Database management system

What is Data?
The raw facts and figures input by the user is called Data. Raw means data isn’t been
processed yet. It has no significance beyond its existence and simply exists. Data means which has
no meaning of itself.

What is Information?
Processed Data is termed as Information, i.e., data been contextualized,
calculated, categorized and condensed. Information means meaningful data by relational
connection. It’s another thing that meaning may be useful or not. They cannot respond correctly
because that entry is not in their time table. To correctly answer such a question requires reasoning
and logical aptitude that is only included in the next level... understanding.

Traditional File System:

Before the use of a computer, a manual file system was used to maintain the
records and files. Data were stored and processed using a traditional file system and it makes it easy
to find any information. In this traditional file system, each file is independent of other file and data
in the different file can be integrated only by writing an individual program for each application.
The data and application program that uses the data are arranged that any change to data requires
modification of all the programs that use the data. Sometimes, it is not possible to identify all the
programs using data and identified on trial and error basis. All functional areas in the organization
create, processes its own files.
The files such as inventory and payroll generate separate files and do not communicate with each
other. The organization was simple to generate and had better local control but the data of an
organization is dispersed throughout the functional subsystem.

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Disadvantages of Traditional File System:

 Data redundancy (Each application has its own data file so, same data may have to be
recorded and stored in many times).
 Data inconsistency (Due to the same data items that appear in more than one file do not get
updated simultaneously in each and every file).
 Data dependence (Program and application in the file processing system are data dependent
but, the problem is incompatible with file format).
 Limited data sharing.
 The problem with security.
 Retrieval (retrieval is not easy).
 Time-consuming.
 Inefficient to maintain the record of the big firm having a large number of items.
 Required Lots of labor work to do.

Database:
A database is a collection of related data. In database any user can efficiently access the
data which users want to retrieve. It can be anything from a simple collection of roll numbers,
names, addresses and phone numbers of students to a complex collection of sound, images, and
even video or film clippings. Though they are generally computerized, instances of non-
computerized database from everyday life can be cited in abundance. A dictionary, a phone book, a
collection of recipes and a TV guides are the examples of non-computerized database. The
examples of computerized database include customer files, employee rosters, books catalogue,
equipment inventories and sales transactions.

Database Management System (DBMS):

It is a collection of interrelated data usually called
database and a set of programs to access, update and manage those data which form part of

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management system. In word, it is a software package to facilitate creation and maintenance of
computerized database.

DBMS software:
Some important DBMS software are:

Oracale:

Mogodb:

MY SQl:

Microsoft acess:

Needs of database Approach:

Before database approach, information on a computer is stored
in OS files. To allow users to manipulate the information, the system has a number of applications
programs that manipulate files. This is known as File processing system.
File based system uses all early attempt to computerize the manual filling Systems However, rather
than a centralized approach, to steer data decentralized approach where each department store and
control its data.

Advantages of Database Management System:

 Reduction of redundancies:
In this there is a centralized control of data and DBA
(database administrator) which avoids unnecessary duplication of data. It also eliminates the extra
processing necessary.

 Elimination of inconsistencies:
The main advantage of avoiding duplication is the
elimination of inconsistencies that tend to present in redundant data files. Redundancies of data in
the DBMs are controlled and multiple copies of data are consistent.

 Shared data:
A database allow the sharing of data under its control by any number of
application programs or users.

Example:
The application for the public relations and payroll departments can share the same data.

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  Integrity:
Data Integrity means that the data contained in the database in both accurate and
consistent. DBMS provides the function of security and some types of checks which main the data
integrity.

 Security:
Data is of vital importance to an organization and may be confidential. Such
confidential data must not be accessed by unauthorized persons. The DBA who has the ultimate
responsibility or the data in the DBMS can ensure that proper access procedure is allowed.

Users, Applications, Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS:

Users in a DBMS environment:

Users perform following tasks:

Airlines It is used to store for reservation and storage of the

information.

Banking It is used to store the customer information, payments, loans

etc.

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 Finance It is used to store the information of stocks, sales etc.

HR Management It is used to store details about the employee, their salaries,

details of paychecks

Sales It is used for storing customer, product information etc.

TelecommunicationIt is used to keep the call records, monthly bills, etc.

Name:
Programmers They are responsible to write programs. Programs that are
written in various languages to interact with databases.

Administrators They are responsible to manage the Database System. They

are most commonly known as Database Admin.

End-Users They are responsible to interact with the Database System.

They perform adding, manipulating, deleting or retrieving
data.

Advantages of DBMS:

 It provides Data Independence. Application programs need to be independent of the details

of data. DBMS provides the abstract view of the data.
 It provides efficient data access. If a data is stored in external storage, a wide variety of
sophisticated techniques are required to store and retrieve data efficiently.
 It provides Data Integrity and Security. In order to maintain integrity, DBMS can enforce
integrity constraints on the data.
 It provides concurrent access and crashes recovery. Many users can access the database
concurrently.
 It provides data administration. When many users share the data, one
 It reduces application development time.

Disadvantage of DBMS:
 It increases the danger of Overkill. It is not advisable to use the database for small and
simple applications.
 It increases the complexity of the database.
 Qualified personnel is required to manage the database. A trained staff is required to operate
the database system.
 It increases cost. Database system when increases the complexity also increases the cost of
management.
 It decreases the efficiency. Since it is multi-user software thus it becomes less efficient as
compared to the software that is made to solve only one problem.

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Types of Database Management System:
Here is a wide variety of Databases in Database
Management System. Name of the different types of databases is given below.

Types of DBMS:

 Hierarchical Databases
 Network Databases
 Relational Databases
 Object-oriented Databases
 Graph Databases
 ER model
 Document Databases

 Hierarchical Databases:

i Hierarchical Database System Structure was developed by IBM in the early 1960s.
ii In this type of Database, data gets stored in parent-children relationship nodes. Also, the
records not only contain the data of it but of their parent and children as well.
iii As the name suggests, ‘Hierarchy’, it is a tree-like structure. There are links attached
between each record as a parent-children relationship.
iv Data gets stored in the form of a collection of fields in which each field contains only one
value, i.e., every individual record has only one parent and a parent can have one or more
than one children.
v To retrieve the data, we need to traverse each tree until we get the desired data.

It is simple but inflexible due to the parent-child one-to-many relationship. They are mostly used in
Banking and Telecommunications industries to build high performance and manage applications.

Example:
IBM Information Management System (IMS) and Windows Registry.

Advantages of Hierarchical Databases:

The hierarchical database has the advantage that it
is a two-edged and can be retrieved and manipulated or altered rapidly due to the tree-like structure
of the record and also relationships between records are defined in advance.

Disadvantages of Hierarchical Databases:

i The hierarchical database has the disadvantage that in this type of database structure each
node can only have one parent, and children can’t have relationships or linkages between
them, even if they make sense from a logical standpoint.
ii In order to add record or data in the database, the whole database needs to be redefined.

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 Network Databases:

i The network database structure was invented by Charles Bachman. Network database
management systems (Network DBMSs) uses network structure to create a relationship
between entities.
ii Network databases are mainly used on a large network of computers.
iii Network databases are similar to hierarchical databases differs with one key point that in
network databases one node can have a relationship with multiple entities.
iv In network databases, parents are termed as occupier and children are termed as members.
Data in the network database is organized as many-to-many relationships.
v Example: Integrated Data Store (IDS), IDMS (Integrated Database Management System),
Raima Database Manager, TurboIMAGE, and Univac DMS-1100.

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 Network Database Model:

 Relational Databases:
i Relational Databases are the most popular among all databases.
ii In this type of database, there is a relationship between data and that is stored in the form of
the table of rows and columns, such that row represents record and column represents the
attribute.
iii Every individual field represents the data value. In order to query the Relational Databases,
Structured Query Language (SQL) is used which includes insertion, deletion, manipulation
and search the records.
Relational database depicts the relation between two or more tables, but how this relation is made?
Through Key Fields. Every row has its unique key field and these key fields are used to connect
one table to another one.
Example:

Oracle, SQL Server, MySQL, SQLite, and IBM DB2.

What’s so unique and fascinating about the relational database that is not in other databases? There
are mainly two reasons:
i These databases can be used with little or no training
ii One can easily modify database entries without specifying the entire

Properties of Relational Tables:

i Its values are Atomic.

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 ii Every row is individual.
iii Columns are undistinguished.
iv Sequence of Rows is Insignificant.

Relational Database Model:

Graph database Model

Image source: https://database.guide/wp-

content/uploads/2016/06/graph_database_relationship_example.png

A D V E R T I SE M E N T

 ER Model Databases:
i Entity-Relations Model Database was developed by Peter Chen 1976.
ii Here, the ER model is applied as a database. Each row in the table represents one instance
of an object type, and each column in a table represents an attribute type.

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 ER Model Databases Model

File Oriented and Database Approach in DBMS:

File processing system:

In the earlier age the computer system was used to store business
records and produce different information. They were generally faster and more accurate than
equivalent manual systems. These systems stored groups of records in separate file and so they
were called file processing system.
In a typical file processing systems, each department has its own files, designed especially for those
applications. The department itself works with the data processing staff, sets policies or standards
for the format and maintenance of its files.

Disadvantages of File processing system:

 Data redundancy:
In computer system many files are likely in the different formats and the
programs are written in different programming languages. Moreover, the same information may be
duplicated in several files, this duplication of data is known as data redundancy.
Example:

The address and telephone number of a particular customer may appear in a file that consist of
saving account records and in a file that consist of checking account record.

 Data inconsistency:
Various copies contain the same type of data which may no longer which means that various copies
of same data may contain different kind of information.
Example:

A changed customer address may be reflected in savings account records but not
elsewhere in the system.

 Difficulty in accessing data:

In file processing system it is very difficult to access the data in a specific way and it also require a
special application program which carry out new task.

 Data isolation:
Because data are scattered in various files and files may be in different
formats, writing new applications program to retrieve the appropriate data is
difficult.

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A D V E R T I SE M E N T

5) Integrity problem

Database must satisfy a particular consistency constraint. These constraints

are added in application program.

Example: The balance of a bank account may never fall below a prescribed
amount.

7) Concurrent access anomalies

If two programs run concurrently it is important to has supervision. But

supervision is difficult to provide because data is decentralised in file
processing system. In such an environment, interaction updates may result in
inconsistent data.

8) Security problems

In this not every user of the database system should be able to access all the
data.

Database approach
A database approach represents some aspects of real world called universe.
Database management system protects the database and maintains it over long
period of time. DBMS provides a view facility that enables user to have higher view
of database.

Functions of Database management approach

• Database management allow us to manipulating and sharing the
database among various users and applications.
• It also provides a recovery system to restore data in consistent state.
• It allows us to creating standard and user- friendly interface and
supports abstract and multimedia data types.
• DBMS enhances the database programmer’s productivity by
supporting code reusability.
• It also enhances the system portability and support extensibility.

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 • In DBMS data redundancies and inconsistencies in data are reduced
due to single file formats and duplication of data is eliminated.

Difference between DBMS and Traditional

File System
DBMS (Database Management System)
We have to know about what is data, database, and management first for
knowing more about DBMS. So, Data is a collection of facts and figure that
can be recorded; it can be in text, number, speech, video, image. Database
means a huge amount of interrelated data is stored, retrieved and collect at
one place in the database; In short, it is a collection of inter-related data
stored in the database. Management is a collection of the program for
security manage, retrieved and stored the data.

After knowing about data, database and management you can assume that
what is DBMS. So, Basically DBMS is a collection of interrelated data's stored
in a database server; these data's will be stored in the form of tables. The aim
of the database is to provide a way to store and retrieve database
information in a fast and efficient manner. database system not only
contains data's but it contains a complete definition or description of the
database structure and constraints.

The first DBMS introduced by IBM in 1960's named Apollo (mission for
moon). DB2 is the famous open source code (in which we can modify the
code) and free source code (where code cannot be changed but, we can use
it with its source code) database. EF-CODD (Father of RDBMS) was the first
who describe database function and create a first latest version of the
database; which follows their 11.5 rules in 12 rules which are known as 12
rules of EF-CODD.

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A D V E R T I SE M E N T

Components of DBMS
Hardware, Software, data manager (Command Checker), DB Engine, User,
Data Dictionary (Structure), Data, Database, Database access language,
Query Processor (Find and solve queries), Server, Run Time Manager.

Applications of DBMS
Airlines, Universities, Banking, Wave, Human Resources, Manufacturing, and
selling etc.

Uses of DBMS
• Effective and efficient management of data.
• Query processing and management.

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 • Security and integrity of data.  Data sharing and storage.
Advantages of DBMS
• Less space consumes.
• Reduction of redundancy.
• Data integrity, security, and continuity.
• Backup and recovery process.
• The data model can be developed.
• Concurrency control.
• Data independence.
• Performance is good.

Disadvantages of DBMS
• Required large size of memory.
• Time-consuming.
• Required a processor with the high speed of data processing.
• Cost of data conversion.
• Database failure (DB corrupted due to power failure or whole system
stops).
• Expensive.
• Complex.
• Higher impact of a failure (if any component can bring the operation
to a halt).
• Cost of DBMS (depend on the environment, function or recurrent
annual maintenance cost.

Functions of DBMS
• Data dictionary management.
• Modify, delete, insert the data.
• Security.
• Control multi-user access management.
• Achieved data integrity.
• Transaction management.
• Data transformation and presentation.

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Features of DBMS
• Persistence – permanent data stored.
• Validity – validation of field.
• Consistency – the value of data is the same at all place.
• Security.
• Non-redundancy – no multiple copies.
• Independence.
• Concurrency – multiple users can share a file at same time
A D V E R T I SE M E N T

Difference between DBMS and Traditional File System

• DBMS is very expensive but, the traditional file system is cheap.

• DBMS is good for the large system but, the traditional file system is
good for a small system having a small number of items.
• DBMS required lots of effort for designing but, the traditional file
system is very low design efforts.
• DBMS is highly secured but, the traditional file system is not secure.
• DBMS is data sharable but, the traditional file system is isolated data
sharable.
• DBMS is flexible but, the traditional file system has a lack of flexibility
and has many limitations.
• DBMS has no integrity but, the traditional file system has an integrity
problem.
• DBMS has a complex backup system but, the traditional file system
has a simple backup system.DBMS have complex backup system but,
traditional file system has simple backup system.

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