1) Why pointers are eliminated from java?

Ans)

1. Pointers lead to confusion for a programmer.

2. Pointers may crash a program easily, for example, when we add two pointers, the
program crashers immediately.

3. Pointers break security. Using pointers, harmful programs like Virus and other hacking
programs can be developed. Because of the above reasons, pointers have been
eliminated from java.

2) What is the difference between a function and a method?

Ans). A method is a function that is written in a class. We do not have functions in

java; instead we have methods. This means whenever a function is written in java,
it should be written inside the class only. But if we take C++, we can write the
functions inside as well as outside the class. So in C++, they are called member
functions and not methods.

3) Which part of JVM will allocate the memory for a java program?
Ans). Class loader subsystem of JVM will allocate the necessary memory needed by
the java program.

4). which algorithm is used by garbage collector to remove the unused

variables or objects from memory?

Ans). Garbage collector uses many algorithms but the most commonly used
algorithm is mark and sweep.

5). How can you call the garbage collector?

Ans). Garbage collector is automatically invoked when the program is being run. It
can be also called by calling gc() method of Runtime class or System class in Java.

6) What is JIT Compiler?

Ans). JIT compiler is the part of JVM which increases the speed of execution of a Java
program.

7) What is an API document?

Ans). An API document is a .html file that contains description of all the features of a
softwar, a product, or a technology. API document is helpful for the user to
understand how to use the software or technology.

8) What is the difference between #include and import statement?

Ans). #include directive makes the compiler go to the C/C++ standard library and
copy the code from the header files into the program. As a result, the program size
increases, thus wasting memory and processor’s time.
import statement makes the JVM go to the Java standard library, execute the code
there , and substitute the result into the program. Here, no code is copied and
hence no waste of memory or processor’s time. so import is an efficient mechanism
than #include.

9) What is the difference between print( ) and println( ) method ?

Ans). Both methods are used to display the results on the monitor. print( ) method
displays the result and then retains the cursor in the same line, next to the end of
the result. println( ) displays the result and then throws the cursor to the next line.

10) What happens if String args[] is not written in main( ) method ?

Ans). When main( ) method is written without String args[] as:

Public static void main( )

The code will compile but JVM cannot run the code because it cannot recognize the
main( ) as the method from where it should start execution of the Java program.
Remember JVM always looks for main( ) method with string type array as parameter.

11) What is the difference between float and double?

Ans). Float can represent up to 7 digits accurately after decimal point, where as
double can represent up to 15 digits accurately after decimal point.

12) What is a Unicode system ?

Ans). Unicode system is an encoding standard that provides a unique number for
every character, no matter what the platform, program, or language is. Unicode
uses 2 bytes to represent a single character.

13) How are positive and negative numbers represented internally?

Ans). Positive numbers are represented in binary using 1’s complement notation
and negative numbers are represented by using 2’s complement notation.

14) What is the difference between >> and >>>?

Ans). Both bitwise right shift operator ( >> ) and bitwise zero fill right shift operator
( >>> ) are used to shift the bits towards right. The difference is that >> will
protect the sign bit whereas the >>> operator will not protect the sign bit. It always
fills 0 in the sign bit.

15) What are control statements?

Ans). Control statements are the statements which alter the flow of execution and
provide better control to the programmer on the flow of execution. They are useful
to write better and complex programs.

16) Out of do While and while - - which loop is efficient?

Ans). In a do..while loop, the statements are executed without testing the condition ,
the first time. From the second time only the condition is observed. This means that
the programmer does not have control right from the beginning of its execution. In a
while loop, the condition is tested first and then only the statements are executed.
This means it provides better control right from the beginning. Hence, while loop is
move efficient than do.. while loop.

17) What is a collection?

Ans). A collection represents a group of elements like integer values or

objects. Examples for collections are arrays and java.util_classes (stack,
LinkedList, ;Vector, etc).

18)Why goto statements are not available in Java?

Ans) . Goto statements lead to confusion for a programmer. Especially in a large

program, if several goto statements are used, the programmer would be perplexed
while understanding the flow from where to where the control is jumping.

19) What is the difference between return and System.exit(0) ?

Ans). Return statement is used inside a method to come out of it. System.exit( 0) is
used in any method to come of the program.

20) What is the difference between System.out.exit(0) and

System.exit(1) ?

Ans). System.exit(0) terminates the program normally. Whereas System.exit(1)

terminates the program because of some error encountered in the program.

21) What is the difference between System.out ,System.err and

System.in?

Ans). System.out and System.err both represent the monitor by default and hence
can be used to send data or results to the monitor. But System.out is used to display
normal messages and results whereas System.err is used to display error messages
and System.in represents InputStream object, which by default represents standard
input device, i.e., keyboard.

22) On which memory, arrays are created in Java?

Ans). Arrays are created on dynamic memory by JVM. There is no question of static
memory in Java; every thing( variables, array, object etc.) is created on dynamic
memory only.

23) Can you call the main( ) method of a class from another class ?

Ans). Yes , we can call the main( ) method of a class from another class using
Classname.main( ) . At the time of calling the main( ) method, we should pass a
string type array to it.
24) Is String a class or data type ?
Ans). String is a class in java.lang package. But in Java, all classes are also
considered as data types. So we can take String as a data type also.

25) Can we call a class as a data type ?

Ans). Yes, a class is also called ‘ user-defined’ data type. This is because a use can
dreate a class.

26) What is object reference?

Ans). Object reference is a unique hexadecimal number representing the memory

address of the object. It is useful to access the members of the object.

27) What is difference between == and equals( ) while comparing

strings.which one is reliable ?

Ans). = = operator compares the references of the sting objects. It does not
compare the contents of the objects. equals ( ) method compares the contents.
While comparing the strings, equals( ) method should be used as it yields the
correct result.

28) What is a string constant pool?

Ans). Sring constant pool is a separate block of memory where the string objects are
held by JVM. If a sting object is created directly, using assignment operator as:
String s1 = “Hello”,then it is stored in string constant pool.

29) Explain the difference between the following two statements:

1. String s=”Hello”
2. String s = new String (“Hello”);

Ans). In the first statement, assignment operator is used to assign the string literal
to the String variable s. In this case, JVM first of all checks whether the same object
is already available in the string constant pol. If it is available, then it creates
another reference to it. If the same object is not available, then it creates another
object with the content “Hello “and stores it into the string constant pool.
In the second statement, new operator is used to create the string object; in this
case, JVM always creates a new object without looking in the string constant pool.

30) What is the difference between String and StringBuffer classes?

Ans). String class objects are immutable and hence their contents cannot be
modified. StringBuffer class objects are mutable, so they can be modified. Moreover
the methods that directly manipulate data of the object are not available in String
class. Such methods are available in StringBuffer class.

31) Are there any other classes whose objects are immutalbe ?

Ans). Yes, classes like Character, Byte, Integer, Float, Double, Long..called ‘wrapper
classes’ are created as ‘immutable’.Classes like Class, BigInteger, Big Decimal are
also immutable.
32) What is the difference between StringBuffer and StringBuilder
classes?

Ans). StringBuffer class is synchronized and StringBuilder is not. When the

programmer wants to use several threads, he should use StringBuffer as it gives
reliable results . If only one thread is used. StringBuilder is preferred, as it improves
execution time.

33) What is object oriented approach?

Ans). Object oriented programming approach is a programming methodology to

design computer programs using classes and objects.

34) What is the difference between a class and an object?

Ans). A class is a model for creating objects and does not exist physically. An object
is any thing that exists physically.Both the classes and objects contain variables and
methods.

35) What is encapsulation?

Ans). Encapsulation is a mechanism where the data(varialbes) and the

code(methods) that act on the data will bind together. For ex,if we take a class, we
write the variables and methods inside the class. Thus, class is binding them
together. So class is an example for encapsultion.

36) What is abstraction?

Ans). Hiding the unnecessary data from the user and expose only needed data is of
interest to the user.

A good example for abstraction is a car. Any car will have some parts like engine,
radiator, mechanical and electrical equipment etc. The user of the ca r (driver)
should know how to drive the car and does not require any knowledge of these
parts. For example driver is never bothered about how the engine is designed and
the internal parts of the engine. This is why, the car manufacturers hide these parts
from the driver in a separate panel, generally at the front.
Example in java:
?
1 Class Bank{
2 Private int accno;
Private String name;
3 Private float balance;
4 Private float profit;
5 Private float loan;
6 Public void desplay_to _clerk(){
System.out.println(“Accno= “+accno);
7 System.out.println(“Name=” +name);
8 System.out.println(“Balance=”+balance);
9 }
1 }
0
11
1
2

37) What is Inheritance?

Ans). It creates new classes from existing classes, so that the new classes will
acquire all the features of the existing classes is called inheritance. (or) Acquiring
the all properties from base class to child class .

38) What is Polymorphism?

Ans). The word ‘Polymorphism’ came from two Greek words ‘poly’ meaning ‘many’
and ‘morphs’ meaning ‘forms’ . Thus, polymorphism represents the ability to
assume several different forms. In programming, we can use a single variable to
refer to objects of different types and thus, using that variable we can call the
methods of the different objects. Thus a method call can perform different tasks
depending on the type of the object.

39) What is the difference between object oriented programming

launguages and object based programming languages?

Ans). Object oriented programming languages follow all the features of Object
Oriented Programming System(OOPS). Smalltalk, Simula-67,C++, Java are
examples for OOPS languages.
Object based programming languages follow all the features of OOPS except Inheritance. For
example, JavaScript and VBScript will come under object based programming languages.

40) What is hash code?

Ans). Hash code is unique identification number alloted to the objects by the JVM.
This hash code number is also called reference number which is created based on
the location of the object in memory, and is unique for all objects, except for String
objects.

41)How can you find the hash code of an object?

Ans). The hashCode( ) method of ‘Object’ class in java.lang.package is useful to find

the hash code of an object.

42) Can you declare a class as ‘private’?

Ans). No, if we declare a class as private, then it is not available to java compiler
and hence a compile time error occurs, but inner classes can be declared as private.

43) When is a constructor called, before or after creating the object?

Ans). A Constructor is called concurrently when the object creation is going on. JVM
first allocates memory for the object and then executes the constructor to initialize
the instance variables. By the time, object creation is completed; the constructor
execution is also completed.

44) What is the difference between default constructor and

parameterized constructor?
 Default constructor Parameter constructor
Default constructor is useful Parameterized constructor is
to initialize all objects with useful to initialize each object
same data. with different data.
Default constructor does not Parameterized constructor will
have any parameters. have 1 or more parameters
When data is not passed at When data is passed at the
the time of creating an object, time of creating an object
default constructor is called. parameterized constructor is
called.

45) What is the difference between a constructor and a method?

Constructors Methods
A constructor is used to initialize A method is used for any general
the instance variables of a class. purpose processing or
calculations.
A constructor’s name and class A method’s name and class
name should be same. name can be same or different.
A constructor is called at the A method can be called after
time of creating object. creating the object.
A constructor is called only once A method can be called several
per object. times on the object.

46) What is constructor overloading ?

Ans). Writing two or more constructors with the same name but with difference in
the parameters is called constructor overloading. Such constructors are useful to
perform different tasks.

47) What are instance methods ?

Ans). Instance methods are the methods which act on the instance variables of the
class. To call the instance methods , we should use the
form; objectname.methodname( ).
Ex:
?
1double x = obj.sum( );
48) What are static methods?

Ans). Static methods are the methods which do not act upon the instance variables
of a class. Static methods are declared as ‘static’.

49) What is the difference between instance variables and class

variables(static variables)?
 Ans). 1. An Instance variable is a variable whose separate copy is available to each
object. A class variable is a variable whose single copy in memory is shared by all
objects.
2. Instance variables are created in the objects on heap memory. Class variables are
stored on method area.

50) Why instance Variables are not available to static methods?

Ans). After executing static methods, JVM creates the objects. So the instance
variables of the objects are not available to static methods.

51) Is it possible to compile and run a Java program without writing

main( ) method?

Ans). Yes, it is possible by using a static block in the Java program.

52) How are objects are passed to methods in Java?

Ans). Premitive data types, objects, even object references – every thing is passed
to methods using ‘pass by value’ or ‘call by value’ concept. This means their bit by
bit copy is passes to the methods.

53) What are factory methods?

Ans). A factory method is a method that creates and returns an object to the class
to which it belongs. A single factory method replaces several constructors in the
class by accepting different options from the user, while creating the object.

54) In how many ways can you create an object in Java ?

Ans). There are four ways of creating objects in Java:

1. Using new operator
Employee obj = new Employee( );
Here , we are creating Employee class object ‘obj’ using new operator.
2. Using factory methods:
Number Format obj = NumberFormat. getNumberInstance( );
Here, we are creating NumberFormat object using the factory
method getNumberInstance( )
3. Using newInstance( ) method. Here we should follow tow steps, as:
(a) First, store the class name ‘Employee’ as a string into an object. For this purpose,
factory metod forName( ) of the class ‘Class’ will be useful:
Class c = Class.forName(“Employee”);
We should note that there is a class with the name ‘Class’ in java.lang package.
(b) Next, create another object to the class whose name is in the object c. For this
purpose , we need newInstance( ) method of the class ‘Class’ as:
Employee obj = ( Employee)c.newInstance( );
4. By cloning an already available object, we can create another object. Creating exact
copy of an existing object is called ‘cloning’.
Employee obj1 = new Employee ( );
Employee obj2 = (Employee)obj1.clone( );
Earlier, we created obj2 by cloning the Employee object obj1.clone( ) method of
Object class is used to clone object.We should note that there is a class by the name
‘Object’ in java.lang package.
55) What is object graph?

Ans). Object graph is a graph showing relationship between different objects in

memory.

56) What is anonymous inner class?

Ans). It is an inner class whose name is not written in the outer class and for which
only one object is created.

57) What is Inheritance?

Ans). Deriving new classes from existing classes such that the new classes acquire
all the features of existing classes is called inheritance.

58) Why super class members are available to sub class ?

Ans). Because, the sub class object contains a copy of super class object.

59) What is the advantage of inheritance ?

Ans). In inheritance a programmer reuses the super class code without rewriting it,
in creation of sub classes So, developing the classes becomes very easy. Hence, the
programmer’s productivity is increased.

60) Why multiple inheritance is not available in Java ?

Ans). Multiple inheritance is not available in Java for the following reasons:

1. It leads to confusion for a Java program.

2. The programmer can achieve multiple inheritance by using interfaces.
3. The programmer can achieve multiple inheritance by repeatedly using single
inheritance.

61) How many types of inheritance are there ?

Ans). There are two types of inheritances single and multiple. All other types are
mere combinations of these two.However, Java supports only single inheritance.

62) What is coercion?

Ans). Coercion is the automatic conversion between different data types done by
the compiler.

63) What is conversion ?

Ans). Conversion is an explicit change in the data type specified by the operator.

64) What is method signature ?

Ans). Method signature represents the method name along with method parmeters.
 65) What is method overloading?

Ans). Writing two or more methods in the same class in such a way that each
mehtod has same name but with different method signatures – is called method
overloading.

66) What is method overriding ?

Ans). Writing two or more methods in super and sub classes such that the methods
have same name and same signature is called method overriding.

67) What is the difference between method overloading and method

overriding ?

MethodOverloading Method Overriding

Writing two or more methods with Writing two or more methods with
the same name but with different the same name and same signatures
signatures is called method is called method overriding.
overloading.
Method overloading is done in the Method overriding is done in super
same class. and sub classes.
In method overloading, method In method overriding method return
return type can be same or different.type should also be same.
JVM decides which method is called JVM decides which method is called
depending on the difference in the depending on the data type (class) of
method signatures. the object used to call the method.
Method overloading is done when the Method overriding is done when the
programmer wants to extend the programmer wants to provide a
already available features. different implementation(body) for
the same feature.
Method overloading is code Method overriding is code
refinement. Same method is refined replacement. The sub class method
to perform a different task. overrides(replaces) the super class
method.

68) Can you override private methods ?

Ans). No, private methods are not available in the sub classes, so they cannot be
overriden.

69) Can we take private methods and final methods as same ?

Ans). NO. Both methods are different.A final method is not the same as a private
method. The only similarity is that they cannot be overridden, But final methods are
visible to subclasses, private methods are not.

(taken from comments by BHS).

70) What is final ?

Ans). ‘final’ keyword is used in two ways:

 It is used to declare constants as:
 Final double PI = 3.14159; // PI is constant
It is used to prevent inheritance as:
 Final class A // sub class to A cannot be created.

71) What is the difference between dynamic polymorphism and static

polymorphism ?

Ans). Dynamic polymorphism is the polymorphism existed at runtime. Here, Java

compiler does not understand which method is called at compilation time. Only JVM
decides which method is called at runtime. Method overloading and method
overriding using instance methods are the examples for dynamic polymorphism.
Static polymorphism is the polymorphism exhibited at compile time. Here, Java
compiler knows which method is called. Method overloading and method overriding
using static methods; method overriding using private or final methods are
examples for static polymorphism.

72) What is difference between primitive data types and advanced data
types ?

Ans). Primitive data types represent single values. Advanced data types represent a
group of values. Also methods are not available to handle the primitive data types.
In case of advanced data types, methods are available to perform various
operations.

73) What is implicit casting ?

Ans). Automatic casting done by the Java compiler internally is called implicit
casting . Implicit casting is done to converty a lower data type into a higher data
type.

74) What is explicit casting ?

Ans). The cating done by the programmer is called explicit cating. Explicit casting is
compulsory while converting from a higher data type to a lower data type.

75) What is generalization and specialization ?

Ans). Generalization ia a phenomenon wher a sub class is prompted to a super

class, and hence becomes more general. Generalization needs widening or up-
casting. Specialization is phenomenon where a super class is narrowed down to a
sub class. Specialization needs narrowing or down-casting.

76) What is widening and narrowing ?

Ans). Converting lower data type into a higher data type is called widening and
converting a higher data type into a lower type is called narrowing. Widening is safe
and hence even if the programmer does not use cast operator, the Java compiler
does not flag any error. Narrowing is unsafe and hence the programmer should
explicitly use cast operator in narrowing.

77) Which method is used in cloning ?

Ans). clone( ) method of Object class is used in cloning.

78) What do you call the interface without any members ?

Ans). An interface without any members is called marking interface or tagging

interface. It marks the class objects for a special purpose. For example,
Clonable(java.lang) and Serializable(java.io) are two marking interfaces. Clonable
interface indicates that a particular class objects are cloneable while Serializable
interface indicates that a particular class objects areserializable.

79) What is abstract method ?

Ans). An abstract method is a method without method body. An abstract method is

written when the same method has to perform difference tasks depending on the
object calling it.

80) What is abstract class ?

Ans). An abstract class is a class that contains 0 or more abstract methods.

81) How can you force your programmers to implement only the
features of your class ?

Ans). By writing an abstract class or an interface.

82) Can you declare a class as abstract and final also ?

Ans). No, abstract class needs sub classes. final key word represents sub classes
which can not
be created. So, both are quite contradictory and cannot be used for the same class.

83) What is an interface ?

Ans). An interface is a specification of method prototypes, All the methods of the interface are
public and abstract.

84) Why the methods of interface are public and abstract by default ?
Ans). Interface methods are public since they should be available to third party
vendors to provide implementation. They are abstract because their implementation
is left for third party vendors.

85) Can you implement one interface from another ?

Ans). No, we can’t implementing an interface means writing body for the methods.
This can not be done again in an interface, since none of the methods of the
interface can have body.

86) Can you write a class within an interfae ?

Ans). Yes, it is possible to write a class within an interface.

87)Explain about interfaces ?

Ans). * An interface is a specification of method prototypes, before we proceed
furthur, written
in the interface without mehtod bodies.
*An interface will have 0 or more abstract methods which are all public and abstract
by default.
* An interface can have variables which are public static and final by default. This
means all the variables of the interface are constants.

88) What is the difference between an abstract class and an interface ?

Abstract class Interface

An abstract class is written when An interface is written when all
there are some common features the features are implemented
shared by all the objects. differently in different objects.
When an abstract class is written, An interface is written when the
it is the duty of the programmer programmer wants to leave the
to provide sub classes to it. implementation to the third party
vendors.
An abstract class contains some An interface contains only
abstract methods and also some abstract methods.
concrete methods.
An abstract class contain instance An interface can not contain
variables also. instance variables. It contains only
constants.
All the abstract methods of the All the (abstract) methods of the
abstract class should be interface should be implemented
implemented in its sub classes. in its implementation classes.
Abstract class is declared by using Interface is declared using the
the keyword abstract. keywordinterface.

89)A programmer is writing the following statements in a program:

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import java.awt.event.*;
Should he write both the statements in his program or the first onw is
enough ?

Ans). event is a sub package of java.awt package. But, when a package is imported,
its sub packages are not automatically imported into a program. So, for every
package or sub package, a separate import statement should be written. Hence if
the programmer wants the classes and interfaces of both the java.awt and
java.awt.event packages, then he should both the preceding statements in his
program.

90) How can you call the garbage collector ?

Ans). We can call garbage collector of JVM to delete any unused variables and
unreferenced objects from memory using gc( ) method. This gc( ) method appears
in both Runtime and System classes of java.lang package. For example, we can call
it as:
System.gc( );
Runtime.getRuntime( ).gc( );

91) What is the difference between the following two statements.

1. import pack.Addition;
2. import pack.*;

Ans) . In statement 1, only the Addition class of the package pack is imported into
the program and in statement 2, all the classes and interfaces of the package pack
are available to the program.
If a programmer wants to import only one class of a package say BufferedReader of
java.io package, we can write import java.io.BufferedReader;

93) What is CLASSPATH ?

Ans) . The CLASSPATH is an environment variable that tells the Java compiler where
to look for class files to import. CLASSPATH is generally set to a directory or a
JAR(Java Archive)file. Set the Classpath after installing java.

94) What is a JAR file ?

Ans) A Java Archive file (JAR) is a file that contains compressed version of several
.class files, audio files, image files or directories. JAR file is useful to bundle up
several files related to a project and use them easily.

95) What is the scope of default acess specifier ?

Ans). Default members are available within the same package, but not outside of
the package. So their scope is package scope.

96)What happens if main( ) method is written without String args[ ] ?

Ans). The code compiles but JVM cannot run it, as it cannot see the main( ) method
with String args[ ].

97). What are checked exceptions ?

Ans). The exceptions that are checked at compilation-time by the Java compiler are
called ‘checked exceptions’. The exceptions that are checked by the JVM are called
‘unchecked exceptions’.

98). What is Throwable ?

Ans). Throwable is a class that represents all errors and exceptions which may occur
in Java.

99). Which is the super class for all exceptions ?

Ans). Exception is the super class of all exceptions in Java.

100). What is the difference between an exception and an error ?

Ans). An exception is an error which can be handled. It means when an exception
happens, the programmer can do something to avoid any harm. But an error is an
error which cannot be handled, it happens and the programmer cannot do any
thing.

101). What is the difference between throws and throw ?

Ans). throws clause is used when the programmer does not want to handle the
exception and throw it out of a method. throw clause is used when the programmer
wants to throw an exception explicitly and wants to handle it using catch block.
Hence, throws and throw are contracictory.

102). Is it possible to re-throw exceptions ?

Ans). Yes, we can re-throw an exception from catch block to another class where it
can be handled.

103). Why do we need wrapper classes ?

1. They convert primitive data types int

o objects and this is needed on Internet to mommunicate between two applications.
2. The classes in java.util package handle only objects and hence wrapper classes
help in this case also.

104). Which of the wrapper classes contains only one constructor ? (or)
Which of the wrapper classes does not contain a constructor with String
as parameter ?

Ans). Character.

105). What is unboxing ?

Ans). Converting an object into its corresponding primitive datatype is called

unboxing.

106). What happens if a string like “ Hello” is passed to parseInt ( )

method ?

Ans). Ideally a string with an integer value should be passed to parseInt ( ) method.
So, on parsing “Hello”, an exception called “NumberFormatException’ occurs since
the parseInt( ) method cannot convert the given string “Hello” into an integer value.

107).What is a collection framework ?

Ans). A collection framework is a class library to handle groups of objects. Collection

framework is implemented in java.util.package.

108). Does a collection object store copies of other objects or their

references ?

Ans). A Collection object stores references of other objects.

109). Can you store a primitive data type into a collection ?

Ans). No, Collections store only objects.

110). What is the difference between Iterator and ListIterator ?

Ans). Both are useful to retreive elements from a collection. Iterator can retrieve the
elements
only in forward direction. But Listener can retrieve the elements in forward and
backward direction also. So ListIterator is preferred to Iterator.

111). What is the difference between Iterator and Enumeration ?

Ans). Both are useful to retreive elements from a collection. Iterator has methods
whose names are easy to follow and Enumeration methods are difficult to
remember. Also Iterator has an option to remove elements from the collection which
is not available in Enumeration. So, Iterator is preferred to Enumeration.

112). What is the difference between a Stack and LinkedList ?

Ans). 1. A Stack is generally used for the purpose of evaluation of expression. A

LinkedList is used to store and retrieve data.

2. Insertion and deletion of elements only from the top of the Stack is possible.
Insertion and deletion of elements from any where is possible in case of a
LinkedList.

113). What is the difference between ArrayList and Vector ?

ArrayList Vector

ArrayList object is not Vector object is synchronized by

synchronized by default default.
Incase of a single thread, using In case of multiple threads, using
ArrayList is faster than the Vector. Vector is advisable. With a single
thread, Vector becomes slow.

ArrayList increases its size every Vector increases its size every
time by 50 percent (half). time by doubling it.

114). Can you synchronize the ArrayList object ?

Ans). Yes, we can use synchronizedList( ) method to synchronize the ArrayList,

as: Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList( ));

115). What is the load factor for a HashMap or Hashtable ?

Ans). 0.75.

116). What is the difference between HashMap and Hashtable ?

Ans).
HashMap Hashtable
HashMap object is not synchronized Hashtable object is synchronized by
by default. default.
In case of a single thread, using In case of multiple threads, using
HashMap is faster than the Hashtable is advisable, with a single
Hashtable. thread, Hashtable becomes slow.
HashMap allows null keys and null Hashtable does not allow null keys or
values to be stored. values.
Iterator in the HashMap is fail-fast. Enumeration for the Hashtable is not
This means Iterator will produce fail-fast. This means even if
exeception if concurrent updates are concurrent updations are done to
made to the HashMap. Hashtable, there will not be any
incorrect results produced by the
Enumeration.

117). Can you make HashMap synchronized ?

Ans). Yes, we can make HashMap object synchronized using synchronizedMap( )

method as shown here: Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap( ));

118). What is the difference between a Set and a List ?

Ans).
Set List
A Set represents a collection of A List represents ordered collection of
elements. Order of the elements may elements.List preserves the order of
change in the Set. elements in which they are entered.
Set will not allow duplicate values to List will allow duplicate values.
be stored.
Accessing elements by their index Accessing elements by index is
(position number) is not possible in possible in lists.
case of Sets.
Sets will not allow null elements. Lists allow null elements to be stored.

119). What is the difference between System.out and System.err ?

Ans). Both are used to display messages on the monitor. System.out is used to
display normal messages
As:
System.out.println(“This is nayanimuralidhar”);
System.err.println(“This is an error”);

120). What is the advantage of stream concept..?

Ans). Streams are mainly useful to move data from one place to another place. This
concept can be used to receive data from an input device and send data to an
output device.

121). What is the default buffer size used by any buffered class ?

Ans). 512 bytes.

122). What is serialization ?

Ans). Serialization is the process of storing object contents into a file. The class
whose objects are stored in the file should implement ‘serializable’ interface of
java.io.package.

123).What type of variables cannot be serialized ?

Ans). Static and transient variables cannot be serialized.

Once the objects are stored into a file, they can be later retrieved and used as and
when needed.This is called de-serialization.

124). What is IP address ?

Ans). An IP address is a unique identification number allocated to every computer
on a network or Internet. IP address contains some bytes which identify the network
and the actual computer inside the network.

125). What is DNS ?

Ans). Domain Naming Service is a service on Internet that maps the IP address with
corresponding website names.

126). What is a socket ?

Ans). A socket is a point of conneciton between a server and a client on a network.

127). What is port number ?

Ans). Port number ia a 2 byte number which is used to identify a socket uniquely.

128). Which thread always runs in a Java program by

default ?

Ans). main thread. A thread represents execution of statements. The way the
statements are executed is of two types: 1). Single tasking 2). Multi tasking.

129). Why threads are called light-weight ?

Ans). Threads are light-weight because they utilize minimum resources of the
system. This means they take less memory and less processor time.

130). What is the difference between single tasking and

multitasking ?
Ans). Executing only one job at a time is called single tasking. Executing several
jobs at a time is called multi tasking. In single tasking, the processor time is wasted,
but in multi tasking, we can utilize the processor time in an optimum way.

131). How can you stop a thread in Java ?

Ans). First of all , we should create a boolean type variable which stores ‘ false’ .
When the user wants to stop the thread. We should store ‘true’into the variable. The
status of the variable is checked in the run ( ) method and if it is true, the thread
executes ‘return’ statement and then stops.

132). What is the difference between ‘extends Thread’

and ‘implements Runnable’ ? Which one is advatageous
?
Ans). extends Thread and implements Runnable – both are functionally same. But
when we write extends Thread, there is no scope to extend another class, as
multiple inheritance is not supported in Java.
Class Myclass extends Thread, AnotherClass //invalid
If we write implements Runnable, then still there is scope to extend another class.
class Myclass extends AnotherClass implements Runnable //valid
This is definitely advantageous when the programmer wants to use threads and also
wants to access the features of another class.

133). Which method is executed by the thread by

default ?
Ans). public void run( ) method.

134). What is Thread synchronization ?

Ans). When a thread is already acting on an object, preventing any other thread
from acting on the same object is called ‘Thread synchronization’ or ‘Thread safe’
The object on which the threads are synchronized is called ‘synchronized object’.
Thread synchronization is recommended when multiple threads are used on the
same object(in multithreading).

135). What is the difference between synchronized

block and synchronized keyword ?
Ans). Synchronized block is useful to synchronized a block of statements.
Synchronized keyword is useful to synchronize an entire method.

138). What is Thread deadlock ?

Ans). When a thread has locked an object and waiting for another object to be
released by another thread.and the other thread is also waiting for the first thread
to release the first object, both the threads will continue waiting forever. This is
called ‘Thread deadlock’.
139). What is the difference between the sleep( ) and
wait( ) methods ?
Ans). Both the sleep( ) and wait( ) methods are used to suspend a thread execution
for a specified time. When sleep( ) is executed inside a synchronized block, the
object is still under lock. When wait( ) method is executed, it breaks the
synchronized block, so that the object lock is removed and it is available.
Generally, sleep( ) is used for making a thread to wait for some time. But wait( ) is
used in connection with notify ( ) or notifyAll( ) mehtods in therad communication.

140). What is the default priority of a thread ?

Ans). When a thread is created, by default its priority will be 5.
141). What is demon thread ?
Ans). A daemon thread is a thread is a thread that executes continuously. Daemon
threads are service providers for other threads or objects. It generally provides a
background procssing.

142). What is thread life cycle ?

Ans). A thread is created using new Thread( ) statement and is executed by start( )
method. The thread enters ‘runnable’ state and when sleep( ) or wait( ) methods are
used or when the thread is blocked on I/O, it then goes into ‘not runnable’ state.
From ‘not runnable’ state, the thread comes back to the ‘runnable’ state and
continues running the statements. The thread dies when it comes out of run( )
mehtod . These state thransitions of a thread are called ‘life cycle of a thread’.

143). What is the difference between a window and a

frame ?
Ans). A window is a frame without any borders and title, whereas a frame contains
borders and title.

144). What is event delegation model ?

Ans). Event delegation model represents that when an event is generated by the
user on a component, it is delegated to a listener interface and the listener calls a
mehtod in response to the event. Finally , the event is handled by the method.

145). Which model is used to provide actions to AWT

components ?
Ans). Event delegation model.

146). What is an adapter class ?

Ans). An adapter class is an implementation class of a listener which contains all
methods implemented with empty body. For example, WindowAdapter is an adapter
class of WindowListener interface. Adapter classes reduce overhead on
programming while working with listener interfaces.

147). What is anonymous inner class ?

Ans). Anonymous inner class is an inner class whose name is not mentioned, and for
which only one object is created.

148). What is the default layout in a frame ?

Ans). BorderLayout.

149). What is the default layout in an applet ?

Ans). FlowLayout.

150).What are Java Foundation classes ?

Ans). Java Foundation classes (JFC) represented a class library developed in pure
Java which is an extension to AWT.

151). Discuss about the MVC architecture in JFC/ swing ?

Ans). Model- View – Controller is a model used in swing components. Model
represents the data of the component. View represents its appearance and
controller is a mediater between the model and the view.MVC represents the
separation of model of an object from its view and how it is controlled.

152). What are the various window panes available in

swing ?
Ans). There are 4 window panes: Glass pane, Root pane, Layered pane, and Content
pane.

153). Where are the borders available in swing ?

Ans). All borders are available in BorderFactory class in javax.swing.border package.

154). What is an applet ?

Ans). An applet represents Java byte code embedded in a web page.

155).What is applet life cycle ?

Ans). An applet is born with init( ) method and starts functioning with start( )
method. To stop the applet, the stop( ) method is called and to terminate the applet
completely from memory, the destroy( ) method is called. Once the applet is
terminated, we should reload the HTML page again to get the applet start once
again from init( ) method. This cyclic way of executing the methods is called applet
life cycle.

156). Where are the applets executed ?

Ans). Applets are executed by a program called applet engine which is similar to
virtual machine that exists inside the web browser at client side.

157). What is HotJava?

Ans).Hot Java is the first applet-enabled browser developed in Java to support
running of applets.

158). Which tag is used to embed an applet into a HTML

page ?
Ans).<applet> tag is used to insert an applet into HTML page.
The following is the syntax for the applet tag. Required attributes are in bold. Optional attributes
are in regular typeface. Values you specify are in italics:
?
1
2
3
4 <applet
codebase = codebaseURL
5 archive = archiveList
6 code = appletFile ...or... object = serializedApplet
7 alt = alternateText
8 name = appletInstanceName
9 width = pixels
height = pixels
1 align = alignment
0 vspace = pixels
11 hspace = pixels
1 legacy_lifestyle = boolean>
<param name = appletAttribute1 value = value1>
2 <param name = appletAttribute2 value = value2>
1 alternateHTML
3 </applet>

159). What is a generic type ?

Ans). A generic type represents a class or an interface that is type-safe. It can act
on any data type.

160). Whai is erasure ?

Ans). Creating non-generic version of a generic type by the Java compiler is called
erasure.

161). What is auto boxing ?

 Ans). Auto boxing refers to creating objects and storing primitive data types
automatically by the compiler.

162). What is JDBC ?

Ans). JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) is an API that is useful to write Java
programs to connect to any database, retreive the data from the database and
utilize the data in a Java program.

163). What is a database driver ?

Ans). A database driver is a set of classes and interfaces, written according to JDBC
API to communicate with a database.

164). How can you register a driver ?

Ans). To register a database driver, we can follow one of the 4 options:
- By creating an object to driver class
- By sending driver class object to DriverManager.registerDriver( ) method
- By sending the driver class name to Class.forName( ) method
- By using System class getProperty( ) method.