulphuric acid, a white precipitate is formed.
Equation: Pb2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) PbSO4(s)

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 7

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(vii) Using sodium carbonate solution, a white precipitate is formed.
Equation: Pb2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) PbCO3(s)
f) Aluminium ions Al 3+

(i) Using sodium hydroxide solution, a white precipitate which dissolves in

excess forming a colourless solution.
Equation: Al3+(aq) + 3OH- (aq) Al(OH)(s)
The precipitate dissolves because the Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric
and reacts with sodium hydroxide forming a soluble complex ion called
Aluminate ion.
Equation: Al(OH)3(S) + OH-(aq) Al(OH)4-(aq)
(ii) Using ammonia solution, a white precipitate insoluble in excess is formed.
Equation: Al3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) Al(OH)3(s)
(iii) (Confirmatory test), 2 drops of litmus solution, test solution if not acidic
add dilute hydrochloric acid and then add dilute ammonia solution until
the solution is just acidic.
Observation: Blue lake forms by absorbing Al(OH)3 precipitate in aqueous
NH3 leaving the solution almost colourless.
g) Ammonium ions NH4+
Add sodium hydroxide and heat the mixture. Smell the mixture, Ammonium ion
form no precipitate. On warming, acolourless gas with a chocking smell and
turns moist red litmus paper blue is given off (This is the Confirmatory test for
NH4+)
Equation: NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) NH3(g) + H2O(l)
h) Calcium ions Ca , Barium ions Ba and Magnesium ion Mg2+
2+ 2+

Using sodium hydroxide solution, these ions form a white precipitate insoluble in
excess.
Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Ca(OH)2(s)

Ba2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Ba(OH)2(s)

Mg2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Mg(OH)2(s)

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 8

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
NB:

 In carrying out tests, it is important to use known reagents and conditions that give
characteristics results such as formation of gases and precipitates.
 The test must be practical and the student should be familiar with the expected result in
order to make correct conclusions.
 Knowledge of the reagent and expected observations are important in order to make
conclusions. A student who does not know what the reagent is testing for cannot make
correct conclusions from the observations. Therefore knowledge of the test reagents,
what they test for and the expected result is important in identifying ions e.g. When
dilute sodium hydroxide is added to a solid substance and the mixture warmed, if a
pungent smelling gas is produced, it indicates the presence of NH4+ ions, if both the test
and expected observation is not known, the correct conclusion of NH4+ cannot be drawn
easily.

Forms of unknowns and tests

The substance that appears in practical examinations may be single compounds or mixture of
compounds, and may contain more than two ions. Tests can be performed on unknown solutions,
solids or their mixture. Insoluble solids can be dissolved with dilute or concentrated acids. The
acids react with the insoluble substance to form their soluble ions on which tests can be carried
out in solution.

Example: group activity

Solution A contains Pb2+or AI3+ or Zn2+.
Carryout the following tests and identify the ions present.
(a) Add dil. NaOH in drops and the in excess.
(b) Add dil. NH3 in drops and then in excess
(c) Add dil. HCl, heat the mixture well and allow it to cool.
(d) Carry out a test a test of your own choice to confirm the cation present in A.
Record the results obtained in the table below.
Tests Observations Deductions
(a) Dil. NaOH was added to
A drop-wise until in
excess.

(b) Dil. NH3 was added to A

drop-wise until in excess.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 9

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(c) Dil. HCl was added to A,
the mixture was heated
and then cooled.

(d) Carry out the test to

confirm the cation in A

Note:
 When an unknown is given and it is required to find the ions in it, it requires a
systematic elimination of the ions through preliminary and further tests. A
confirmatory test may be necessary to determine the ion conclusively. Specific tests
are carried out and the ions present deducted from the results.
 This requires a student to have good knowledge of what the reagents test for and the
conditions of reactions and what observations to expect.
 The tests are always based on small amount of reactants, small quantities give
observations and reliable results than the large quantities.

Marking logical observations and deductions.
 Care should be taken to add initially one or two drops of the reagent and then excess if
that is what is required.
 Observations of the effect of adding the reagents drop-wise and then in excess can lead to
the drawing of correct observations. For example, in a test, addition of drops of dilute
sodium hydroxide solution to a given solution may produce a precipitate, the correct
deduction is that Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ and Al3+ ions are present. However on addition
of excess alkali, the precipitate dissolves. The correct deduction now is Zn2+,Pb2+ and
Al3+ ions are present. Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions are eliminated because Mg(OH)2 and Ca(OH)2
precipitates do not dissolve in excess sodium hydroxide solution. They are not
amphoteric.
 Further tests can be carried out to discover which of the ions, Zn2+,Pb2+ and Al3+ ions are
present.
 A deduction can therefore cover one or more ions and you must record all the ions which
are pointed out by a certain observation.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 10

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
General solubility rules.
(a) Water soluble compounds
 NO3-, all nitrates of common metals are soluble in water.
 All salts of Na+, K+ and NH4+ are soluble in water.
 SO42-, all sulphates are soluble except CaSO4, PbSO4, and BaSO4.
 All chloride (Cl-), bromide (Br-) and iodide (I-) are soluble except those of Pb2+
and Ag+.
 HCO3-, all hydrogen carbonates are soluble.

(b) Mainly water insoluble compounds.

 CO32-, all carbonates are insoluble except those of group 1 metals and (NH4)2CO3.
 All oxides (O2-) and hydroxides are insoluble except those of group 1 metals, Na+,
K+ and NH4+.
 SO32-, all sulphites are insoluble except those group 1 elements and (NH4)2SO3.
NB: These rules are useful in prediction formation of precipitate in qualitative analysis.
Formation of precipitates.
Precipitates are formed when two solutions containing ions that form an insoluble compound are
mixed.
The ions come together to form the precipitates or crystals e.g. lead (II) sulphate precipitate from
a mixture of lead (II) nitrate solution and aqueous solution of a sulphate, e.g. aqueous sodium
sulphate.
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) PbSO4 (s) + 2NaNO4 (aq)
2+
If the cation is known, e.g. Pb in this case the anion present can be predicted. On the other hand
if the anion is known the cation can be predicted.
The prediction is based general knowledge of solubility of substance in water. It is important to
state the colour and nature of the precipitate formed.
Insoluble salts however precipitate from solution. Note the colour and nature of the precipitate.
Example
Aqueous solutions of the following salts are mixed together in the test tube.
(a) Pb(NO3)2 (aq) and Na2SO4 (aq)
(b) ZnCl2 (aq) and Zn(NO4)2 (aq)
(c) Na2CO3 (aq) and Zn(NO3)2 (aq)
(d) KI (aq) and Pb(NO3)2 (aq)
Solution:
(a) Pb(NO3)2 (aq) Pb2+ (aq) + 2NO3- (aq)
Na2SO4 (aq) 2Na+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)
All nitrates are soluble, therefore NaNO3, cannot be precipitated but all sulphates are soluble
excess PbSO4,BaSO4 and CaSO4. Therefore PbSO4 will be precipitated.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 11

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(b) No precipitate will be formed, because all the ions present, Zn2+, Cl-, and NO3-, no cation
and anion pair to form an insoluble salt. Possible combinations of Zn(NO3)2 and ZnCl2
are all soluble salts.
(c) The ions present are Na+, CO32-, Zn2+ and NO3-. CO32- all insoluble except only those of
group 1 and (NH4)2CO3. Therefore ZnCO3 will be precipitated because it is insoluble in
water.
These generalizations are useful in predicting formation of precipitates in qualitative
analysis.
For example, if the addition of an aqueous solution of lead (II) nitrate to an unknown
solution produces a white precipitate, it indicates the unknown solution cations one or
more types of anions which form an insoluble compound with Pb2+ ions. These are Cl-,
SO42-, SO32- or CO32-.
The following generalizations can be derived from the results of the above experiment.

 Any soluble salt and any of the three soluble carbonates, Na2CO3, K2CO3 and
(NH4)2CO3 forms a white precipitate of an insoluble metal carbonate. Because all
carbonates are insoluble except those of group 1 and ammonium carbonate.
 Any soluble salt + lead (II) nitrate forms a precipitate of an insoluble lead (II) salt
because most of lead (II) salts are insoluble except lead (II) nitrate. The
precipitates are identified by their colours.
 Any barium salt and any soluble sulphate forms a white precipitate of barium
sulphate.
 Any soluble sulphite and any soluble barium salt forms a white precipitate of
barium sulphite.
 Any soluble chloride and silver nitrate solution produces a white precipitate if
silver chloride.
These generalizations will help you answer many related questions on theory paper.

Sample question
Aqueous solution of the following salts were mixed together in the test tubes. State what was
observed and write the ionic equations for the reaction that took place in each case.
(a) CaCl2(aq) and NaCO3(aq)
(b) NaI (aq) and Pb(NO3)2 (aq)
(c) Ba(NO3)2 and H2SO4 (aq)

Solution:
(a) Observation: white precipitate is formed.
Equation: Ca2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) CaCO3 (s)
(b) Observation: yellow precipitate is formed
Equation: Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq) PbI2 (s)

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 12

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(c) Observation: white precipitate is formed
Equation: Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) BaSO4(s)

Summary of the reactions of the cations

Reagent Observation Deduction
Sodium hydroxide A white precipitate insoluble in excess Ca2+, Ba2+, or Mg2+
Solution sodium hydroxide solution Present
A white precipitate soluble in excess Zn2+, AI3+ or Pb2+
forming a colourless solution Present
A blue precipitate insoluble in excess Cu2+ present
sodium hydroxide solution
A dirty green precipitate insoluble in Fe2+ present
excess sodium hydroxide solution
A brown precipitate insoluble in Fe3+ present
excess sodium hydroxide solution
No observable change, on warming, a NH3 gas evolved
colourless gas with a pungent chocking NH4+ present
smell, turns damp red litmus paper
blue and forms dense white fumes with
Con. HCI
Ammonia A white precipitate insoluble in excess Pb2+, Mg2+ or AI3+
Solution ammonia solution Present
A white precipitate soluble in excess Zn2+ present
ammonia solution forming a colourless
solution
A dirty green precipitate insoluble in Fe2+ present
excess ammonia solution
A blue precipitate soluble in excess in Cu2+ present
excess ammonia solution forming a
deep blue solution
A brown precipitate insoluble in Fe3+ present
excess ammonia solution
Potassium A bright yellow precipitate is formed Pb2+ present
Iodide solution No observable change Al3+ present
White precipitate in a brown solution Cu2+ present
Potassium A dark blue precipitate formed Fe3+ present
Hexacyanoferrate(II)
Brown precipitate is formed Cu2+ presents
solution
Potassium Deep red solution formed Fe3+ present
thiocyanate solution

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 13

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Potassium A dark blue precipitate formed Fe2+ present
hexacyanoferrate (III)
solution
Dilute sulphuric acid A white precipitate formed Pb2+, Ba2+ or Ca2+
Present
No observable change Mg2+ present
Aluminium thiocynanate Deep red solution Fe3+ present
Hydrogen peroxide and Effervescence occurs and a colourless O2, evolved
warm gas which relights a glowing splint. Fe2+ present.
Blue solution turns brown
Copper (II) sulphate and Solution changes from blue to Cu2+ present
zinc powder colourless.
A brown solid is formed

ACIDIFYING THE FILTRATE

Back ground information
This test involves a reaction between two cations in solution with a reagent mostly sodium
hydroxide or ammonia solution.
One of the cations forms a precipitate which does not dissolve and the other forms a precipitate
which dissolves in excess reagents forming a soluble complex.
On filtering, the insoluble precipitate forms the residue on the filter paper while the soluble
complex drops down and is collected as the filtrate.
Acidifying this filtrate involves freeing the cation in the complex. The acid is added drop-wise
until the solution is just acidic. This is indicated by formation of a precipitate until it just
dissolves, immediately stop adding the acid because the solution is now just acidic. Adding
excess acid may affect your results.

In most cases a precipitate appears until it just dissolves as the acid is being added drop-wise to
the filtrate.
Note
 Always add excess reagent (NaOH or NH4OH) in order to dissolve the soluble
precipitate.
 Shake if necessary for the soluble precipitate to dissolve.
If the above is not done, the filtrate collected will not contain the complex and acidifying it will
show no change and the solution obtained will give negative tests only.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 14

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Worked out examples.
(a) Using sodium hydroxide
This reagent is used to separate two cations, one of which forms a precipitate that does not
dissolve in excess i.e. Fe2+, Cu2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Fe3+
and one which dissolves in excess sodium hydroxide i.e. Zn2+, Pb2+ or Al3+

You are provided with a substance B which contains two cations and one anion. Carryout the
following tests on B to identify the ions present. Record your observations and deductions in the
table below.

Tests Observations Deductions

(a)Heat a spatula end full of Colourless gas that turns CO2 gas evolved
B in a dry hard test tube moist blue litmus paper red CO32- probably present
strongly until no further and lime water milky.
change. A black residue is formed CuO formed, Cu2+ present.
(b)To one spatula end full of B dissolves in the acid with CO2 is given off, CO22-
B in the test tube, add dilute bubbles of a colourless gas present
nitric acid to dissolve. that turns moist blue litmus
To the solution obtained, add paper red and lime water
sodium hydroxide drop-wise milky.
until in excess and shake. A blue precipitate insoluble in Cu2+ present.
Filter and keep both filtrate excess.
and the residue. A blue residue and a
Experiment for separating colourles filtrate are formed Zn2+, Pb2+, Al3+ present in the
the two cations on filtering. filtrate.
i.e Zn2+ (soluble) from Cu2+
(insoluble)

(c)To 2cm3 of the filtrate, add A white precipitate forms and Zn2+ present
dilute nitric acid until the dissolves in the acid
solution is just acidic.
Divide the resultant solution
into 2 portions.
Experiment for freeing the
cation from the complex
i.e Zn2+ from [Zn(OH)4]2-
(i)To the first portion, add A white precipitate soluble in Zn2+, Pb2+, Al3+, present
sodium hydroxide drop-wise excess forming a colourless
until in excess. solution.
(ii)To the second portion, add A white precipitate soluble in Zn2+ present
ammonia solution drop-wise excess forming a colourless
until in excess. solution.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 15

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(d)Wash the residue with Residue dissolves forming a Cu2+ present.
distilled water and add dilute blue solution.
nitric acid.
Divide the solution into 2
portions.

(i)To the first portion, add A blue precipitate insoluble in Cu2+ present
sodium hydroxide drop-wise excess.
until in excess.
(ii)To the second portion, add A blue precipitate soluble in Cu2+ present
ammonia solution drop-wise excess forming a deep blue
until in excess. solution.

Identify the; anion present: CO32- Cations present: Cu2+ and Zn2+

(b) Using ammonia solution

This reagent is used to separate two cations of which one dissolves in excess ammonia solution
e.g. Zn2+ or Cu2+ and the other does not dissolve in excess ammonia e.g. Pb2+, Al3+, Fe2+, Fe3+
etc.
You are provided with substance B which contains two cations and one anion. Carryout the
following tests on B to identify the ions present. Record your observations and deductions in the
table below.
Tests Observations Deductions

(a)Heat a spatula end full of Colourless gas that turns CO32- gas evolved
B in a dry hard test tube moist blue litmus paper red CO32- probably present
strongly until no further and turns lime water milky.
change Residue is reddish brown Fe2O3 formed
Fe2+ probably present
(b)To one spatula end full of B dissolves in the acid with CO2 is given off.
B in the test tube, add dilute bubbles of a colourless gas CO32- present
nitric acid to dissolve. To the that turns lime water milky.
resultant solution, add
ammonium hydroxide A dirty green precipitate An insoluble salt of Fe2+
solution drop-wise until in insoluble in excess. present in the residue and
excess and shake. Filter and A green residue and blue Cu2+, present in the filtrate
keep both the filtrate and filtrate is formed on filtering.
residue.
Experiment for separating
the two cations.
i.e Cu2+ (soluble in
ammonia) from Fe2+
(insoluble in ammonia)

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 16

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(c)To 2cm3 of the filtrate, add A blue precipitate forms and Cu2+ present
dilute nitric acid until the dissolves in the acid
solution is just acidic.
Divide the resultant solution
into 2 portions.
Experiment for freeing the
cation from the complex
i.e Cu2+ from [Cu(NH4)]2+
(i)To the first portion, add A blue precipitate insoluble in Cu2+ present
sodium hydroxide drop-wise excess.
until in excess.
(ii)To the second portion, add A blue precipitate soluble in Cu2+ present
ammonia solution drop-wise excess forming a deep blue
until in excess. solution.
(d)Wash the residue with Residue dissolves to form a Fe2+ present
distilled water and add dilute green solution
nitric acid.
Divide the resultant solution
into 2 portions.
(i)To the first portion, add A dirty green precipitate Fe2+ present
sodium hydroxide drop-wise insoluble in excess. Turns Fe2+ oxidized to Fe3+
until in excess. brown on standing
(ii)To the second portion, add A dirty green precipitate Fe2+ present
ammonia solution drop-wise insoluble in excess. Turns Fe2+ oxidized to Fe3+
until in excess. brown on standing.

The cation present Cu2+ and Fe2+.

The anion present CO32-

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 17

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
PRECIPITATION REACTIONS OF ANIONS
Detection of anions is based on;
Precipitation of anions out of solution as insoluble salts of SO42-, Cl-, CO32-.
Example;
(a) Insoluble sulphates include;
lead (II) sulphate, barium sulphate and calcium sulphate.
(b) Insoluble chlorides include;
lead (II) chloride and silver chloride.
(c) Insoluble carbonates include;
All metal carbonates will form precipitates except sodium carbonate, potassium
carbonate and
Ammonium carbonate which are soluble.

Test reagent for anions in solution, observations and deductions

Reagent Observation Deduction
Lead (II) nitrate solution White precipitate is formed Cl-, SO42-, CO32- or SO32-
present
lead (II) nitrate solution + White precipitate insoluble in Cl-, and SO42- present
dil. HNO3 dilute nitric acid
White precipitate soluble in SO42- present
dilute nitric acid
Lead (II) nitrate solution + white precipitate insoluble in
dilute nitric acid + heat dilute nitric acid
(i) White precipitate SO42- absent
dissolves on PbCl2 salt formed
heating and Cl- confirmed present
reappears on
cooling.
(ii) White precipitate Cl- absent
does not dissolve PbSO4 salt formed
on heating SO42- confirmed present
Barium nitrate or barium White precipitate is formed SO42-, CO32-, SO32- present
chloride solution
Barium nitrate solution + White precipitate insoluble in SO42- confirmed
dilute nitric acid dilute nitric acid
silver nitrate solution + (i) White precipitate Cl- confirmed
dilute nitric acid formed
(ii) Pale yellow Br- confirmed
precipitate formed
(iii) Yellow precipitate I- confirmed

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 18

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Preliminary tests for anions
(a) Test: Action of dilute HCl or H2SO4 acid.
Add dilute acid to the solid substance in the test tube. If there is no reaction warm gently
but do not boil.
Observation Deduction
(i) Effervescences of a colourless, odourless gas CO2 gas evolved, CO32- or
that that turns lime water milky and damp blue HCO3- present
litmus paper red
(ii) In the cold or on heating, a colourless gas with SO2 gas evolved, SO32- present
a pungent smell turns blue litmus paper red
and bleaches it. It turns acidified potassium
dichromate solution from orange to green
(iii) Evolution of bad smelling gas ( rotten egg H2S gas evolved, S2- present
smell), turns blue litmus paper red and turns
paper soaked in lead (II) Ethanoate solution
black
(iv) Solid dissolves in acid but no gas evolved CO32-, HCO3- or S2- absent
Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, Br- or I-
probably present

(b) Test: Action of concentrated sulphuric acid.

Add cold concentrated sulphuric acid to the solid substance in the test tube. If there is no
reaction warm gently but do not boil.
Observation Deduction
1. Vigorous effervescence of a colourless, CO2 gas produced
oudourless gas that turns lime water milky CO32- confirmed
2. I the cold or on heating, colourless gas with a SO2 gas
pungent smell turns blue litmus paper red and SO32- present
bleaches it. It turns acidified potassium
dichromate solution from orange to green
3. Evolution of a bad smelling gas (rotten egg H2S gas evolved
smell ), turns blue litmus paper red and turns S2- present
paper soaked in lead (II) Ethanoate solution
4. Effervescence of fuming, pungent smelling HCl gas
chocking gas. Gas turns moist blue litmus paper Cl- present
red and forms dense white fumes with Conc.
NH3
5. Frothy effervescence of red brown vapour, Br2 gas produced
pungent smelling fuming gas. Gas turns blue Br- present
litmus paper red and reddish brown liquid is
formed
6. Colourless, pungent fuming gas. Gas turns blue HI gas, I- present
litmus paper red. Black solid is formed.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 19

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
7. Colourless, pungent smelling vapour forms. HNO3 vapour and NO2 gas
Vapour turns blue litmus paper red and fumes in produced
air. Red brown vapour forms on heating. NO3- present.
8. Solid dissolves, no gas produced, no precipitate Cl-, Br-, I- and NO3- probably
forms. absent
SO42- probably present

Note: concentrated sulphuric acid oxidizes some of the hydrogen bromide and hydrogen iodide
to red drown liquid bromine and violet iodine respectively.
2HBr(g) + H2SO4(l) Br2(g) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

Confirmatory tests for the anions.

a) Sulphate ions SO42-
(i) Add a few drops of lead (II) nitrate solution or lead (II) Ethanoate a white
precipitate is formed.
Equation: Pb2+(aq) + SO42- (aq) PbSO4(s)
(ii) Add a few drops of barium nitrate solution followed by dilute nitric acid, a
white precipitate insoluble in the acid is formed.
Equation: Ba2+(aq) + SO42- (aq) BaSO4(s)
(iii) Add a few drops of barium chloride followed by dilute hydrochloric acid, a
white precipitate insoluble in the acid is formed.
Equation: Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) BaSO4(s)
b) Carbonate ions CO3 2-

(i) Add a few drops of lead (II) nitrate solution followed by dilute nitric acid, a
white precipitate soluble in the acid with bubbles of a colourless gas that
turns lime water milky.
Equation: Pb2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) PbCO3(s)
(ii) Add a few drops of dilute mineral acid preferably dilute nitric acid, bubbles
or effervescences of a colourless gas that turns lime water milky.
Equation: 2H+ (aq) + CO32-(aq) CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(iii) Add lead (II) nitrate or lead ethanoate solution, white precipitate of lead (II)
carbonate is formed which dissolves in dilute acid forming a colourless
solution.
Equation: Pb2+ (aq) + CO32- (aq) PbCO3 (s)
(iv) Add silver nitrate solution, a white precipitate of silver nitrate is formed.
The precipitate dissolves in aqueous ammonia or dilute nitric acid forming
a clourless solution.
Equation: Ag+(aq) + CO32- (aq) Ag2CO3 (s)

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 20

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
c) Nitrate ions NO3- Brown ring test
(i) Add freshly prepared iron (II) sulphate solution followed by concentrated
sulphuric acid carefully down the walls of the test tube in tilted position so
that the acid sinks to the bottom a brown ring test forms at the junction.
d) Chloride ions Cl-
(i) Add a few drops of lead (II) nitrate solution and warm, a white precipitate
dissolves on warming and reappears on cooling.
Equation: Pb2+(aq) + Cl-(aq) PbCl(s)
(ii) Add a few drops dilute nitric acid followed by silver nitrate solution, a
white precipitate is formed. The precipitate darkens on standing in light
readily dissolves in ammonia solution forming a complex.
Equation: Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)
e) Iodide ions I -

(i) Add lead (II) nitrate solutions, a yellow precipitate is formed.

Equation: Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq) PbI2(s)

f) Hydrogen carbonate ions, HCO3-

(i) Boil the solution of the unknown and add a few drops of phenolphthalein
indicator.
Observation:
Bubbles of colourless gas are formed which turn lime water milky. The
resultant solution turns phenolphthalein indicator pink.
(ii) Add magnesium sulphate solution and boil.
Observation:
A white precipitate is formed on boiling.
g) Sulphite ions SO32-
(i) Add lead (II) nitrate solution followed by dil. HNO3. White precipitate is
formed. The precipitate is soluble in dil. HNO3.
Equation: Pb2+(aq) + SO32-(aq) PbSO3(s)
+
PbSO3(s) + 2H (aq) SO2(g) + H2O(l) + Pb2+(aq)
(ii) Add aqueous barium chloride or barium nitrate followed by dil. HNO3. A
white precipitate soluble in dil. HNO3 confirms sulphite ions.
Equation: Ba2+(aq) + SO32-(aq) BaSO3(s)
+
BaSO3(s) + 2H (aq) SO2(g)+ H2O(l) + Ba2+ (aq)
h) Bromide ions Br-
(i) Add lead (II) nitrate solution. A yellow precipitate is formed
Equation: Pb2+ (aq) + 2Br-(aq) PbBr2(s)
(ii) Add silver nitrate solution followed by dilute nitric acid. Cream or light
yellow precipitate insoluble in dil. HNO3 and darkens on standing in light.
Equation: Ag+ (aq) + Br-(aq) AgBr(s)

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 21

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Sample question
1. Name the reagent that can be used to distinguish between the following pairs of ions in
aqueous solution and state what would be observed when each of the following ion is
treated with the reagent named
(a) SO32-(aq)and SO42- (aq)
Reagent: Barium nitrate solution or Barium chloride solution followed by dil. Nitric
acid or hydrochloric acid.
Observation: SO32- (aq) - A white precipitate soluble in dilute acid.
SO42- (aq) - A white precipitate insoluble in dilute acid.
Note:
Similarly lead (II) nitrate solution followed by nitric acid can be used and the observations are as
above
Alternatively, we can use dil. HCl or H2SO4.
Observation: SO32- Effervescence is produced
SO42- No effervescence is produced

(b) HCO32-(aq) and CO32-(aq)

Reagent: Magnesium chloride solution or magnesium sulphate solution
Observation: CO32-(aq) White precipitate of MgCO3 is formed
HCO3-(aq) No precipitate is formed in cold but on heating a white
precipitate is formed.
Equations: Mg2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) MgCO3(s)
2+ -
Mg (aq) + HCO3 (aq) Mg(HCO3)2 (aq)
Explanations
When the solution is heated, magnesium hydrogen carbonate decomposes to form a
white precipitate of magnesium carbonate.
Mg(HCO3)2 (aq) MgCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(c) Reagent: silver nitrate solution.
Observation: Cl- White precipitate of AgCl is formed
I- Yellow precipitate of AgI is formed
Or we can use lead (II) nitrate solution
Observation: Cl- White precipitate of PbCl2 is formed
I- yellow precipitate of PbI2 is formed

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 22

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
WORKED EXAMPLES
Example 1
You are provided with substance Z which contains one cation and two anions. Carry out the
following tests to identify the cations and anions in Z. identify any gases evolved.
Tests Observations Deductions
Heat a spatula end-full of Z A colourless gas evolved, gas Gas is CO
in a dry test tube until there is turns moist blue litmus paper Hence CO32-, HCO3- present
no further change red, gas turns lime water Residue is ZnO
milky Hence Zn2+ present
Residue is yellow when hot,
white when cold
Dissolve two spatula end-full Partialy dissolves forming a Zn2+, Pb2+, Al3+, Ba2+, Mg2+,
of Z in distilled water, filter colourless solution and a Ca2+, probably present
and keep both the filtrate and white residue
residue
Divide the filtrate into four White precipitate, dissolves in Zn2+, Pb2+, Al3+, probably
equal portions, excess forming a colourless present
To the first portion, and solution
sodium hydroxide solution
drop wise until excess.
To the second portion, add White precipitate, soluble in Zn2+, confirmed present
ammonia solution drop wise excess forming a colourless
until excess. solution.
To the third portion, add 3 White precipitate. SO42-, Cl-, SO32-, CO32-,
drops of lead (II) nitrate. probably present
Carry out a test of your own White precipitate insoluble in SO42-, confirmed present
to confirm the anion in Z dilute nitric acid.
To the fourth portion, add
barium nitrate solution
followed by dilute nitric acid.
Dissolve the residue in dilute Dissolves with effervescence Gas is CO2
hydrochloric acid and divide evolving a colourless gas, gas Hence CO32-, confirmed
the resultant solution into two turns moist blue litmus paper present
equal portions. red, gas turns lime water
milky.
A colourless solution is
formed
To the first portion, add White precipitate soluble in Zn2+, Pb2+, Al3+, probably
sodium hydroxide solution excess forming a colourless present
drop wise until excess solution.
To the second portion, add White precipitate, soluble in Zn2+, confirmed present
ammonia solution drop wise excess ammonia solution
until excess forming a colourless solution

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 23

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Identify the;
(i) Cation in Z. Zn2+
(ii) Anions in Z. CO32-, SO42-

Example 2
You are provided with substance X which contains one cation and two anions. Carryout the
following tests to identify the cations and anions present in X.
Test Observation Deduction
(a)To 2 spatula end-full of X X is white powdery Al3+, Zn2+, Pb2+,probably
add about 5cm3 of water and crystalline solid, partiary present
shake well. Filter and keep soluble forming a colourless CO32-, NO3-, SO42-, CI-,
both the residue and the filtrate and a white residue. probably present
filtrate.
(b)Divide the filtrate into four A white precipitate, soluble in Al3+, Zn2+, Pb2+, probably
portions. excess forming a coloueless present
(i)To the first portion, add solution.
dilute sodium hydroxide
solution drop wise until in
excess
(ii)To the second portion, add A white precipitate insoluble Pb2+, Al3+, Mg2+, probably
dilute aqueous ammonia drop in excess. present
wise until in excess.
(iii)To the third portion, add A yellow precipitate is Pb2+ confirmed present
drops of potassium iodide formed
solution
(iv)To the fourth portion, add A white precipitate was Gas is NO2,
copper fillings followed by formed on addition of the NO3- confirmed present
conc. sulphuric acid and boil acid. On boiling, a brown gas
which turned moist blue
litmus paper red was given
off.
A green blue solution was
formed.
(c)Wash the residue in (a) Effervescence with evolution Gas is CO2,
above and place it in a test of a colourless gas, gas turns CO32-, confirmed present
tube. Add dilute HCI moist blue litmus paper red
and lime water milky.

(d) (i) Cation in X. Pb2+

(ii) Anions in X. NO3- and CO32-

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 24

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Example 3
You are provided with substance Y that contains one cation and one anion. Carry out the
following tests to identify the cations and anions in Y. identify any gases that may be evolved.
Record your observations and deductions in the table below.
Tests Observations Deductions
a)Appearance of Y Y is a green crystalline Fe2+, Cu2+ probably present
substance
b)Place a spatula end-full of A colourless vapour that Water of crystallization from
Y in a dry test tube then heat condenses to a colourless hydrated salt or HCO3-, OH-
strongly until there is no liquid is given off. The liquid
further change turns white anhydrous copper
(II) sulphate blue. A Gas is HCl,
colourless gas with an Cl- probably present
irritating smell is evolved, gas
turns blue litmus paper red,
gas forms misty fumes in air CuO, FeO, Fe3O4,
and dense white fumes with Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, probably
conc. Ammonia solution. present
Black residue is formed
c) To a spatula end-full of Y Dissolves forming a pale blue Cu2+ probably present
3
in a test tube add 5cm of solution
distilled water and shake.
Divide the solution into 4
portions. Pale blue precipitate insoluble Cu2+ present
(i)To the first portion, add in excess sodium hydroxide.
sodium hydroxide solution
drop wise until in excess
(ii)To the second portion, add Blue precipitate soluble in Cu2+ confirmed present
dilute ammonia solution drop excess forming a deep blue
wise until in excess solution
(iii)To the third portion, add White precipitate is formed Cl-, SO42-, CO32-, SO32-,
lead (II) nitrate solution. present
(iv)Use the fourth portion to
carry out a test of your own
choice to confirm the anion in
Y

Test White precipitate insoluble in Cl- confirmed present

To the fourth portion, add 2-3 nitric acid
drops of silver nitrate solution
followed by dilute nitric acid

Identify the;
Cations in Y: Cu2+ Anions in Y: Cl-

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 25

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Example 4
You are provided with substance A that contains two cations and anions. Carry out the
following tests to identify the cations and anions in A. identify any gases the may be evolved.
Record your observations and deductions in the table below.
Tests Observations Deductions
a) Place two spatula end-full Partiary dissolves forming a Pb2+, Zn2+, NH4+, Al3+
of A in a test tube, add 5cm3 colourless filtrate and white probably present.
of water, shake vigorously residue.
and filter. Keep both the No observable change, but a NH3 gas evolved
filtrate and the residue. colourless gas with an NH4+ confirmed present
Divide the filtrate into 3 irritating pungent smell is
portions evolved. The gas turns red
(i)To the first portion, add litmus paper blue and forms
excess sodium hydroxide dense white fumes with conc.
solution then heat and smell. HCI.
(ii)To the second portion, add White precipitate does not Cl- absent
lead (II) nitrate solution and dissolve on heating SO42- present
heat
(iii)Use the third portion to
carry out a test of your choice
to confirm the anion in A

Test
To the third portion, add 2-3 White precipitate insoluble in SO42- confirmed present
drops of Barium chloride the acid
solution followed by dilute
hydrochloric acid.
b) Wash the residue with little White residue turns yellow CO2 gas evolved
distilled water then divide it when hot and then white on CO32- present
into two parts. cooling.
(i)Strongly heat the first part A colourless gas that turns
until no further change occurs blue litmus paper pink and
lime water milky is evolved.
c) To the second portion of The residue dissolves with CO2 gas evolved,
the residue, add 3cm3 of rapid effervescence of a CO32- confirmed present
dilute hydrochloric acid. colourless gas that turns
Divide the mixture into 2 damp blue litmus paper pink
portions. and lime water milky.
(i)To the first part of the A colourless solution is Zn2+, Pb2+, Al2+, present
mixture, add sodium formed.
hydroxide solution drop wise A white precipitate soluble in
until in excess. excess NaOH(aq) forming a
colourless solution

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 26

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii)To the second portion, add White precipitate soluble in Zn2+ confirmed present.
ammonia solution drop wise excess forming a colourless
until in excess. solution.

Identify the:
Cations in A: NH4+ and Zn2+
Anions in A: SO42- and CO42-

Example 5
You are provided with a substance T which contains one cation and one anion. Carry out the
following tests on T to identify the ions present. Identify any gases evolved. Record your
observations and deductions in the table below.
Tests Observations Deductions
Note the appearance of T T is green crystalline solid Fe2+, Cu2+ present
NO3-, SO42-, Cl- probably
present
Heat a spatula end-full of T in Colourless vapour condenses Water of crystallization from
a dry test tube strongly until to form a colourless liquid hydrated salt or HCO3- or
no further change. which turns white anhydrous OH-
copper (II) sulphate blue.
Colourless gas that turns
moist blue litmus paper red, SO2 gas evolved,
gas turns acidified potassium SO42- present
dichromate from orange to
green.
Green solid turns to reddish Fe2O3 formed
brown. Fe3+ probably presents
To one spatula end-full of T Dissolves forming a pale Fe2+, Cu2+ probably present
in the test tube, add 5cm3 of green solution
distilled water and shake.
Divide the solution into 5
portions.
To the first portion, add Dirty green precipitate Fe2+ present
sodium hydroxide solution insoluble in excess and turns
until in excess brown on standing.
To the second portion, add Dirty green precipitate Fe2+ present
ammonia solution drop wise insoluble in excess and turns
until in excess. brown on standing.
To the third portion, add A dark blue precipitate is Fe2+ confirmed present
potassium hexacyanoferrate formed
(III).
To the fourth portion, add A white precipitate is formed Cl-, SO42-, CO42-, SO32-
lead (II) nitrate solution. present.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 27

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
To the fifth portion, add White precipitate insoluble in SO42- confirmed present.
Barium nitrate solution nitric acid.
followed by nitric acid.

Identify the;
Cation in T: Fe2+
Anion in T: SO42-

Example 6
You are provided with a substance W which contains one cation and two anions. Carry out the
following tests on W to identify the ions present. Identify any gases evolved. Record your
observations deductions in the table below.
Tests Observations Deductions
Note the appearance of W W is a green crystalline solid Fe2+, Cu2+ present
SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, CO32-
probably present.
Heat a spatula end-full of W Colourless vapour condenses Water of crystallization from
in a dry clean test tube to form a colourless liquid hydrated salt, HCO3-, OH- or
strongly until no further which turns white anhydrous HSO4- present.
change copper (II) sulphate blue. CO2 gas evolved,
A colourless gas that turns CO32- probably present.
moist blue litmus paper red
and lime water milky is given CuO, FeO, F3O4 formed
off. Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ probably
Green solid turns to black. present
T one spatula end-full of W Partiary dissolves forming a Cu2+, Fe2+ probably present.
in the test tube and 5cm3 of blue filtrate and a green
distilled water and shake. residue.
Filter and keep the residue.
Divide the filtrate into 4
portions.
To the first portion, add A blue precipitate insoluble Cu2+ present.
sodium hydroxide solution in excess sodium hydroxide
drop wise until in excess. solution
To the second portion, add A blue precipitate soluble in Cu2+ confirmed present
ammonia solution drop wise excess forming forming a
until in excess. deep blue solution.
To the third portion, add lead A white precipitate is formed. SO42-, Cl-, SO42-, CO32-, SO32-
(II) nitrate solution. probably present.
To the fourth portion, add A white precipitate insoluble CI- confirmed present.
silver nitrate solution in nitric acid.
followed by nitric acid.
Wash the residue with cold Residue dissolves with CO22- gas evolved.
water and add nitric acid. bubbles of a colourless gas CO32- confirmed present.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 28

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Divide the solution into 2 that turns damp blue litmus
portion paper pink and lime water
milky.
To the first portion, add Blue precipitate insoluble in Cu2+ present.
sodium hydroxide solution excess.
drop-wise until in excess.
To the second portion, add Blue precipitate soluble in Cu2+ present.
ammonia solution drop-wise excess forming a deep blue
until in excess. solution.

Identify the;
Cation in W: Zn2+
Anions in W: CO32- and Cl-

Example 7
You are provided with substance M which contains one cation and one anion. Carry out the
following tests to identify the cation and anion present in M. Identify any gases evolved and
record the observations and deductions in the table below.
Tests Observations Deductions
(a)Heat a spatula end-full of A colourless gas that turns CO2 gas evolved
M strongly in a test tube until moist blue litmus paper red CO32- present.
no further change. and lime water milky.
Brown residue when hot and Residue is PbO.
yellow when cold. Pb2+ present.
(b)Dissolve a spatula end-full Colourless gas that turns CO2 gas evolved
of M in dilute nitric acid. moist blue litmus paper red CO32- confirmed present.
Divide the solution obtained and lime water milky.
into 3 parts. Colourless solution foemed.
(i)To the first part, add A white precipitate soluble in Pb2+, Zn2+, Al3+ probably
sodium hydroxide solution excess. present.
drop-wise until in excess.
(ii)To the second part, add A white precipitate insoluble Al3+, Pb2+ probably present.
dilute aqueous ammonia in excess.
solution drop-wise until in
excess.
(iii)Use the third part to carry
out a test of your choice to
confirm the cation in M.

Test
To the third part add A yellow precipitate is Pb2+ confirmed present.
potassium iodide solution. formed.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 29

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Identify:
(i) The cation in M. Pb2+
(ii) The anion in M. CO32-

PRACTICAL SCHEDULES
Practical 1
You are provided with substance H which contains one cation and one anion. Carry out the
following tests to identify the cation and anion in H. Identify any gases evolved. Record your
observation and deductions in the table below.
Tests Observations Deductions
(a)Heat a spatula end-full of H in
a dry test tube until there is no
further change.

(b)Dissolve two spatula end-full

of H in 5cm3 of distilled water.
Divide the solution into 4 equal
portions.

(i)To the first portion, add

sodium hydroxide drop-wise
until in excess.

(ii)To the second portion, add

ammonia solution drop-wise
until in excess.

(iii)To the third portion, add 3

drops of lead (II) nitrate solution.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 30

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(iv)Use the fourth portion to
carry out a test of your own to
confirm the anion in H.
…………………………………..
…………………………………..
…………………………………..
…………………………………..
…………………………………..

Identify the;
Cation in H………………………
Anion in H………………………
Practical 2
You are provided with substance P which contains two cations and one anion. Carry out the
following tests to identify the ions in P. Identify any gases evolved and record your observations
and deductions in the table.
Tests Observations Deductions
(a)Heat a spatula end-full of P in
a dry test tube until there is no
further change.

(b)Dissolve two spatula end-full

of P in 5cm3 of distilled water.
Filter and keep both the filtrate
and the residue. Divide the
solution in four equal portions.

(i)To the first portion, add

sodium hydroxide solution drop-
wise until in excess.

(ii)To the second portion, add

ammonia solution drop-wise
until in excess.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 31

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(iii)To the third portion, add 3
drops lead (II) nitrate solution.

(iv)Use the fourth portion to

carry out the test of your own to
confirm the anion in P.

………………………………….
………………………………….
………………………………….
………………………………….
………………………………….
(c)Dissolve the residue in dilute
sulphuric acid and warm. Divide
the resultant solution into two
equal portions.

(i)To the first portion, add

sodium hydroxide solution drop-
wise until in excess.
(ii)To the second portion, add
ammonia solution drop-wise
until in excess.

Identify the:
Cations in P………………………..
Anion in P…………………………

Practical 3
You are provided with substance X which contains one cation and two anions. Carry out the
following tests to identify the cation and anions in X. Identify any gases that may be evolved.
Record your observations and deductions in the table below.
Tests Observations Deductions
(a)Heat a spatula end-full of X
in a dry test tube until there is
no further change.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 32

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(b)Dissolve the two spatula
end-full of X in 5cm3 of
distilled water. Filter and keep
both the filtrate and the
residue. Divide the solution in
four equal portions.

(i)To the first portion, add

sodium hydroxide solution
drop-wise until in excess.

(i)To the second portion, add

ammonia solution drop-wise
until in excess.

(ii)To the third portion, add

lead ethanoate solution.

(iii)To the fourth portion,

Barium chloride solution
followed by dilute
hydrochloric acid.

(c)Dissolve the residue in

dilute nitric acid and warm.
Divide the resultant solution in
two equal portions.

(i)To the first portion, sodium

hydroxide solution drop-wise
until in excess.

(ii)To the second portion, add

ammonia solution drop-wise
until in excess.

Identify the:
Cation in X........................................
Anions in X…………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 33

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 4
You are provided with substance Q which contains two cations and one anion. Carry out the
following tests to identify the cations and anion in Q. Identify any gases evolved. Record your
observations and deductions in the table below.
Tests Observations Deductions
(a)Heat a spatula end-full of
Q in dry test tube until there
is no further change.

(b)Dissolve two spatula end-

full of Q in 5cm3 of distilled
water.

(c)To the resultant solution,

add sodium hydroxide
solution
drop-wise until in excess.
Filter and keep both the
filtrate and the residue.

(d)Add dilute nitric acid to

the filtrate until the solution
becomes acid. Divide the
resultant solution into three
equal portions.

(i)To the first portion, add

sodium hydroxide drop-wise
until in excess.

(ii)To the second portion, add

3 drops of lead (II) nitrate
solution.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 34

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(iii)To the third portion, add
barium chloride solution
followed by dilute
hydrochloric acid.

(e)Dissolve the residue in

dilute nitric acid and warm.
Divide the resultant solution
into three equal portions.

(i)To the first portion, add

sodium hydroxide solution
drop-wise until in excess.

(ii)To the second portion, add

ammonia solution drop-wise
until in excess.

(iii)Use the third portion to

confirm the cation in Q

Identify the:
Cations in Q………………………….
Anion in Q……………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 35

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 5
You are provided with substance Z which contains one cation and two anions. Carry out the
following tests to identify the cation and anions in Z. Identify any gases evolved and record your
observations and deductions in the table below.
Tests Observations Deductions
(a)Heat a spatula end-full of Z in
a dry test tube gently and later
strongly until there is no further
change.

(b)Dissolve two spatula end-full

of Z in 5cm3 of distilled water.
Divide the solution into five
portions.

(i)To the first portion, add

sodium hydroxide solution drop-
wise until in excess.

(ii)To the second portion, add

ammonia solution drop-wise
until in excess.

(iii)To the third portion, add 3

drops of potassium iodide
solution.

(iv)To the fourth portion, add 3

drops of lead (II) nitrate solution.

(v)Use the fifth portion to carry

out a test of your own choice to
confirm the anion in Z.

………………………………….
………………………………….

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 36

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
………………………………….
………………………………….
…………………………………..
…………………………………..

Identify the:
Cations in X………………………….
Anion in X……………………………

Practical 6
You are provided with substance T which contains two cations and two anions. Carry out the
following tests to identify the cations and anions in T. Identify any gases evolved. Record your
observations and deductions in the table below.
Tests Observations Deductions
(a)Heat a spatula end-full of T in
a dry test tube until there is no
further change.

(b)Dissolve two spatula end-full

of T in 5cm3 of distilled water.
Then add sodium carbonate
solution.
Filter and keep both the filtrate
and the residue. Divide the
filtrate into four equal portions.

(i)To the first portion, add

sodium hydroxide solution drop-
wise until in excess.

(ii)To the second portion, add 3

drops of lead (II) nitrate solution

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 37

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(iii)Use the third portion to carry
out the test of your own choice
to confirm the anion in T.

………………………………….
………………………………….
………………………………….
………………………………….
………………………………….

(iv)To the fourth portion, add

barium chloride solution
followed by dilute hydrochloric
acid.

(c)Wash the residue with

distilled water and dissolve in
dilute nitric acid until it
dissolves. Divide the resultant
solution into three equal
portions.

(i)To the first portion, add

sodium hydroxide solution drop-
wise until in excess.

(ii)To the second portion, add

ammonia solution drop-wise
until in excess.

(iii)To the third portion, add

potassium iodide solution.

Identify the:
Cations in T…………………………..
Anions in T…………………………..

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 38

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 7
You are provided with substance Y which contains two cations and one anion. Carry out the
following tests to identify the cations and anion in Y. Identify any gases evolved. Record your
observations and deductions in the table below.
Tests Observations Deductions
(a)Heat a spatula end-full of Y
in dry test tube until there is no
further change.

(b)Dissolve two spatula end-full

of Y in 5cm3 of distilled water.

(i)To about 1cm3 of the solution,

add 3 drops lead (II) nitrate
solution.

(ii)Use 1cm3 of the solution to

carry out a test of your own to
identify the cation in Y.

………………………………….
………………………………….
………………………………….
………………………………….
………………………………….
(c)To the rest of the solution, in
(b) add sodium hydroxide
solution drop-wise until in
excess.
Filter and keep both the filtrate
and the residue.

(d)Ad dilute HCI acid drop-wise

to the filtrate until it is just
acidic. Divide the resultant
solution into three portions.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 39

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(i)To the first portion, add
sodium hydroxide solution drop-
wise until in excess.

(ii)To the second portion, add

ammonium hydroxide solution
drop-wise until in excess.

(iii)To the third portion, add

potassium iodide solution.

(e)Dissolve the residue from (c)

in dilute HCI acid and divide the
resultant solution into two
portions.

(i)To the first portion, add

sodium hydroxide solution drop-
wise until in excess.

(ii)To the second portion, add

ammonia solution drop-wise
until in excess.

Identify the:
Cations in Y…………………….
Anion in Y……………………...

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 40

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 8
You are provided with substance M that contains one cation and one anion. Carry out the
following tests and identify the cation and anion in M. identify any gases evolved. Record your
observations and deductions in the table below.
Tests Observations Deductions
(a)To a spatula end-full of M,
add 5cm3 of distilled water and
shake. Divide the resultant
solution into five parts.

(i)To the first part, add sodium

hydroxide solution drop-wise
until in excess.

(ii)To the second part, add

ammonia solution drop-wise
until in excess.

(iii)To the third part, add lead

(II) nitrate solution.

(iv)To the fourth part of the

solution, carry out the test of
your own choice to confirm the
anion in M.
………………………………….
…………………………………
………………………………….
………………………………….
………………………………….
…………………………………

Identify the:
Cation in M………………
Anion in M………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 41

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 9
You are provided with substance V which contains one cation and one anion. Carry out the
following tests to identify the cation and anion in V. Identify any gas(es) that may be evolved.
Record your observations and deductions in the table below.
Tests Observations Deductions
(a)Heat a spatula end-full of V in a
dry test tube.

(b)Add 5cm3 of distilled water to

one spatula end-full of V and
shake. Divide the resultant
solution into five parts.

(i)To the first part, add sodium

hydroxide solution and warm.

(ii)To the second part, add dilute

ammonia solution drop-wise until
in excess.

(iii)To the third part, add lead (II)

nitrate solution and warm then
allow it to cool.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 42

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(iv)To the fourth part, add silver
nitrate solution followed by dilute
nitric acid.
(v)Use the fifth part to carry out a
test of your own choice to confirm
the anion in V.

…………………………………..
………………………………….
…………………………………...
…………………………………..
……………………………………
……………………………………
……………………………………

Identify the:
Cation in V…………….
Anion in V…………….

Practical 10
You are provided with substance W which contains one cation and one anion. Carry out the
following tests on W to identify the cation and anion in W. Identify any gases given off. Record
your observations and deductions in the table below.
Tests Observations Deductions
(a)Heat a spatula end-full of
W in a dry test tube until there
is no further change.

(b)To a spatula end-full of W,

add 5cm3 of distilled water
and shake to dissolve. Divide
the resulting solution into four
parts.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 43

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(i)To the first part, add sodium
solution hydroxide drop-wise
until in excess.

(ii)To the second part, add

ammonia solution drop-wise
until in excess.

(iii)To the third part, add lead

(II) nitrate solution.

(iv)To the fourth part, add

barium nitrate solution
followed by dilute nitric acid.

Identify the:
Cation in W…………..
Anion in W…………...

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 44

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 11
You are provided with substance Q which is a mixture of ammonium chloride and copper (II)
carbonate. Complete the table below by filling in the expected observation and deductions when
the tests are carried out on Q.
Tests Observations Deductions
(a)Heat a spatula end-full of Q
in a dry test tube strongly until
there is no further change.

(b)To one spatula end-full of Q

in a test tube, add 5cm3 of
distilled water and shake. Filter,
keep both the filtrate and the
residue. Divide the filtrate in 3
portions.

(i)To the first portion, add

sodium hydroxide solution drop-
wise until in excess and warm.

(ii)To the second portion, add

lead (II) nitrate solution.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 45

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(iii)To the third portion, carry
out a test of your own choice to
identify the anion in Q.

………………………………….
………………………………….
………………………………….
…………………………………
………………………………….

(c)Wash the residue with

distilled water, transfer it in a
test tube and add dilute nitric
acid. Divide the resultant
solution into two portions.

(i)To the first portion, add

sodium hydroxide solution drop-
wise until in excess.

(ii)To the second portion, add

ammonia solution drop-wise
until in excess.

Cations in Q NH4+ and Cu2+

Anions in Q Cl- and CO32-

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 46

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 12 (UNEB PAPER 3 2019)
You are provided with substance Q, which contains two cations and one anion. Carry out the
following tests to identify the cations and the anion present in Q. Identify any gas(es) that may
be evolved. Record your observations and deductions in the table below.

Tests Observations Deductions

(a)Dissolve one spatula end-full
of Q in about 5cm3 of water. Add
excess sodium hydroxide
solution; shake well and filter.
Keep both the filtrate and the
residue.

(b)To the filtrate, add dilute nitric

acid until the solution is just acid.
Divide the acidic solution into
five portions.

(i)To the first portion of the

acidified solution, add dilute
sodium hydroxide drop-wise
until in excess.

(ii)To the second portion of the

acidified solution, add aqueous
ammonia drop-wise until in
excess.

(iii)To the third portion of the

acidified solution, add potassium
iodide solution.

(iv)To the fourth portion of the

acidified solution, add lead (II)
nitrate solution and warm.

(v)Use the fifth portion of the

acidified solution to carry out a
test of your own to confirm the
anion in Q.

…………………………………..

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 47

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
…………………………………..
…………………………………..
…………………………………..
…………………………………..
(c)Dissolve the residue in a
minimum amount of dilute
sulphuric acid and divide the
resultant solution into two parts.

(i)To the first part of the solution

add sodium hydroxide solution
drop-wise until in excess.

(ii)To the second part of the

solution, add 1 small piece of
zinc granules and leave the
solution to stand for 5 minutes.
Divide the solution into two
portions and use them for part (d)

(d) (i) To the first portion of the

solution, add sodium hydroxide
drop-wise until in excess.

(ii)To the second portion of the

solution, add aqueous ammonia
drop-wise until in excess.

The cations in Q are……………………………………

The anion in Q is……………………………………….

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 48

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Chapter two: VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
Volumetric analysis is the technique of finding the concentration of the solution. In this
technique the solution of the known concentration is added repeatedly to the one whose
concentration is to determine until there is just enough of it to neutralize the other of the
unknown concentration. This method is called titration. During titration, the volume of standard
solution that completely reacts with the measured volume of the solution under the analysis is
recorded. The titration is repeated to obtain consistent tires.
From consistent tires values, an average volume of the standard solution is calculated. By use of
appropriate stoichiometry (reaction ratio) obtained from the balanced equation between the
reacting substance in the experiment, the concentration of the solution under analysis can be
calculated.

Volumetric analysis is performed using the following important apparatus. These include burette,
pipette, conical flask, beakers, retort stand and clamp, volumetric flasks, weighing balance.
Quantitative (volumetric) analysis requires the knowledge and application of knowledge on mole
concept. Therefore the following terms are useful in volumetric analysis.

1. Relative formula mass (RFM).

This is the mass of one molecule of an element or compound on a scale on which one
atom of carbon-12 is exactly 12 units. It is determined by adding the atomic mass of the
element in the compound.
Relative formula mass has no units.
E.g Calculate the relative formula mass of Na2CO3. (Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16)
RFM of Na2CO3 = (23x2) + (12x1) + (16x3)
= 46 + 12 + 48
= 106
2. Molarity of the solution (concentration in moles per litre) or molar concentration.
This refers to the number of moles of the compound contained in a litre (1000cm3) of a
solution.
Therefore, 0.2M of HCI means 1000cm3 of HCI contains 0.2 moles.
3. Concentration in grams per litre or grams per cubic decimeters.
This refers to the mass of the compound dissolved to make 1 litre of the solution.
When 4g of sodium carbonate are dissolved to make 1 litre of solution, we say that the
solution has a concentration of 4gl-1 or 4gdm-3 of sodium carbonate.

From, Molarity = Concentration in grams per litre

Relative formula mass
Therefore, Concentration in grams per litre = Molarity x Relative formula mass.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 49

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Example
53.5g of sodium chloride were dissolved to make 2000cm3 of the solution, calculate the
concentration of sodium chloride in grams per litre. (Na = 23, Cl = 35.5)
Solution
RFM of NaCl = 23 + 35.5
58.5
Therefore molar mass of NacCl = 58.5g
58.5g of NaCl contain 1 mole
1
1g of NaCl will contain moles
58.5
1 x 53.5
53.5g of NaCl will contain moles
58.5
0.9145moles
3
2000cm of solution contains 0.9145 moles of NaCl
0.9145
1cm3 of solution will contain moles of NaCl
2000
0.91445 x 1000
1000cm3 of solution will contain moles of NaCl
2000
0.4573M
1 moles of NaCl weighs 58.5g
0.4573 x 58.5
0.4573 moles will weigh g
1
26.75gl-1

4. A standard solution.
This is a solution whose concentration is known. The concentration can be:
(i) In moles of the compound in a litre of solution (Molarity).
(ii) In grams of the compound in a litre of solution.
(iii) In grams of the compound in a given volume usually 250cm3 or 500cm3.
A standard solution is used to standard solutions whose concentration is not known (un-
standard solution) during a process called volumetric analysis.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 50

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
ACID-BASE TITRATION
Acid-base titration is the titration between an acid and an alkali. The reaction taking place in this
titration is called neutralization reaction. The reaction is represented by the equation below.
H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) H2O (l)
The progress of the reaction is determined by adding an indicator to the solution in the conical
flask.
At the end point, the indicator shows a sharp colour change. Students should take care when the
end point is about to be reached. Add the solution from the burette drop by drop to avoid over
shooting.
At this level, the indicator solutions used for titration are phenolphthalein and methyl orange
indicators.
They show the following colours in acid and base media.
Indicator Colour in acid medium Colour in alkali
medium
Phenolphthalein Colourless Purple
Methyl orange Red/Pink Yellow

Worked Examples
Example 1
You are provided with:
BA1, which is potassium hydroxide solution with unknown concentration.
BA2, which is 0.2M sulphuric acid.
You are required to determine the concentration of BA1

Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA1 into a clean conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange
indicator and titrate with BA2 from the burette.
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.

Results:
Volume of pipette used 25.0 cm3
Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading (cm3) 15.20 17.60 21.60
Initial burette reading (cm3) 0.00 2.00 6.00
Volume of BA2 used (cm3) 15.20 15.60 15.60

Titre values of BA2 used for average

15.60cm3 and 15.60cm3

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 51

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Average volume of BA2 used.
15.60+15.60
2
15.60cm3
(a) Write the equation for the reaction that took place between BA1 and BA2.
2KOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) K2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O (l)

(b) Calculate the molarity of potassium hydroxide.

1000cm3 of solution contains 0.2 moles H2SO4
0.2
1cm3 of solution will contain moles of H2SO4
1000
0.2x15.60
15.60cm3 of solution will contain moles of H2SO4
1000

0.00312 moles of H2SO4

From the equation,
1 mole of sulphuric acid reacts 2 moles of potassium hydroxide.
2 x 0.00312
0.00312 moles of sulphuric acid will react with moles of potassium
1
hydroxide

0.00624 moles of KOH

25.0cm3 of solution contains 0.00624 moles of potassium hydroxide
0.00624
1cm3 of solution will contain moles of potassium hydroxide
25.0
0.00624 x 1000
1000cm3 of solution will contain moles of potassium hydroxide
25.0
0.25M
NB: M is the same as moles per litre, moles per 1000cm3 and moles per dm3

(c) Determine the concentration of KOH in grams per litre. (K = 39, O = 16, H = 1)

RFM of KOH = (39 x 1) + (16 x 1) + (1 x1)

39 + 16 + 1
56
1 mole KOH weighs 56g
0.25 x 56
0.25 moles of KOH will weigh g
1
14gl-1

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 52

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Example 2
You are provided with:
FA1, which is a solution containing 3.7 grams per litre of a metal hydroxide M(OH)2
FA2, which is 0.1M dilute hydrochloric acid
You are required to determine the atomic mass of metal M in M(OH)2.
Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of FA1 into a conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange
indicator and titrate with FA2 from the burette.
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.
Results
Volume of pipette used 25.0 cm3
Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading(cm3) 25.00 27.10 28.20
Initial burette reading 0.00 2.00 3.00
(cm3)
Volume of FA2 used 25.00 25.10 25.20
(cm3)

Tire values of FA1 used for average

25.10cm3 and 25.20cm3
Average volume of FA1 used
25.10 x 25.20
2
25.15cm3
(a) Write the equation for the reaction that took place between FA1 and FA2.
M(OH)2 (aq) + HCl (aq) MCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
(b) Calculate the number of moles of FA1 that reacted with FA2.
1000cm3 of solution contains 0.1 moles of HCl
0.1
1cm3 of solution will contain moles of HCl
1000
0.1 x 25.15
25.15cm3 of solution will contain moles of HCl
1000

0.002515moles of HCl
From the equation,
2 moles of HCl reacted with 1 mole of M(OH)2
1 x 0.002515
0.002515 moles of HCl will react with moles of M(OH)2
2
0.0012575 moles of M(OH)2

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 53

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(c) Determine the molarity of FA1.
25.0cm3 of solution contains 0.0012575 moles of M(OH)2
0.0012575
1cm3 of solution will contain moles of M(OH)2
25.0
0.0012575 x 1000
1000cm3 of solution will contain moles of M(OH)2
25.0
0.05M
(d) Calculate the formula mass of FA1 and hence the relative atomic mass of metal M in
M(OH)2.
(H = 1, O = 16)

0.05 moles contain 3.7g M(OH)2

3.7 x 1
1 mole will contain
0.05
74g
Or
Use of formula
RFM = Conc. in gl-1
Molarity
3.7
=
0.05
= 74
M(OH)2 = RFM
M + (16 x 2) + (1 x 2) = 74
M + 32 + 2 = 74
M + 34 = 74
M = 74 – 34
M = 40

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 54

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Example 3
You are provided with:
BA1, which is a solution containing 4.0g solution hydroxide dissolved to make 500cm3 of the
solution.
BA2, which is a solution containing 0.1M acid HnX.
You are required to determine the basicity of an acid HnX.

Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA1 into a conical flask. Add 2-3 drops phenolphthalein
indicator and titrate with BA2 from the burette.
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.

Results
Volume of pipette used 25.0 cm3
Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading (cm3) 25.40 25.00 27.00
Initial burette reading 0.00 0.00 2.00
(cm3)
Volume of BA2 used 25.40 25.00 25.00
(cm3)

Titre values of BA2 used for average.

25.00cm3 and 25.00cm3
Average volume of BA2 used
25.00+25.00
2
25.00cm3

(a) Calculate the molarity sodium hydroxide (Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1)

500cm3 of solution contains 4.0g of NaOH
4.0
1cm3 of solution will contain g of NaOH
500
4.0 x 1000
1000cm3 of solution will contain g NaOH
500
8gl-
RFM of NaOH = (23 x 1) + (16 x 1) + (1 x 1)
= 23 + 16 + 1
= 40

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 55

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
40g of NaOH contains 1 mole
1
1g of NaOH will contain moles
40
1x8
8g of NaOH will contain moles
40
0.2M
(b) Calculate the number of moles of BA1 that reacted
1000cm3 of solution contains 0.2 moles of NaOH
0.2
1cm3 of solution will contain moles of NaOH
1000
0.2 x 25.0
25.0cm3 of solution will moles of NaOH
1000
0.005 moles of NaOH
(c) Calculate the number of moles of the acid that reacted.
1000cm3 of solution contains 0.1 moles of the acid
0.1
1cm3 of solution will contain moles of the acid
1000
0.1 x 25.00
25.00cm3 of solution will contain moles of the acid
1000
0.0025moles of the acid
(d) Determine the basicity of the acid HnX and hence write the equation of reaction between
the acid and the base.
NaOH : HnX
Number of moles 0.005 : 0.0025
0.005 0.0025
Mole ratio :
0.0025 0.0025
2 : 1
Therefore the basicity of the acid n is 2.
2NaOH (aq) + H2X (aq) Na2X (aq) + 2H2O (l)

Example 4
You are provided with the following;
BA1, which is a solution made by dissolving 4.8g of metal hydroxide MOH in one litre.
BA2, which is a 0.0625 moll-1 sulphuric acid.
You are required to determine the relative atomic mass of M in MOH
Procedure;
Pipette 25cm3 (or 20cm3) of BA1 into a clean conical flask and add 2-3drops of phenolphthalein
indicator. Titrate this mixture with BA2 from the burette. Repeat the titration until you obtain
consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 56

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021

Results:
Volume of pipette used 25.0 cm3

Final burette reading (cm3) 24.10 48.10 24.00

Initial burette reading (cm3) 0.00 24.10 0.00

Volume of BA2 used (cm3) 24.10 24.00 24.00

Volumes of BA2 used for calculating the average

24.00cm3 and 24.00cm3
Average volume of BA2 used
24.00+24.00
2
48.00
2
24.00cm3
Questions:
(a) Calculate the;
(i) Number of moles of BA2 that reacted,
1000cm3 of solution contains 0.0625 moles of sulphuric acid.
0.0625
1cm3 of solution will contain moles of sulphuri aid
1000
0.0625 x 24.00
24.00cm3 of solution will contain moles of sulphuric aid
1000
0.0015 moles of sulphuri acid

(ii) Number of moles of MOH in BA1 that reacted

2MOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) M2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
From the equation;
1 mole of sulphuric acid reacted with 2 moles of MOH
2 x 0.0015
0.0015 moles of sulphuric acid will react with moles of MOH
1
0.003 moles of MOH
(iii) Molarity of BA1.
25.0cm3 of solution contains 0.003 moles of MOH.
0.003
1cm3 of solution will contain moles of MOH
25.0
0.003 x 1000
1000cm3 of solution will contain moles of MOH
25.0

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 57

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
0.12M
(iv) Formula mass of MOH.
0.12 moles of MOH contains 4.8g
4.8
1 mole of MOH will contain g
0.12
40g

(v) Relative atomic mass of M. (O = 16, H = 1)

MOH = 40
(M x 1) + (16 x 1) + (1 x 1) = 40
M + 16 + 1 = 40
M + 17 = 40
M = 40 – 17
M = 23
Example 5
You are provided with the following:
GA1, which is a solution made by dissolving 12.6g of a monobasic acid HNOX to make 1 litre of
solution.
GA2, which is a 0.2M sodium hydroxide solution.
You are required to determine the value of x in HNOX
Procedure:
Pipette 25cm3 (or 20cm3) of GA2 into a conical flask and add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein
indicator. Titrate this mixture with GA1 from the burette. Repeat the titration until you obtain
consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.
Results:
Volume of pipette used 25.0 cm3
Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading (cm3) 25.20 25.00 25.00
Initial burette reading 0.00 0.00 0.00
(cm3)
Volume of GA1 used 25.20 25.00 25.00
(cm3)

Volumes of GA1 used to calculate the average

25.00cm3 and 25.00cm3
Average volume of GA1 used
25.00+25.00
2

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 58

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
50.00
2
25.00cm3
Questions:
(a) Write the ionic equation for the reaction between the acid in GA1 and sodium hydroxide
in GA2.
H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) H2O (l)

(b) Calculate the;

(i) Moles of sodium hydroxide in GA2 that reacted with acid.
1000cm3 of solution contains 0.2 moles of sodium hydroxide
0.2
1cm3 of solution will contain moles of sodium hydroxide
1000
0.2 x 25.0
25.0cm3 of solution will contain moles of sodium hydroxide
1000
0.005 moles of sodium hydroxide
(ii) Number of moles of HNOX in GA1 that reacted.
From the equation;
1 mole sodium hydroxide reacted with 1 mole of HNOX
1 x 0.005
0.005 moles of sodium hydroxide will react with moles of HNOX
1
0.005 moles of HNOX

(iii) Molarity of GA1.

25.00cm3 of solution contain 0.005 moles of HNOX
0.005
1cm3 of solution will contain moles of HNOX
25.00
0.005 x 1000
1000cm3 of solution will contain moles of HNOX
25.00
0.2M
(iv) Formula mass of HNOX
0.2 moles of HNOX contain 12.6g
12.6
1 mole of HNOX will contain g
0.2
63g

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 59

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(v) Value of x. (O = 16, H = 1, N = 14)
HNOX = 63
(1 x1) + (14 x1) + (X x 16) = 63
15 + 16X = 63
16X = 63 – 15
16X = 48
X =3

Example 6
You are provided with the following
BA1, which is a solution containing 10g of solid Y.10H2O in 500cm3 of solution.
BA2, which is 0.1M hydrochloric acid solution.
(Ratio of Y.10H2O : HCl is 1 : 2 and Y = 202)
You are required to determine the percentage purity of solid Y.10H2O

Procedure:
Pipette 25cm3 (or 20cm3) of BA1 into a clean conical flask. Then add 2-3 drops of methyl orange
indicator and titrate with solution BA2 from the burette. Repeat the titration until you obtain
consistent results. Enter your results in the table below.
Results:
Volume of pipette used 25.0 cm3
Final burette reading (cm3) 15.40 30.90 46.30
Initial burette reading 0.00 15.40 30.90
(cm3)
Volume of BA2 used (cm3) 15.40 15.50 15.40

Titre values used for calculating average volume of BA2.

15.50cm3 and 15.40cm3
Average volume of BA2
15.50+15.40
2
15.45cm3
Questions:
(a) Calculate the;
(i) Moles of hydrochloric acid in BA2 that reacted
1000cm3 of solution contains 0.1 moles of hydrochloric acid
0.1
1cm3 of solution will contain moles of hydrochloric acid
1000

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 60

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
0.1 x 15.45
15.45cm3 of solution will contain moles of hydrochloric acid
1000
0.001545 moles of hydrochloric acid
(ii) Moles of Y.10H2O in BA1 that reacted with hydrochloric acid
From the mole ratio;
2 moles of the hydrochloric acid reacted with 1 mole of Y.10H2O
1 x 0.001545
0.001545 moles of hydrochloric acid will react with moles of Y.10H2O
2
0.000772 moles of Y.10H2O
(iii) Molarity of BA1 and hence the percentage purity of the solid, Y.10H2O
25.0cm3 of solutions contain 0.000772 moles of Y.10H2O
0.000772
1cm3 of solution will contain moles of Y.10H2O
25.0
0.000772 x 1000
1000cm3 of solution will contain moles of Y.10H2O
25.0
0.03088M
RFM of Y.10H2O = 202 + 180
= 382gs
1 mole of Y.10H2O weighs 382g
0.03088 mole of Y.10H2O weighs 382 x 0.03088
11.7gl-1
Also
500cm3 of BA1 contain 10g of Y.10H2O
10
1cm3 of BA1 will contain g of Y.10H2O
500
10 x 1000
1000cm3 of BA1 will contain g of Y.10H2O
500
20gl-1
11.7 x 100
Therefore the percentage purity of Y.10H2O = %
20
58.5%
NB: Percentage impurity = 100 – (percentage purity)

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 61

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
PRACTICAL SCHEDULES
Practical 1
You are provided with:
BA1, which is 0.1M hydrochloric acid
BA2, which is sodium hydroxide
You are required to determine the concentration of solution of BA2 in
(i) Moldm-3
(ii) gl-1
Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA2 in a conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein
indicator and titrate with BA1 from the burette.
Repeat the procedure to obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.

Results
Volume of pipette used…………………………………cm3
Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading
(cm3)
Initial burette reading
(cm3)
Volume of BA1 used
(cm3)

Titre values of BA1 used for average

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA1 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions
Calculate the;
(i) Number of moles of BA1 that reacted.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 62

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) Number of moles of BA2 that reacted.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Concentration of BA2 in Moldm-3
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) Concentration BA2 in gl-1
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 63

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 2
You are provided with:
BA3, which is 0.2M solution of hydrochloric acid
BA4, which is a made by dissolving 10.6g of sodium carbonate to make 1 litre if solution.
You are required to determine the concentration of BA3 in
(i) Mold m-3
(ii) gl-1
Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA4 into a conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange
indicator and titrate with BA3 from the burette.
Repeat procedure to obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.

Results:
Volume of pipette used…………………………………cm3
Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading (cm3)
Initial burette reading (cm3)
Volume of BA3 used (cm3)

Titre values of BA3 used for average

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA3 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
(a) Calculate the;
(i) Number of moles of BA4 that reacted (Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 64

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) Number of moles of BA3 that reacted.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Concentration of BA3 in moldm-3
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………...................................................................
.
(iv) Concentration of BA3 in gl-1 (Cl = 35.5, H = 1)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 65

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 3
You are provided with:
BA1, which is 0.2M hydrochloric acid solution.
BA2, which is a salt solution made by dissolving 10.6g of M2CO3 in 1 litre of solution.
You are required to determine the relative atomic mass of metal M in M2CO3.

Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA2 into a conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange
indicator and titrate with BA1 from the burette.
Repeat procedure to until you obtain consistent results.
Record your observations in the table below.

Results:
Volume of pipette used…………………………………………………cm3
Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading (cm3)
Initial burette reading
(cm3)
Volume of BA1 used
(cm3)

Titre values of BA1 used for average

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA1 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Questions:
(a) Calculate the;
(i) Number of moles of BA1 that reacted
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 66

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) Write the equation reaction between BA1 and BA2
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) Write the mole ratio of the reaction

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Calculate the number of moles BA2 that reacted

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Calculate the molarity of BA2
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………….
(d) Calculate the relative formula mass of M2CO3
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 67

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(e) Determine the relative atomic mass of M (C = 12, O = 16)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

Practical 4
You are provided with:
BA3, which is a solution containing 1.7g of OH- ions per litre
BA4, which is a dibasic acid H2X containing 9.8gl-1
You are required to determine the atomic mass of X in the acid (H = 1, O = 16)

Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA3 into a conical flask. Add 3 drops phenolphthalein indicator
and titrate with BA4 from the burette.
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below

Results:
Volume of pipette used…………………………………………cm3
Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading (cm3)
Initial burette reading (cm3)
Volume of BA4 used (cm3)

Titre values of BA4 used for average

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………
Average volume of BA4 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Write the ionic equation for the reaction between BA3 and BA4
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 68

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Questions:
(a) Calculate the;
(i) Molarity of BA3
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) Number of moles of BA3 that reacted

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
(iii) Number of moles BA4 that reacted
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………….
(iv) Molarity of BA4
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 69

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(v) Relative atomic mass of X in the acid
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………

Practical 5
You are provided with:
BA5, which is a solution containing 12.6g of dibasic acid Y.nH2O per litre of solution
BA6, which is made dissolving 8g of sodium hydroxide to make 1 litre of the solutions
You are required to determine the value of n in the salt Y. nH2O.
(1 mole of Y.nH2O reacts 2 moles sodium hydroxide, molar mass of Y = 90)

Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA6 in a conical flask. Add 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator
and titrate with BA5 from the burette.
Repeat procedure until you obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.

Results:
Volume of pipette………………………………………….cm3
Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading (cm3)
Initial burette reading
(cm3)
Volume of BA5 used
(cm3)

Titre values of BA5 used for average

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA5 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 70

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Questions:
(a) Calculate,
(i) The molarity of sodium hydroxide
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………….
(ii) The number of moles of sodium hydroxide that reacted
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) The number of moles of Y.nH2O that reacted
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) The molarity of Y.nH2O
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 71

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(v) The value of value of n in Y.nH2O
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Practical 6
You are provided with:
BA1, which is 0.3M sodium hydroxide solution
BA2, which is 0.2M solution of acid HnA
You are required to determine the stoichiometry reaction between the acid HnA and sodium
hydroxide.
Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA1 into conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange
indicator and titrate with BA2 from the burette.
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results
Record your results in the table below.
Results:
Volume of pipette used……………………………………………….cm3
Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading
(cm3)
Initial burette reading
(cm3)
Volume of BA2 used
(cm3)

Titre values of BA2 used for average

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA2 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 72

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Questions:
(a) Calculate the;
(i) Number of moles of sodium hydroxide that reacted
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
(ii) Number of moles of HnA that reacted
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Determine the mole ratio of the acid HnA to sodium hydroxide
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
(c) Determine the value of n in HnA
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(d) Write the equation for reaction
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 73

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 7
You are provided with:
BA1, which is 0.2 moles per litre of the acid HnX
BA2, which is 0.5M solution of sodium hydroxide
You are required to determine the basicity, n of the acid HnX

Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA2 into a conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange
indicator and titrate with BA1 from the burette
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results
Record your results in the table below.

Results:
Volume of pipette used………………………………………………cm3
Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading
(cm3)
Initial burette reading
(cm3)
Volume of BA1 used
(cm3)

Titre values of BA1 used for average

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA1 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
(a) Calculate the;
(i) Number of moles of sodium hydroxide that reacted
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 74

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) The number of moles of HnX that reacted
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Determine,
(i) The mole ratio of the acid HnX to sodium hydroxide
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) The basicity, n of the acid HnX
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Write an ionic equation of the reaction between the acid and the base (sodium hydroxide)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 75

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 8
You are provided with the following:
BA1, which is a solution containing 12.6gl-1 of a dibasic acid of formula H2C2O4 .xH2O.
BA2, which is 0.1M sodium hydroxide solution.
You are required to determine the value of x

Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA2 into a clean conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange
indicator and titrate with BA1 from the burette.
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.

Results:
Volume of pipette used…………………………………………..cm3
Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading
(cm3)
Initial burette reading
(cm3)
Volume of BA1 used
(cm3)

Titre values of BA1 used for average

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA1 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
Calculate the;
(i) Number of moles of BA2 reacted
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 76

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) Number of moles of BA1 that reacted with BA2
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) Concentration moll-1 of BA1

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) The R.M.M of the acid and hence the value of x.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 77

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 9
You are provided with:
BA1, which is a solution of acid HnX of concentration 0.625M.
BA2, which is a 0.5M sodium hydroxide solution.
You are required to determine the reaction ratio for BA1 and BA2.

Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA2 into a clean conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of
phenolphthalein indicator and titrate with BA1 from the burette.
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.

Results:
Volume of pipette used…………………………………………………..cm3
Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading (cm3)
Initial burette reading
(cm3)
Volume of BA1 used (cm3)

Titre values of BA1 used for average

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA1 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
Calculate the;
(i) Number of moles of BA1 that reacted
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 78

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) Number of moles of BA2 that reacted
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) The value of n (basicity of HnX)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) The mole ratio.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Practical 10
You are provided with:
BA1, which is a solution of an impure acid H2X of concentration 2gdm-3.
BA2, which is a solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate made by dissolving 4.2g in 1dm-3.
You are required to determine the percentage purity of BA1.
Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA2 into a clean conical flask. Add 2-3 drops methyl orange
indicator and titrate with BA1 from the burette.
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.

Results:
Volume of pipette used……………………………………………………cm3
Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading
(cm3)
Initial burette reading
(cm3)
Volume of BA1 used
(cm3)

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 79

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Titre values of BA1 used for average
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA1 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………....................................................................................................................................

Questions:
(a) Calculate the;
(i) Number of moles of BA2 that reacted
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
(ii) Number of moles of BA1 that reacted
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) Molarity of BA1 (X = 88g)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 80

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 11
You are provided with the following:
BA3, which is 0.04M hydrochloric acid solution
BA4, which is a solution made by dissolving 3.6g of impure Na2CO3.10H2O to make 500cm3 of
a solution.
You are required to determine the percentage impurity of BA4.

Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA4 into a conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange
indicator and titrate with BA3 from the burette.
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.

Results:
Volume of pipette used…………………………………………………cm3
Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading (cm3)
Initial burette reading (cm3)
Volume of BA3 used (cm3)

Titre values of BA3 used for average

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA3 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
(a) Write an equation for the reaction
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Calculate the;
(i) Number of moles of BA3 that reacted
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 81

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) Number of moles of Na2CO3.10H2O in 250cm3 of a solution.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Percentage purity of Na2CO3.10H2O.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………… (Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16, H = 1)

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 82

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 12
You are provided with the following:
BA3, which is a 0.2M monobasic acid.
BA4, which is a solution made by dissolving 11.6g of Na2CO3.nH2O to make a litre of a solution.
You are required to determine the value n

Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA4 into a conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange
indicator and titrate with BA3 from the burette.
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.

Results:
Volume of pipette used………………………………………………….cm3
Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading
(cm3)
Initial burette reading
(cm3)
Volume of BA3 used
(cm3)

Titre values of BA3 used for average

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Average volume of BA3 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
(a) Calculate the;
(i) Moles of BA3 that reacted
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 83

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) Moles of Na2CO3.10H2O in 1000cm3 of a solution.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Formula mass of BA4 and hence the value of n.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………..(Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16, H = 1)

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 84

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 13
You are provided with the following:
BA1, which is a solution containing 6.2g of Y.nH2O in one litre
BA2, which is 0.1M hydrochloric acid
(Y =106, 1 mole of Y.nH2O reacts with 2 moles of hydrochloric acid)
You are required to determine the number of moles of water of crystallization in BA1
Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA1 into a clean conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of
phenolphthalein indicator and titrate with BA2 from the burette.
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.
Results:
Volume of pipette used……………………………………………...........cm3
Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading (cm3)
Initial burette reading
(cm3)
Volume of BA2 used (cm3)

Titre values of BA2 used for average

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA2 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
(a) Calculate the:
(i) Number of moles of BA2 that reacted.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 85

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) Number of moles of BA1 that reacted with the acid
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Concentration of BA1 in moles per litre
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) Value of n in Y.nH2O.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 86

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 14
You are provided with the following:
BA1, which is a solution containing 12.5gl-1 of a mixture of anhydrous sodium carbonate and
sodium chloride.
BA2, which is a 0.1M hydrochloric acid solution.
You are required to determine the composition of sodium chloride in BA1.

Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA1 into a clean conical flask. Add 2-3 drops methyl orange
indicator and titrate with BA2 from the burette.
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results
Record your results in the table below.

Results:
Volume of pipette used……………………………………………………cm3
Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading (cm3)
Initial burette reading (cm3)
Volume of BA2 used (cm3)

Titre values of BA2 used for average

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA2 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
(a) Calculate the;
(i) Number of moles of BA2 that reacted.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 87

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) Number of moles of BA1 that reacted with BA2.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Concentration in moles per litre of BA1
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………
(iv) Percentage of sodium chloride in BA1.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 88

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 15
You are provided with:
BA1, is an aqueous solution of XCO3 prepared by dissolving 2.65g of it in 250cm3 of distilled
water.
BA2, is an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid prepared by dissolving 7.3g of it in a litre of
distilled water.
You are required to determine the relative atomic mass of X in XCO3.

Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA1 into a clean conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange
indicator and titrate with BA2 from the burette.
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.

Results:
Volume of pipette used………………………………………………….cm3
Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading
(cm3)
Initial burette reading
(cm3)
Volume of BA2 used
(cm3)

Titre values of BA2 used for average

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA2 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
(a) Calculate the;
(i) Molarity of BA2 (Cl = 35.5, H = 1)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 89

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) Number of moles of BA2 that reacted
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Number of BA1 that reacted (BA1 : BA2 = 1 : 2)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) Concentration of BA1 in moles per litre
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Determine the;
(i) Relative formula mass of XCO3
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 90

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) Value of X in XCO3 (C = 12, O = 16)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Procedure 16
You are provided with:
BA1, which is a sodium hydroxide solution of molarity 0.2M
BA2, which is made by dissolving 9.8g of acid HXY per litre of solution.
You are required to determine the basicity, x of acid HXY.
Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA1 into a conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein
indicator and titrate with BA2 from the burette.
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.
Results:
Volume of pipette used………………………………………………….cm3
Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading (cm3)
Initial burette reading
(cm3)
Volume of BA2 used (cm3)

Titre values of BA2 used for average

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Average volume of BA2 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 91

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Questions:
(a) Write an equation for the reaction between the acid HXY and sodium hydroxide.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Calculate the;
(i) Number of moles of BA1 that reacted
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Number of moles of acid HXY that reacted with sodium hydroxide.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Deduce the molarity BA2.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Determine the value x in the acid HXY (H = 1, Y = 96)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 92

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 17
You are provided with:
BA1, which is a solution made by dissolving 3.35g of solid Na2Y in 250cm3 of distilled water.
BA2, which is 0.1M hydrochloric acid.
You are required to determine the ratio of reaction between Na2Y and hydrochloric acid
(Y = 96, Na = 23)

Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA1 into a conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange
indicator and titrate with BA2 from the burette.
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.

Results:
Volume of pipette used……………………………………………………cm3
Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading
(cm3)
Initial burette reading
(cm3)
Volume of BA2 used
(cm3)

Titre values of BA2 used for average

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA2 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
(a) Calculate the;
(i) Molarity of BA1
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 93

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) Number of moles of Na2Y in BA1
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Number of moles of hydrochloric acid in BA2 that reacted with Na2Y
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Determine the ratio of reaction between Na2Y and hydrochloric acid.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 94

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 18
You are provided with the following.
BA1, is a solution of sodium carbonate of molarity 0.1M
BA2, is a solution of hydrochloric acid of molarity 0.2M
You are required to determine the reaction ratio between sodium carbonate and hydrochloric
acid.

Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA1 into a clean conical flask. Add 2-3 drops methyl orange
indicator and titrate with BA2 from the burette.
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.

Results:
Volume of pipette used………………………………………………….cm3

Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading (cm3)
Initial burette reading
(cm3)
Volume of BA2 used (cm3)

Titre values of BA2 used for average

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA2 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
(a) Determine the;
(i) Number of moles of sodium carbonate that reacted with the acid.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 95

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) Number of moles of hydrochloric acid the reacted with sodium carbonate.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) Number of moles of acid that reacted with one moles of sodium carbonate.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

Practical 19
BA3, which is a solution containing 16.0g of an impure sample of sodium carbonate -10-water,
Na2CO3.10H2O
BA4, which is a 0.1M solution of hydrochloric acid.
You are required to determine the percentage purity of sodium carbonate.

Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA3 into a conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange
indicator and titrate with BA4 from the burette.
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.

Results:
Volume of pipette used…………………………………………………….cm3
Final burette reading
(cm3)
Initial burette reading
(cm3)
Volume of BA4 used
(cm3)

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 96

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Titre values of BA4 used for average
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA4 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
(a) Write the ionic equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium
carbonate.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(b) Calculate,
(i) The molarity of BA3
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) The mass of sodium carbonate in one litre. (Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16, H = 1)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 97

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(c) Determine the percentage purity of sodium carbonate in the sample.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Practical 20
You are with the following:
BA1, which is made by dissolving 5.3g of a carbonate of the Y2CO3 in 1 litre of the solution.
BA2, which is 0.1M hydrochloric acid.
You are required to determine the relative atomic mass of Y

Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA1 into a conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange
indicator and titrate with BA2 from the burette.
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.

Results:
Volume of pipette used……………………………………………………..cm3
Final burette reading (cm3)
Initial burette reading
(cm3)
Volume of BA2 used (cm3)

Titre values of BA2 used for average

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA2 used.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 98

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Questions:
(a) Write equation for the reaction that took place.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Calculate the;
(i) Number of moles of BA2 that reacted
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Number of moles of Y2CO3 that reacted
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) Molar concentration of Y2CO3 in BA1.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Determine the relative atomic mass of Y

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 99

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 21
You are provided with the following
BA1, which is 0.02M hydrochloric acid
BA2, which is a solution made by dissolving 1.05g of a metal carbonate MCO3 to make 0.5 litres
of aqueous solution.
You are required to determine the relative atomic mass of metal, M in the metal carbonate.

Procedure;
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA2 into a conical flask. Add 3drops of phenolphthalein
indicator and titrate with BA1 from the burette.
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.
Result:
Volume of pipette used………………………………………………………cm3
Final burette reading (cm3)

Initial burette reading

(cm3)
Volume of BA1 used (cm3)

Titre values of BA1 used for average

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA1 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
(a) Write the equation for the reaction between BA1 and BA2.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Determine:
(i) The number of moles of BA1 that reacted
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 100

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) The number of moles metal carbonate MCO3 that reacted.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………
(iii) The concentration in moles per litre of the metal carbonate MCO3.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Calculate the;
(i) Relative molecular mass of MCO3
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) The relative atomic mass of M in the metal carbonate MCO3.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 101

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 22
You are provided with the following:
CA1, which is a solution of carbonate ions, CO32-
CA2, which is a solution containing 16.1gl-1 of a metal sulphate, MSO4.
CA3, which is a 0.2M hydrochloric acid solution.
You are required to determine the atomic mass of M in MSO4.
The carbonate ions in solution react with an aqueous solution of the metal sulphate according to
the equation.

CO32-(aq) + MSO4 (aq) MCO3 (s) + SO42- (aq)

The metal carbonate produced reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid according to the equation.

MCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) MCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

Procedure:
(a) Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of CA1 into a conical flask.
(b) Using a 50cm3 measuring cylinder, transfer 25cm3 of CA2 into the conical flask in (a)
.shake the contents in the conical flask and allow to stand, label the resultant mixture
CA4.
(c) Add 3-4 drops of methyl orange indicator to the resultant mixture in CA4 in (b) and then
titrate using solution CA3 from the burette until you reach the end point.
(d) Repeat the procedure (a) to (c) to obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.

Results:
Volume of pipette used……………………………………………………………….cm3
Final burette reading (cm3)

Initial burette reading (cm3)

Volume of CA3 used (cm3)

Titre values of CA3 used for average

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of CA3 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 102

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Questions:
(a) Calculate the;
(i) Number of moles of hydrochloric acid in CA3 used.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Number of moles of MCO3 that reacted with HCl.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Number of moles of metal sulphate that reacted
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) Mass of one mole of MSO4 that reacted.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Determine the atomic mass of M in MSO4. (S = 32, O = 16)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 103

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 23
You are provided with:
BA1, is an aqueous solution of XCO3 prepared by dissolving 5.3g of it in 500cm3 of distilled
water.
BA2, is an aqueous solution of 0.2M hydrochloric acid.
You are required to determine the value of X in XCO3.

Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA1 into a conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange
indicator and titrate with BA2 from the burette.
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.

Results:
Volume of pipette used…………………………………………………………….cm3
Final burette reading (cm3)

Initial burette reading (cm3)

Volume of BA2 used (cm3)

Titre values of BA2 used for average

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA2 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
(a) Calculate the,
(i) Number of moles of BA2 that reacted.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 104

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) Number of moles of BA1 that reacted (BA1 : BA2 = 1: 2)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Concentration of BA1 in moles per litre.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) Relative formula mass of XCO3
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(v) Value of X in XCO3
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 105

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 24
You are provided with the following:
BA1, which is a solution made by dissolving 3.45g of a hydrated salt X.nH2O in 250cm3 of
water.
BA2, which is a 0.1M hydrochloric acid.
You are required to determine the value of n in the salt.
Procedure:
Pipette 25cm3 (or 20cm3) of BA1 into a conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator
and titrate with BA2 from the burette.
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results..
Record your results in the table below.
Results:
Volume of pipette used……………………………………………………..cm3
Final burette reading (cm3)

Initial burette reading (cm3)

Volume of BA2 used (cm3)

Titre values of BA2 used for average

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA2 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
(a) Calculate the;
(i) Number of moles of hydrochloric acid that reacted.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 106

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) Number of moles of X.nH2O that reacted. (1 mole of X.nH2O reacts with 2 moles
of hydrochloric acid).
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Number of moles of X.nH2O in 250cm3 of BA1.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Determine the value of n in X.nH2O. (H = 1, O = 16, X = 106)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 107

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 25
You are provided with:
BA1, which is a solution containing 0.1 moles per dm3 of a monobasic acid, Q.
BA2, which is a solution made by dissolving 5.0gl-1 of substance Y, which is an impure sodium
hydroxide.
You are required to determine the percentage purity of Y.
Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (20.0cm3) of BA2 into a conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator
and titrate with BA1 from the burette.
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.
Results:
Volume of pipette used…………………………………………………………..cm3
Final burette reading (cm3)

Initial burette reading (cm3)

Volume of BA1 used (cm3)

Titre values of BA1 used for average

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA1 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
(a) Calculate the;
(i) Number of moles of sodium hydroxide that reacted
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 108

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) Concentration of sodium hydroxide per litre of BA2.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Mass of sodium hydroxide in one litre of BA2. (H = 1; O = 16; Na = 23)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Determine the percentage purity of Y.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 109

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 26
You are provided with FA1 and FA2.
FA1, is a solution made by dissolving 2.0g of sodium hydroxide to make 500cm3 of solution.
FA2, is a solution made by dissolving 13.2g of an impure dibasic acid H2Y per litre of solution.
You are required to find the percentage purity of the acid.

Procedure:
Pipette 20cm3 or 25cm3 of FA1, transfer it into a clean conical flask. Titrate it against FA2 from
the burette using phenolphthalein indicator.
Repeat the procedure until you obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.

Results:
Volume of pipette used…………………………………………………………cm3
Final burette reading (cm3)
Initial burette reading
(cm3)
Volume of FA2 used (cm3)

Values of FA2 used to calculate the average volume

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of FA2 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
(a) Write equation for the reaction between FA1 and FA2.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Calculate the number of moles of FA1 that reacted with FA2.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 110

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Calculate the number of moles of FA2 present in a litre of the solution.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(d) Calculate the mass of the pure acid in the sample. Hence the percentage purity
(Y = 96, H = 1)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 111

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 27
You are provided with the following solutions.
BA1, which is a solution made by dissolving 8.05g of potassium hydroxide in a little of distilled
water and solution made up to 500cm3.
BA2, which is a 0.25M solution of an acid HnY, prepared by dissolving 15.75g of acid in 500cm3
of solution.
You are required to determine the basicity n, of acid HnY, and hence the value of Y
(K = 39, O = 16, H = 1)

Procedure:
Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA1 in a conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein
indicator.
Titrate with BA2 from the burette until when you obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.

Volume of pipette used………………………………………………………cm3

Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading (cm3)
Initial burette reading (cm3)
Volume of BA2 used (cm3)

Titre values used to calculate average volume of BA2

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA2
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
Calculate the;
(i) Molarity of BA1.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 112

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) Moles of BA1 that reacted.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Moles of BA2 that reacted.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) Value of n in HnY.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……….

(v) Value of Y in HnY

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 113

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 28
You are provided with the following.
BA1, which is a solution containing 0.1 moles of an acid HnX per litre of solution.
BA2, which is a solution prepared by dissolving 1.95g of sodium hydroxide in 500cm3 of
distilled water.
You are required to determine the basicity of the acid (value of n in HnX).

Procedure:
Pipette 25cm3 (or 20cm3) of BA2 into a clean conical flask.
Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator and titrate with BA1 from the burette.
Record your results in the table below.
Repeat the titration until you obtain consistent results.

Results:
Volume of pipette used……………………………………………………cm3
Final burette reading (cm3)

Initial burette reading (cm3)

Volume of BA1 used (cm3)

Values of used to calculate average volume of BA1 used.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA1 used.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
(a) Calculate the;
(i) Molarity if BA2. (Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 114

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) Number of moles of BA2 that reacted.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Moles of BA1 that reacted.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) Mole ratio of BA1 : BA2; hence determine the value of n in HnX.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Write the equation of reaction between BA1 and BA2.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 115

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 29
You are provided with the following solutions.
BA1 is a solution made by dissolving 2.65g of a carbonate XnCO3 to make 250cm3 of solution.
BA2 is 0.2M hydrochloric acid solution.
You are required to determine the value of n in the carbonate by titration.

Procedure:
Pipette 25cm3 or 20cm3 of BA1 into a clean conical flask. Add 2 drops of methyl orange
indicator and titrate the mixture with BA2 from a burette. Repeat the titration and record your
results in the table below.

Volume of pipette used……………………………………………………cm3

Burette readings 1 2 3
Final reading (cm3)
Initial reading (cm3)
Volume of BA2 used (cm3)

Titre values used for calculating average volume

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA2 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
(a) Calculate ,
(i) The number of moles of BA2 that reacted.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 116

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) The number of moles of XnCO3 in 1000cm3 of solution. [XnCO3 : HCl = 1 : 2]
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Determine the;
(i) Molar mass of the carbonate
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………
(ii) Value of n in the carbonate XnCO3
(X = 27, C = 12, O = 16)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 117

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 30
You are provided with the following;
BA1 which is a solution containing 2g of sodium hydroxide in 500cm3 of solution.
BA2 is a 0.06M solution of an unknown acid Q.
You are required to determine the mole ratio between the acid and sodium hydroxide.

Procedure:
Pipette 25cm3 (or 20cm3) of BA1 into a conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein
indicator. Titrate it with BA2 from the burette.
Repeat the titration until you obtain consistent results.
Record your results in the table below.

Results:
Volume of pipette used……………………………………………………..cm3

Final burette reading (cm3)

Initial burette reading

(cm3)
Volume of BA2 used (cm3)

Volumes used to determine average volume of BA2

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA2 used.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
(a) Calculate the number of moles of:
(i) Sodium hydroxide used. (Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 118

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) Acid used.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Determine the mole ratio between acid and sodium hydroxide
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

Practical 31
You are provided with the following solutions.
BA1, is a solution made by dissolving 1.8g of a metal carbonate X2CO3.nH2O in 250cm3 of
solution.
BA2, is 0.05M hydrochloric acid solution.
You are required to determine the number of moles of water of crystallization, n in the carbonate.

Procedure:
Pipette 25cm3 or 20cm3 of BA1 into a clean titration flask, add 2 drops of methyl orange
indicator and titrate with BA2 from the burette. Repeat the titration and record your results in the
table below.

Volume of pipette used………………………………………………………..cm3

Burette readings 1 2 3
Final reading (cm3)
Initial reading (cm3)
Volume of BA2 used
(cm3)

Titre values of BA2 used for calculating average volume

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 119

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Average volume of BA2 used.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
(a) Calculate
(i) The number of moles of hydrochloric acid that reacted.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………
(ii) The number of moles of the carbonate that reacted.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………

(b) Determine the value of n in the carbonate X2CO3.nH2O. [X = 23, C = 12, H = 1]

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 120

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 32
You are provided with the following solutions.
BA1, which is a solution made by dissolving 2.65g of a salt M2X in 250cm3 of solution.
BA2, is 0.25M hydrochloric acid.
You are required to determine the formula mass of X in the salt by titration.

Procedure:
Pipette 25cm3 or 20cm3 of BA1 into a conical flask, add 2 drops of methyl orange indicator and
titrate with BA2 from the burette. Repeat the titration and record your results in the table below.

Volume of pipette used…………………………………………………cm3

Burette readings 1 2 3
Final burette reading (cm3)
Initial burette reading (cm3)
Volume of BA2 used (cm3)

Titre values of BA2 used for calculating average volume

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume BA2 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
(a) Calculate the number of moles of BA2 that reacted.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 121

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(b) Determine the molarity of the salt (M2X : HCl = 1 : 2)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Determine the value of X (M = 23).
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 122

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 33
You are provided with the following;
BA1, which is a 0.067M sodium hydroxide solution
BA2, which is a solution containing 4.2g of an organic acid Q in 500cm3 of solution.
You are required to determine the mole ratio of reaction between sodium hydroxide and Q.

Procedure:
Pipette 20/25cm3 of BA1 into a clean conical flask then add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein
indicator.
Titrate BA1 with BA2 from the burette until the solution just turns colourless.
Repeat the above procdure until you obtain consistent results. Record your results in the table
blelow.

Volume of pipette used ………………………………………cm3

Experiment 1 2 3
Final burette reading (cm3)
Initial burette reading (cm3)
Volume of BA2 used (cm3)

Titre values used to calculate the average volume of BA2 used

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Average volume of BA2 used
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Questions:
(a) Calculate the:
(i) Concentration of BA2 in mol/dm3
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 123

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) Number of moles of acid in the average volume of BA2 that reacted
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Number of moles of BA1 that reacted with BA2.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Determine the mole ratio of reaction between sodium hydroxide and acid Q
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 124

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Chapter three: THERMO-CHEMISTRY
Practical experiments on thermochemistry are mainly on heat of neutralization. When an acid is
added to a base, heat energy is produced. This detected by a rise in temperature which is
measured by a thermometer.
When reactions take place, bonds are either formed or broken. As a result there is a change in
temperature, chemical reactions result into energy changes. The heat change that occur s during a
chemical reaction referred to as a enthalpy, ΔH
There are two types of reactions classified depending on heat change accompanying the reaction.
These are endothermic reactions and exothermic reactions

Endothermic reactions
These are reactions which occur with absorption of heat from the surrounding. In these reactions,
energy must be supplied for the reactants to be converted to products. The energy (temperature)
of the products falls below that of initial energy (temperature). The enthalpy change is positive
implying that energy (heat) is absorbed from the surrounding e.g. when sodium thiosulphate
dissolves in water.

Na2S2O3(s) + (aq) Na2S2O3(aq) , ΔH = +ve

Exothermic reactions
These are reactions which occur with evolution/liberation of heat to the surrounding. The
temperature (heat) rises above the initial temperature (heat). The enthalpy change accompanying
the reaction is negative. This implies that heat is given out to the surrounding e.g.

C(s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) ΔH = -ve, ΔH = -393Kjmol-

-393Kjmol- implies that 393Kj of energy is liberated when 1 mole of carbon is completely burnt
in oxygen to form carbon dioxide

Examples of heat changes

Enthalpy of neutralization
This is the quantity of heat evolved when one mole of hydrogen ions completely reacts with one
mole of hydroxyl ions to form one mole of water
H+ (aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l) ΔH = -57.3Kjmol-1

Neutralization reaction is exothermic meaning that energy is given out. When a strong acid is
neutralized with a strong alkali, the heat change is approximately 57.3Kjmol-1. However when
the alkali or acid is weak, the enthalpy change is less than 57.3Kjmol because heat is absorbed to
dissociate the weak alkali or acid.

Enthalpy of solution
Heat of solution is the quantity of heat liberated or absorbed when one mole of a substance is
completely dissolved in water to form an infinitely dilute solution. The quantity of heat change
depends on the amount of solvent used.
NaOH(s) + (aq) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 125

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Heat of precipitation/displacement.
This is the quantity of heat liberated when one mole of a given substance is completely displaced
by another substance e.g. when iron filings are added to a solution of copper (II) sulphate, a blue
solution of CuSO4 turns to pale green and a brown solid is deposited at the bottom. The pale
green solution is due to formation of iron (II) sulphate whereas the brown solid is due to
formation of copper metal.

CuSO4(aq) + Fe(s) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Ionically,
Cu2+(aq) + Fe(s) Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Note. Iron is able to displace copper from its ions because iron is higher than copper in the
electrochemical series.

Activity 1
a) When 25cm3 of 0.2M sulphuric acid was added to 100cm3 of 1M sodium hydroxide
solution, the temperature of the resultant solution increased by 12.6 0C. Write the ionic
equation for the reaction that took place.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Calculate the enthalpy of neutralization sodium hydroxide (S.H.C = 4.2Kjmol-1 0C-1,
density of solution = 1gcm-3)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

Activity 2
(a) 50cm3 of 2M hydrochloric acid and 50cm3 of 2M sodium hydroxide both at 22 0C were
mixed in a plastic beaker. The mixture was stirred and maximum temperature obtained as
35 0C. (S.H.C = 4.2Kjmol-1 0C-1, density of solution = 1gcm-3)
Explain why a plastic beaker was used for mixing
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 126

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(b) Calculate the heat of the reaction
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
(c) Explain precisely what would happen to the value of heat of reaction calculated above if
50ml of 2M ammonia solution was used instead of sodium hydroxide.
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................

PRACTICAL SCHEDULES
Practical 1
 You are provided with the following:
 BA5, which is 2M sodium hydroxide solution.
 BA6, which is hydrochloric acid solution.
 Plastic cup.
 Thermometer.
 Plastic beaker.
You are required to determine the enthalpy of neutralization of hydrochloric acid by sodium
hydroxide

Procedure:
(a) Measure 50cm3 of BA5 into the plastic cup
(b) Record the temperature, t1 of the solution
(c) Wash the thermometer with distilled water
(d) Measure 50cm3 of BA6 into the plastic beaker
(e) Measure and record the temperature, t2
(f) Now add all the 50cm3 of BA6 into the alkali in the plastic cup
(g) Stir the mixture carefully with the thermometer and record the highest temperature t3
Results:
Volume of BA5 used……………………………………………………………………………
Volume of BA6 used……………………………………………………………………………
Total volume of the mixture…………………………………………………………………….
Temperature of BA5, t1…………………………………………………………………………
Temperature of BA6, t2…………………………………………………………………………
Average initial temperature…………………………………………………………………….

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 127

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Final temperature, t3…………………………………………………………………………..
Determine the temperature change…………………………………………………………....

Questions:
(a) Write an equation for the reaction between BA5 and BA6
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide that reacted.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Calculate the heat evolved (S.H.C = 4.2Kjmol-1 0c-1, density of solution = 1gcm-3)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
(d) Calculate the molar heat of neutralization of hydrochloric acid by sodium hydroxide.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(e) If 2M ethanoic acid was used instead of 2M HCl, what would be the heat change as
compared to the value calculated above? Explain your answer.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 128

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 2
You are provided with the following,
 BA1, which is 2M NaOH solution
 BA2, which is 2M HCl solution
 Plastic cup
 Burette
 Thermometer
You are required to determine the enthalpy of neutralization of NaOH by HCl

Procedure:
a) Pipette 25cm3 BA1 into a clean plastic cup. Note and record the temperature, t1
b) Note and record the temperature t2 of solution BA2 and put in the burette
c) Add 5cm3 of BA2 from the burette to BA1, stir and record the maximum temperature of
the mixture, t3
d) Repeat procedure (c) at 5cm3 interval until the total of 50m3 of BA2 has been added
e) Record the results in the table below

Results:
Initial temperature of BA1, t1…………………………………………………………………….
Initial temperature of BA2, t2……………………………………………………………………
Average temperature of the mixture……………………………………………………………..

Volume of BA2 used (cm3) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Maximum temperature,t3 (0C)

Temperature change
t3 – t1 + t2 (0c)
2

(a) Plot a graph of temperature rise against the volume of BA2 added.
(b) Use your graph to determine the volume of BA2 required to neutralize BA1 from the
graph
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 129

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(c) Calculate the molarity of BA2
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Calculate the enthalpy of neutralization of BA1 by BA2 (S.H.C = 4.2Kjmol-1 0c-1, density
of solution = 1gcm-3)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

Practical 3
You are provided with the following:
DA1, which is a solution containing 54.5g of a mixture of potassium hydroxide and potassium
sulphate per litre of solution.
DA2, which is a 0.5M sulphuric acid.
You are required to determine the percentage of potassium sulphate in DA1.
Procedure:
(a) Measure and record the temperature of DA1.
(b) Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of DA1 into a plastic beaker.
(c) Measure 10cm3 of DA2 using a measuring cylinder and transfer it at once into the plastic
beaker containing DA1. Gently stir with a thermometer and record the highest
temperature attained by the mixture.
(d) Repeat procedures (b) and (c) using 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35cm3 of DA2.
(e) Enter your results in the table below.

Results:
Volume of pipette used………………………………………………………cm3

Volume of DA2 used (cm3) 0 10 15 20 25 30 35

Temperature of solution mixture (0C)

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 130

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Questions:
(a) Plot a graph of temperature of solution mixture (along the vertical axis) against volume of
DA2 used (along the horizontal axis)
(b) Determine from your graph, the maximum volume of DA2 required to react with DA1.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Calculate the;
i) Maximum number of moles of sulphuric acid that reacted.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………............................................
ii) Number of moles of potassium hydroxide in 20.0cm3 (or 25.0cm3) of DA1
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….
iii) Concentration of DA1 in grams of potassium hydroxide per litre of solution. (H =
1, O = 16, K = 39)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 131

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
iv) Percentage of potassium sulphate in DA1.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

Practical 4
You are provided with the following:
BA1, which is a solution containing 1M sodium hydroxide solution
BA2, which is a solution containing 1M sulphuric acid
You are required to determine the enthalpy of neutralization of sulphuric acid.

Procedure:
1. Using a measuring cylinder, measure 50cm3 of BA1 into a clean plastic beaker. Note and
record its initial temperature T10C. Wash the thermometer and dry it.
2. Using another measuring cylinder, measure 25cm3 of BA2. Note and record its initial
temperature T10C.
3. Transfer BA2 into a plastic beaker containing BA1. Stir the mixture using a thermometer
and note and record the final temperature,T of the mixture.
Results of the experiment
Initial temperature of BA1………………………………………………………………………….
Initial temperature of BA2………………………………………………………………………….
Final temperature of mixture……………………………………………………………………….
Questions:
(a) Write the equation for the reaction between BA1 and BA2
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Calculate the quantity of heat produced during the reaction (S.H.C = 4.2Kjmol-10c-1,
density of solution = 1gcm-3)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 132

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Calculate the molar heat of neutralization of the acid by sodium hydroxide
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Explain why a plastic beaker is used instead of glass or metallic cup.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(e) Explain why sodium hydroxide is used instead of ammonium hydroxide solution.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(f) If ammonium hydroxide is used, would you expect the heat of neutralization to be
greater, equal or less. Give a reason for your answer.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 133

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 5
You are provided with the following:
0.5M copper (II) sulphate
Zinc powder
(S.H.C = 4.2Kjmol-1oc-1, density of solution = 1gcm3)
You are required to determine the enthalpy of displacement of copper (II) sulphate by zinc

Procedure:
a) Using a measure cylinder, transfer 50cm3 of 0.5M solution of copper (II) sulphate into a
plastic cup. Note and record the temperature, t1 of the solution
b) Add 2g of zinc powder and stir well but carefully with the thermometer. Note and record
the highest temperature,t2 attained by the mixture
Results:
Initial temperature of solution, t1…………………………………………………………………..
Final temperature of the mixture,t2………………………………………………………………..
Temperature change, t2 – t1 ……………………………………………………………………….

Questions:
a) State what was observed
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Write the equation for the reaction that took place
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Calculate the number of moles of copper (II) sulphate solution
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
d) Calculate the number of moles of zinc in 2g (Zn = 65)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 134

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
e) Calculate the number of moles of zinc that reacted
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
f) Calculate the heat change that occurred in the reaction. S.H.C = 4.2Kjmol-10c-1, density of
solution = 1gcm-3)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
g) Calculate the enthalpy change in Kjmol-1
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
h) If magnesium instead of zinc was used, would the enthalpy change for the reaction be
greater, less or equal to that you have calculated in (g) above. Explain your answer.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 135

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 6
You are provided with the following:
 Plastic beaker
 Measuring cylinder
 Distilled water
 Thermometer
 8g of X
You are required to determine the enthalpy of solution salt X

Procedure:
a) Using the measuring cylinder, measure 90cm3 of distilled water into a plastic beaker
b) Record the temperature of the water in the beaker for every minute for 4 minutes
c) At the fourth minute, add salt X and stir continuously to dissolve. Record the temperature
every half a minute for 3 minutes.

Record your results in the table below.

Results:

Time 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
(min)
Temp
( 0C)

Questions:
a) Plot a graph of temperature against time
b) Extrapolate the graph to find the change in temperature.
c) Calculate the heat of solution from the quantity of water used. (S.H.C = 4.2Kjmol-10c-1,
density of solution = 1gcm-1)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 136

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
d) State whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic, give a reason for your answer
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

Practical 7
You are provided with the following
Solution J which is a basic solution
Solution D which is an acidic solution
You are required to determine:
i) the molarity of the acid
ii) The molar heat of neutralization of the acid and the base

Procedure:
(a) Using a measuring cylinder, measure 150cm3 of J and transfer into a 250cm3 beaker. Add
50cm3 of water, mix and label this BA1.
(b) Transfer 100cm3 of D into another 250cm3 beaker using a measuring cylinder. Add
100cm3 of water. Mix and label this BA2.
(c) Measure and record the initial temperature of BA1
(d) Run 25cm3 of BA1from the burette into a dry plastic beaker.
(e) Using a measuring cylinder transfer at once 10cm3 of BA2 into a plastic beaker
containing BA1. Stir with the thermometer and record the highest temperature attained by
the mixture.
(f) Repeat the procedures (d) to (e) using 20, 30, 40 and 50cm3 of BA2
(g) Record your results in the table below.

Initial temperature of BA1……………………………………………

Volume of BA2 used (cm3) 10 20 30 40 50

Highest temperature of the mixture (0c)

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 137

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Questions:
(a) Plot a graph of highest temperature attained against the volume of BA2.
(b) From the graph determine;
(i) The volume of BA2 required to neutralize 25.0cm3 of BA1
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………......
(i)The maximum temperature change for the reaction
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
.........................................................................................................................................

(c) Calculate the molarity of BA2 (1 mole of the base reacts with 1 mole of the acid,
Molarity of BA1 = 1.5M
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Determine the;
(i) Maximum heat evolved during the reaction (S.H.C of solution = 4.2jg-10c-1,
density of mixture = 1gcm-3)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 138
Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) Molar heat of reaction between the acid and the base
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

Practical 8
You are provided with the following:
M which is an acidic solution
N which is an alkaline solution
You are required to determine the molarity of an acidic solution M

Procedure:
(a) Using a measuring cylinder, measure 110cm3 of M and transfer into a 250cm3 beaker,
add 90cm3 of distilled water and mix. Label this solution BA1
(b) Transfer 190cm3 of N into another 250cm3 beaker using a measuring cylinder. Add
10cm3 of distilled water and mix. Label this solution BA2
(c) Transfer BA1 into a burette. Run 25cm3 of BA1 into a plastic beaker.
(d) Add at once 10cm3 of BA2 from the measuring cylinder into a plastic beaker containing
25cm3 of BA1. Gently stir with the thermometer and record the highest temperature
attained by the mixture.
(e) Repeat the procedures (c) to (d) using 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40cm3
(f) Record your results in the table below.

Volume of BA2 used (cm3) 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Temperature of the mixture ( oC)

Questions:
(a) Plot a graph of temperature the mixture against the volume of BA2
(b) From the graph, determine the maximum volume of BA2 required to react with 25cm3 of
(c) BA1
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 139

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(d) Calculate the number of moles of alkali that reacted (molarity of BA2 = 1.9M)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(e) Calculate the number of moles of the acid that reacted (ratio of acid to alkali = 1 : 2)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

(f) Calculate the molarity of the acid

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 140

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 9
You are provided with the following
BA1 which is a solution containing 50g/l of a mixture of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulphate.
Solution D which is 1M sulphuric acid
You are required to determine the percentage of sodium sulphate in the mixture

Procedure:
(a) Using a measuring cylinder, measure 70cm3 of D and transfer into a 250cm3 beaker. Add
70cm3 of water, mix and label this BA2.
(b) Fill the burette with BA2.
(c) Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA1 into a plastic beaker. Note and record its
temperature, t1.
(d) Run 5cm3 of BA2 from the burette into a plastic beaker containing BA1. Stir the mixture
with a thermometer and record the highest temperature, t2 attained.
(e) Determine the change in temperature, T for the reaction.
(f) Repeat the procedure (c) to (e) using volume 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35cm3 of BA2.
(g) Record your results in the table below.

Initial temperature of BA1………………………………………………………………………….

Experiment number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Volume of BA1 used (cm3)

Volume of BA2 used (cm3)

Temperature of BA1, t1 ( 0C)

Temperature of the mixture, t2 (

0
C)

Change in temperature, T ( 0C)

Questions:
(a) Plot a graph of change in temperature, T against volume of BA2
(b) From the graph state the highest change in temperature
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Write the equation for the reaction that took place
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 141

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(d) Determine the volume of BA1 and BA2 that gives the highest temperature
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(e) Calculate the number of moles of:
(i) BA2 that reacted.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) BA1 that reacted.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
(f) Calculate the:
(i) Molarity of BA1
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 142

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) Concentration of BA1 in g/l
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii)Percentage of sodium sulphate in the mixture. (Na = 23, O = 16, S = 32, H =1)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………..
(g) Determine the enthalpy of neutralization during the reaction. (S.H.C of solution = 4.2jg-
10 -1
c , density = 1gcm-3)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 143

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 10.
You are provided with the following:
BA1, which is 1.8M HnX solution.
BA2, which is 2M sodium hydroxide solution.
You are required to determine the value of n in HnX

Procedure:
(a) Using a measuring cylinder, measure exactly 40cm3 of BA2 and place it into a plastic cup
or beaker.
(b) Using a burette, transfer 10cm3 of BA1 into another plastic cup or beaker.
(c) Place a thermometer in the cup or beaker containing BA1 and transfer all the BA2 in the
beaker containing BA1 while stirring carefully using the thermometer and record the
maximum temperature reached.
(d) Repeat procedure (a) to (c) for volume of BA2 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, and 5cm3 with the
corresponding volumes of BA1 given in the table. Enter your results in the table below.

Results:

volume of sodium hydroxide 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

/cm3

Volume of HnX /cm3 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

% of HnX 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90s

Temperature /0C

(a) Plot a graph of temperature against percentage of HnX.

(b) Calculate the volume of HnX and sodium hydroxide that reacted to give the maximum
temperature rise.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 144

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(c) Deduce the value of n and X (BA1 contains 70g of HnX per litre).
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 145

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 11 (WAKISSHA PAPER 3 2013)
You are provided with the following;
BA1, which is a solution containing 3.15g of a hydrated dibasic acid H2X.nH2O, in 250cm3 of
the solution.
BA2, which is a 0.2M sodium hydroxide solution.
You are required to determine the percentage of water of crystallization, n, in the hydrated acid.
(1 mole of acid reacts with 2 moles of sodium hydroxide)

Procedure:
(i) Pipette 25.0cm3 (or 20.0cm3) of BA2 into a plastic beaker. Measure and record the initial
temperature.
(ii) Fill the burette with BA1, then run 10cm3 of BA1 from the burette into the beaker
containing BA2. Gently stir the solution using the thermometer, and record the maximum
temperature attained by the mixture.
(iii)Repeat procedure (ii) above until 30cm3 of BA1 has been added.
(iv) Record your results in the table below.
Results:
Volume of pipette used…………………………cm3
Volume of BA1 added (cm3) 0 10 15 20 25 30

Maximum temperature attained ( 0C)

Temperature rise ( 0C)

Questions:
(a) i) Plot a graph of temperature rise (along vertical axis) against volume of BA1 added
(along horizontal axis).
ii) From your graph, determine the volume of BA1 required for complete neutralization
of BA2.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Calculate the,
(i) Number of moles of BA2 that reacted.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 146

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(ii) Concentration of the hydrated acid in BA1 in moles per dm3
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….

(iii)Molar mass of the hydrated acid.

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………..

(c) i) Determine the value of n in the hydrated acid (H = 1, O = 16, X = 88)

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii)Calculate the percentage of water of crystallization in the acid H2X.nH2O.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 147

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical 12 (WAKISSHA PAPER 3 2015)
You are provided with the following,
Metal Q measuring about 7cm
Z which is a 0.2M solution of dilute acid, HX
You are required to determine the mass of metal Q

Procedure
(i) Measure and cut exactly 6cm of metal Q provided.
(ii) Using a measuring cylinder, measure 40cm3 of solution Z and transfer it into a clean
plastic beaker, note and record the initial temperature of this solution in the table
provided below.
(iii)Place metal Q into the solution Z in the plastic beaker and simultaneously start the clock.
(iv) Note and record the temperature of the contents in the beaker after every 30 seconds in
the table below.
Results table
Time (seconds) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210

Temperature ( 0C)

Questions:
(a) Plot a graph of temperature against time.
(b) Determine the highest temperature rise.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Calculate the amount of heat produced during the reaction. (Assume: Specific heat
capacity of solution = 4.2J/g/0C, density of solution = 1g/cm3)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………..................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 148

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(d) Given that the molar heat of reaction between metal Q and acid Z is 1600KJ/mol,
Calculate the,
(i) Number of moles of Q that reacted
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) Mass of Q used in this experiment (Q = 24)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 149

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Chapter four: PRACTICAL EXPRIMENTS ON RATES OF REACTIONS
Rate of reaction
some reactions take place almost instantaneously like explosion of hydrogen in air mixture when
lighted splint is inserted in it , a concept described as burning with pop sound. Other reactions
are slow e.g. rusting of iron in which a noticeable change is observed after appreciable time.
Some reactions show changes in colours of reactants or of products with time. For example
nitrogen oxide reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide which is brown. The gradual change
in colour can be measured with time, and this can indicate rate of reaction.
The change in concentration with time can be followed by titration, you will also deal with
reactions in which colourless gases are evolved.
During a chemical reaction, the concentration of products increases whereas that of reactants
decreases. The change in concentration with time is what is termed as rate of reaction. Therefore
rate of reaction is the measure of the change in quantity of reactants or products with time.
Rate of reaction is precisely defined as speed/rate at which reactants are turned into
products
In determining the rate of a chemical reaction, the amount of product formed in a given period of
time or the amount of reactants consumed in a given period of time is measured.
Then the rate is expressed as amount of products formed per unit time or the amount of reactants
consumed per unit time.
Rate = amount of products formed
Time
Rate = amount of reactants consumed
Time
Activities for students
Activity 1
10cm length of magnesium ribbon was cleaned with sand paper. 50cm3 of 0.1M dilute
hydrochloric acid was measured into a clean conical flask and corked. A rubber cork was then
removed and 10cm magnesium ribbon added, the stop watch was started and flask corked
immediately. The set up was organized as shown below and gas evolved measured in the syringe
in intervals of 5 seconds. The date was obtained and tabulated, use the values to answer
questions.

Time (s) Volume of gas evolved

(cm3)
0 0
5 20
10 40
15 60
20 75
25 85
30 85
35 85
40 85
45 85

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 150

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021

(a) Plot a graph of volume of gas evolved against time

(b) Use your graph to find the rate reaction at 13 seconds
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………........

(c) What volume of the is evolved at 16 seconds

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Describe the graph you have drawn in (a) above
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(e) Explain precisely the shape of the graph
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(f) Write a balanced equation for the reaction
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 151

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Activity 2
50cm3 of hydrochloric acid was measured into the conical flask. The flask and its contents were
placed on a direct weighing balance. Drop of magnesium ribbon was added to acid in flask and
the timer started. Mass of the flask and its contents was taken in intervals of 5 seconds until all
the magnesium ribbon was reacted.
The values were tabulated; use the table below to answer questions.
Time (s) Mass of flask + its contents
0 65.50
5 65.45
10 65.35
15 65.30
20 65.27
25 65.25
30 65.25
35 65.25
40 65.25

(a) Plot a graph of volume of gas evolved against time

(b) Use your graph to find the rate of reaction at 17 seconds
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) What is the mass of flask and contents at 13 seconds
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Describe the graph you have drawn in (a) above
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 152

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(e) Explain the shape of the graph
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(f) Write a balanced equation for the reaction
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF REACTION

The major factors that affect the rate of reaction include temperature, concentration, surface area,
pressure, light and catalyst. We shall pick temperature, surface area and concentration for
practical purposes, however others can be taught in theory.

Effect of temperature on the rate of reaction.

The rate of reaction increases with increase in temperature. Increase in temperature increases the
molecular velocities of which subsequently increase the kinetic energy of reacting particles. This
increases frequency of interaction/collision of the reacting molecules to form products.
Note.
For reaction to take place, particles must collide with sufficient kinetic energy. When the
temperature is increased, particles gain energy and interact with sufficient average minimum
energies. This implies that activation energy of the reaction increases and so is the rate of
reaction. Activation energy is the energy barrier which must be overcome by the reacting species
before the reaction can proceed.

Practical A

 You are provide with the following,

 BA1, which is 0.16M sodium thiosulphate solution
 BA2, which is 2M hydrochloric acid solution
 2 conical flasks
 2 measuring cylinders
 Stop clock
 A sheet of white paper
You are required to determine the rate of reaction when a thiosulphate reacts with dilute
hydrochloric acid.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 153

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Procedure
(i) Using a clean measuring cylinder, transfer 50cm3 of BA1 into a clean conical flask.
Measure and record its temperature (room temperature)
(ii) Using a black or blue pen, mark a cross on the sheet of white paper.
(iii)Add 5cm3 of BA2 into a flask and at the same time start the stop clock, swirl the mixture
and place on the sheet of white paper with the cross in the middle
(iv) Look down through the mixture at the cross and stop the clock when the cross just
disappears. Record the time taken for the cross to just disappear in the middle.
(v) Measure another 50cm3 of BA1 into a clean conical flask, this time heat the BA1 to a
temperature of 30 0C. Add 5cm3 of BA2 and immediately start the stop clock, swirl the
mixture and place it on a sheet of white paper with the cross in the middle. Note and
record the time t, it takes for the cross to disappear.
(vi) Repeat the procedure (iii) to (v) but this time heat BA1 to 40 0C, 50 0C, 60 0C
respectively before adding BA2. Record your results in the table below.

Temperature ( Time t, (s) 𝟏⁄ (s-1)

0C) 𝐭
Room temperature

30

40

50

60

Questions:
(a) Plot a graph of
(i) Time against temperature
(ii) 1⁄t against temperature
(b) From your graph in (a) (i) determine the rate of reaction at 20 seconds
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 154

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(c) Explain the shapes of the graphs
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) What is your conclusion from the two graphs
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(e) State and explain how the rate of reaction varies with temperature in (a) (ii) above.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………............................................................................
(f) Write a balanced ionic equation for the reaction that occurred between BA1 and BA2.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 155

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Effect of concentration on the rate of reaction
The rate of reaction increases with the increase in concentration of the reactant species. When
concentration of reactants increase in a given volume of the reaction vessel, the chances of
collision of reacting particles consequently increase resulting into increased reaction rate.
The greater the concentration of reactants, the greater the number of interactions between
reacting particles, therefore more effective collisions occur with minimum activation energy
hence faster rate of reaction.
However the reverse is true for concentration of products.

Activity 3
10cm length of magnesium ribbon was cleaned with sand paper. 50cm3 of 0.1M dilute
hydrochloric acid was measured into a clean conical flask and corked. A rubber cork was then
removed and 10cm magnesium ribbon added, the stop watch was started and flask corked
immediately. The set up was organised as shown below and gas evolved measured in the syringe
in intervals of 5 seconds. The above procedure was repeated using 0.2M hydrochloric acid. The
date was obtained and tabulated, use the values to answer questions.

Time (s) Volume of gas evolved Volume of gas

using 0.1M HCl evolved
using 0.3M HCl
0 0.0 0.0
120 6.5 10.0
240 13.0 20.0
360 20.0 25.5
480 24.5 29.5
600 27.0 32.0
720 29.5 32.0
840 32.0 32.0
Questions:
(a) Plot a graph of the same axes the volume of gas liberated using 0.1M and 0.3M HCl acid
against time

(b) Explain the shapes of the graphs

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 156

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(c) Find the rate of reaction for both curves at 410 seconds.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

Reaction of sodium thiosulphate and dilute hydrochloric acid

Sodium thiosulphate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form a white/yellow precipitate of
sulphur according to the following equation.
Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl(aq) NaCl (aq) + S(s) + SO2 (g) + H2O(l)
The ionic equation is,
S2O32- (aq) + 2H+ (aq) S(s) + SO2 (g) + H2O(l)
The effect of changing concentration of thiosulphate on the rate of reaction by carrying out
separate experiments in which the concentration of hydrogen ions (acid) is maintained constant and
concentration of thiosulphate is varied. In separate experiments, the volume of the solution is kept
constant. The beaker of the same size is used to mix the solutions and the beaker is placed on top
of a sheet of paper marked with a black cross. Looking from above, the black cross disappears after
precipitation of a specific amount of sulphur. In separate experiments the extent of reaction when
the cross disappears will be the same but the time for the cross to disappear will inversely depend
on the concentration of thiosulphate ions. Consequently the reciprocal of the time for the cross to
disappeasr in each experiment measures the average rate of formation of the precipitate quantity
per second.
A graph of concentration of sodium thiosulphate against time begins with a steep slope which
gradually becomes less steep before finally flattening out towards the horizontal axis. The gradient
of the curve at any point measures the rate of reaction at the time represented by the point on the
graph. The shape of the graph shows that the rate of reaction decreases as the concentration of
sodium thiosulphate decreases.
A graph of sodium thiosulphate against 1⁄t is a straight line within the limits of experimental
errors. The reciprocal of the time is the measure of rate of reaction for the appropriate
concentration. At a fixed temperature, the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the
concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution provided that enough acid is used to react with the
thiosulphate.
The effect of temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and dilute
hydrochloric acid can be performed by heating the solution to certain temperature before adding
the acid. A graph of 1⁄t against temperature can be plotted. The results from such an experiment
will show that the higher the temperature, the greater the rate of reaction. A fairly small rise in
temperature has a large influence on the rate of reaction.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 157

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical B
You are provided with following:
A piece of magnesium ribbon labeled T
FA1, which is dilute sulphuric acid
A stop clock
You are required to determine the rate of reaction between magnesium and sulphuric acid at
different concentrations.

Procedure:
(i) Cut T into 5 equal pieces of 2cm each
(ii) Using a measuring cylinder, measure 50cm3 of FA1 into a clean glass beaker
(iii)Drop one piece of T in the beaker and simultaneously start the stop clock. Swirl the
solution continuously ensuring that T is always inside the solution.
(iv) Note and record the time t, in seconds taken for T to completely dissolve.
(v) Wash the beaker and repeat the procedures (ii) to (iv) using 40cm3, 30cm3, 20cm3 and
10cm3 of FA1 but in each case make the total volume of the solution to 5cm3 by adding
water from the burette.
(vi) Record your results in the table below including the of 1⁄t for each reaction
Volume of FA1 (cm3) 50 40 30 20 10

Volume of water added (cm3) 0 10 20 30 40

Time, t (s)

𝟏⁄ (s-1)
𝐭

Questions:
(a) Plot a graph of volume of FA1 against 1⁄t
(b) Write and ionic equation for the reaction
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) What does 1⁄t represent
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 158

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
(d) From the graph;
(i) Determine the rate of reaction 1⁄t when the volume of FA1 is 25.5cm3
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Determine the volume of FA1, the rate of reaction is 4.25x10-2 s-1
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………...........................................................................
(iii)What is the effect of concentration on the rate of the reaction?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 159

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Practical C
You are provided with the following,

 BA1 which is a solution containing 0.2M thiosulphate ions

 BA2 which is a solution containing 2M hydrochloric acid
 Distilled water
 2 conical flasks
 2 measuring cylinders
 Stop clock
 Sheet of white paper
You are required to determine the rate of reaction between thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid

Procedure
a) Make a cross with a blue or black pen on the sheet of white paper provided
b) Using a measuring cylinder, measure 60ml of BA1 into a conical flask
c) Add 10cm3 of BA2 into the BA1 in the conical flask and immediately start the stop clock
d) Swirl the mixture to mix the two solutions and place it on the cross
e) Look through the solution mixture from above, record the time taken for the cross to just
disappear
f) Into another clean conical flask, measure 50cm3 of BA1
g) Add 10cm3 of distilled water to it and swirl
h) Then add 10cm3 of BA2 to the solution, swirl and place it on the cross
i) Look from above, record the time t, taken for the cross to just disappear
j) Repeat procedures (d) – (i) but this time measure volumes of BA1 as shown in the table
below. Add a volume of distilled water to ensure that the total volume of BA1 added to
the flask remains 60cm3
k) Record your results in the table below.

Exp no. Vol of BA1 Vol of water Vol of BA2 Time (s) 𝟏⁄ (s-1)
𝐭
(cm3) added (cm3) (cm3)
1 60 0 10
2 50 10 10
3 40 20 10
4 30 30 10
5 20 40 10

BA1 reacts with BA2 according to the equation.

S2O32- (aq) + 2H+ (aq) S (s) + SO2 (aq) + H2O (l)

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 160

Email: [email protected]
 PRECISE ORDINARY LEVEL CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL GUIDE
2021
Questions:
(a) Why does the cross disappear in the experiment?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Write the balanced equation for the reaction that took place between BA1 and BA2.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Plot a graph of
(i) Volume of BA1 against time, t
(ii) Volume of BA1 against 1⁄t
(d) How does the concentration of BA1 affect the time for the cross to disappear.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(e) Determine the rate of reaction between BA1 and BA2 and state the units.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
End

Practice, Continuous reading and hard work makes chemistry easier.

© 2021wakhamwa Nassa Page 161

Email: [email protected]