Chapter 3

Limit state design of beams

for Shear/diagonal tension/,
bond and anchorage
Sosina M.
December 2022
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 Design of Sections for Shear
 Beams resist loads by means of internal moment M
and shear force V.
 Longitudinal reinforcements are provided based on
bending moment and shear reinforcements are
provided based on shear force.
 Shear force in beams generally develop in
combination with bending moment.

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 Shear force is significantly present in beams
where there is a change in bending moment
along the span.

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 Behavior of Reinforced-concrete Beam without
Shear Reinforcements
 When the principal tensile stress exceeds tensile
strength of concrete, formation of cracks takes place
along the principal planes.
 Which are perpendicular to principal tension stress
trajectories.
 Near to the support of simple beams, where the shear
force is large and moment is small,
The principal tensile stress is nearly equal to the shear
stress and is inclined at approximately 45° to the axis
of the beam.
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It is referred to as the diagonal tension and is
responsible for the development of inclined
cracks.

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The different types of crack regions such as region
of flexural cracks, diagonal tension cracks and
flexure-shear cracks can be shown as below, for a
simply supported beam.

I - Region of Flexural Cracks

II - Region of Diagonal Tension Cracks
III - Region of flexure-Shear Cracks

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 Shear Strengths of RC beams and Shear
Reinforcements
The transfer of shear in reinforced concrete members occurs
by the combination of the following mechanisms.
1)Shear resistance of the un-cracked concrete in
compression.
2)Aggregate interlock force:- that develop tangentially along
the expected crack propagation, and similar to a frictional
force due to irregular interlocking of aggregates along the
rough concrete surface on each side of the crack.
3)Dowel action of the longitudinal reinforcement:-the
resistance of the longitudinal reinforcement to transverse
force.
4)Shear reinforcement resistance from vertical or inclined
stirrups
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 If the RC beam is without shear reinforcement, the
shear resistance along the expected cracking (i.e.
along ABC as shown in the figure below) = Sum of
shear in compression zone (VCZ) + Vertical component
of aggregate interlock force (Vay) + Force due to
dowel action of the longitudinal reinforcement (Vd)
𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑉 = 𝑉𝐶𝑍 + 𝑉𝑎𝑦 + 𝑉𝑑

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Immediately after inclined cracking, it is found that 40 % to 60 %
of the shear is resisted by Vay and Vd.
As the crack widens Vay decreases and much of the resistance is
provided by Vcz and Vd.
As Vd gets larger, it leads to splitting crack in the concrete along
the reinforcement. When this crack occurs Vd drops to zero.
When Vay and Vd disappear, all shearing forces are to be resisted
by the portion AB above the crack. This may cause crushing of
concrete in region AB.
For beams with shear reinforcements, Total shear V to be resisted
is:
𝑽 = 𝑽𝑪𝒁 + 𝑽𝒂𝒚 + 𝑽𝒅 + 𝑽𝑺
Where, Vs = Shear to be resisted by the stirrups.
Here, (𝑉𝐶𝑍 + 𝑉𝑎𝑦 + 𝑉𝑑 ) = 𝑉𝐶 , Shear resisted by concrete
Therefore, total shear to be resisted by the RC section is:
𝑽 = 𝑽𝑪 + 𝑽 𝑺
Stirrups are required to be designed to carry shear above the
capacity of concrete. 12
Types of shear reinforcements

Common types of shear reinforcement are:

1) Vertical stirrups - Most Commonly used
2) Inclined stirrups at angle 45° or more from
longitudinal axis of beam - Cannot be used where
beams resist shear reversal such as buildings resisting
seismic loads.
3) Bent-up bars of longitudinal reinforcement bent at
angle of 45° or more from longitudinal axis of beam -
Almost disappeared. Possess same disadvantage like
inclined stirrups and
additional disadvantage is the difficulty in bar bending.
4) Combination of 1 or 2 with 3 13
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Prof. Morsch truss model to find spacing of stirrups

The spacing of shear reinforcement can be calculated as

following.
Vs = Shear to be resisted by all stirrups in the width MP
Vs = (Number of stirrups * Force carried by each stirrups)
Av = Area of two vertical legs of stirrup
Force carried by each stirrups = Av fyd
The horizontal projection of MG, MP = z/tan θ 19
 No. Of stirrups in this width=( z/tan θ)/Spacing (s)
Force carried by all stirrups in this Width (VS) will be:
VS = No of Stirrups x Shear force carried by each stirrup
𝑧/ tan 𝜃
𝑉𝑆 = ∗ 𝐴𝑉 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝑆
For principal diagonal tension Cracks, ϴ = 45° &tan 𝜃 = 1
𝐴𝑉 𝑓𝑦𝑑 ∗ 𝑍 𝐴𝑉 𝑓𝑦𝑑 ∗ 𝑍
𝑉𝑆 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑆 =
𝑠 𝑉𝑆
According to EBCS -2:1995, Spacing of stirrups can be
estimated using:
𝑨𝑽 𝒇𝒚𝒅 ∗ 𝒅
𝑺=
𝑽𝑺
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Design Shear Strength specifications based on
EBCS-2/1995
In order to prevent diagonal compression failure in
concrete, the shear resistance of a section, (VRD)
shall not be less than the design shear force
developed in a member due to factored design load.

𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 0.25 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑑

Design shear strength of concrete flexural member
(beams & slabs), (𝑽𝑪 )without significant axial force
preventing diagonal tension failure is given by:

𝑉𝐶 = 0.25 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 ∗ 𝑘1 ∗ 𝑘2 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑑

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 2
0.21 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 3
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = 𝑘1 = 1 + 50𝜌
1.5
≤ 2.0
𝑘2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 ≥ 1.0 𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
For members where more than 50% of the bottom reinforcement
is curtailed, 𝑘2 = 1.0
𝐴𝑆
𝜌=
𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝐴𝑆 = Area of tension reinforcement anchored beyond the
intersection of the steel and the line of possible 45˚ crack starting
from the edge of the section.

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Minimum shear reinforcement:
All beams, except joists of ribbed slabs, shall be
provided with at least the minimum web
reinforcement given by:
0.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = , 𝑤𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑘
The maximum spacing 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 between stirrups, in
the longitudinal direction, shall be as given below:
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5𝑑 ≤ 300𝑚𝑚, 𝑖𝑓 𝑉𝑠𝑑 ≤ 2/3𝑉𝑅𝑑
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.3𝑑 ≤ 200𝑚𝑚, 𝑖𝑓 𝑉𝑠𝑑 > 2/3𝑉𝑅𝑑
The transverse spacing of legs of stirrups shall not
exceed d or 800 mm, whichever is smaller.
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 Critical Section For Shear (According
to EBCS 2/1995)
• Critical section for shear is at a distance d from the
face of supports. Sections closer than d shall be
designed for shear at d.

As

As As

d d

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Example 1: Shear Strength of RC Beams
A RC beam 250 mm wide and 400 mm effective depth is
subjected to a factored shear force of 23 kN at quarter
span. Design the shear reinforcement at that section. If
the shear force at the critical section for shear is 85 kN,
find the spacing of 6mm diameter stirrup at the support.
At quarter span section the longitudinal tension
reinforcement to be taken for shear calculations shall be
6Ø16mm diameter rods and that at critical section shall
be 3Ø16mm diameter rods. Materials used are C25
concrete and S 300 steel.

Solution:
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Step 1: Material Properties
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐶 − 25 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 ∶
25
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = = 20 𝑀𝑝𝑎
1.25
0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 ∗ 20
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 11.33 𝑀𝑝𝑎
1.5 1.5
2 2
0.21 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 3 0.21 ∗ 20 3
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = = = 1.0315 𝑀𝑝𝑎
1.5 1.5
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑆 − 300 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙:
𝑓𝑦𝑘 300
𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 300 𝑀𝑝𝑎 & 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = = 260.87 𝑀𝑝𝑎
1.15 1.15
Step 2: Determine the shear resistance of concrete
𝑉𝐶 = 0.25 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 ∗ 𝑘1 ∗ 𝑘2 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑑
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𝑘1 = 1 + 50𝜌 ≤ 2.0

𝐴𝑆 6 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 162 /4
𝜌= = = 0.012
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 250 ∗ 400

𝑘1 = 1 + 50𝜌 = 1 + 50[0.012] = 1.6 ≤ 2.0 Ok!

H𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝒌𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟔

𝑘2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 = 1.6 − 0.4 = 1.2 ≥ 1.0 Ok!

H𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝒌𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟐

Therefore, 𝑉𝐶 = 0.25 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 ∗ 𝑘1 ∗ 𝑘2 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑑

𝑉𝐶 = 0.25 ∗ 1.0315 ∗ 1.6 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 250 ∗ 400 ∗ 10−3 = 49.51 𝑘𝑁
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Step 3: Determine the spacing of stirrups
𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆𝑑 − 𝑉𝐶 , 𝑉𝐶 > 𝑉𝑆𝑑 , There is no need to provide stirrups
however, the minimum required shall be provided.
Minimum shear reinforcement:
0.4 0.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 1.33 ∗ 10−3
𝑓𝑦𝑘 300
Consider 6 mm diameter stirrups with 2 legs;
𝜋 ∗ 62
𝐴𝑉 = 2 = 56.55 𝑚𝑚2
4
𝐴𝑉 𝐴𝑉 56.55
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = , 𝑆= = = 170.0 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑤 𝑆 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 250 ∗ 0.00133
Where S = Spacing of stirrups
At the critical section, the factored shear is 85 kN
𝐴𝑆 3 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 162 /4
𝜌= = = 0.006
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 250 ∗ 400
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𝑘1 = 1 + 50𝜌 = 1 + 50[0.006] = 1.3 ≤ 2.0 Ok!
H𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝒌𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟑

𝑘2 = 1.6 − 𝑑 = 1.6 − 0.4 = 1.2 ≥ 1.0 Ok!

H𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝒌𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟐
𝑉𝐶 = 0.25 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 ∗ 𝑘1 ∗ 𝑘2 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑑
𝑉𝐶 = 0.25 ∗ 1.031 ∗ 1.3 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 250 ∗ 400 ∗ 10−3 = 40.23 𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑆𝑑 − 𝑉𝐶 = 85 − 40.23 = 39.77 𝑘𝑁
Spacing to be provided, S :
𝐴𝑉 𝑓𝑦𝑑 𝑑 56.55 ∗ 260.87 ∗ 400
𝑆= = 3
= 147.77 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑆 39.77 ∗ 10
Provide 145 mm spacing of 6 mm diameter 2 legged stirrups.
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Step 4: Check for Max Spacing
𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 0.25 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑑
𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 0.25 ∗ 11.33 ∗ 250 ∗ 400 ∗ 10−3 = 283.25 𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑅𝐷 = 283.25 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉𝑠𝑑 = 85 𝑘𝑁 𝑂𝑘!
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5𝑑 ≤ 300𝑚𝑚, 𝑖𝑓 𝑉𝑠𝑑 ≤ 2/3𝑉𝑅𝑑
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.3𝑑 ≤ 200𝑚𝑚, 𝑖𝑓 𝑉𝑠𝑑 > 2/3𝑉𝑅𝑑
2 2
𝑉𝑅𝑑 = 283.25𝑘𝑁 = 188.83 𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉𝑠𝑑
3 3
∴ 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5𝑑 = 0.5 ∗ 400 = 200 𝑚𝑚 ≤ 300𝑚𝑚 … . 𝑶𝒌
Therefore, the provided spacing of 145 mm c/c for critical
section and 170 mm c/c for quarter span section are
adequate. 30
 Bond and Development Length
 The shear stress in between the steel and
concrete interface is called bond stress.
 When this bond is fully developed the two
material acts as a composite member.
 If the bond is not developed bars pull out
of concrete, causing tension to drop.
Bond stresses arises from anchorage or
development length.

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 Development length
Maximum tension (T) in the Rebar = (Stress x Area)=Asfyd
𝜋∅2
𝑇= ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
4
This force must be transferred from steel to concrete
through bond acting over the surface of contact over
certain length of bar equal to the development length or
anchorage length (lb).
If fbdis the design bond stress acting over the surface
area AC :
∅ 𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝑙𝑏 =
4 𝑓𝑏𝑑

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 Development length

The basic anchorage length is the

embedment length to develop the full
design strength of straight reinforcing bar.

∅ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 In EBCS2:1995, This is called

𝑙𝑏 = the Basic Anchorage Length
4 𝑓𝑏𝑑 (Section 7.1.6.1)

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Design bond strength (fbd) (section 7-1-5-1)
For good bond conditions, the design bond strength of plain
bars may be taken as:
𝒇𝒃𝒅 = 𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒅 for Plain rebars
𝒇𝒃𝒅 = 𝟐 ∗ 𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒅for Deformed rebars
For other bond conditions, the design bond strength may be
taken as 0.7 times the value for good bond conditions.
Good bond conditions as per EBCS-2 are:
 (a) All bars which are in the lower half of an element
 (b) All bars in elements whose depth does not exceed 300 mm
 (c) All bars which are at least 300 mm from the top of an
element in which they are placed
 (d) All bars with an inclination of 45° to 90° to the horizontal
during concreting
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 Required Anchorage length (section 7.1.6.2)
The required anchorage length depends on the type of
anchorage and on the stress in the reinforcement, and can
be calculated according to EBCS-2/95 as:
𝐀𝐒,𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝
𝒍𝐛,𝐧𝐞𝐭 = 𝜶 ∗ 𝒍𝒃 ≥ 𝒍𝐛,𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑨𝑺,𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅
𝐴𝑆,𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑=theoret. area of reinforc. required by design
𝐴𝑆,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = area of reinforce. actually provided
𝜶 = 1.0, for straight bar-anchorage in tension or
compression
𝜶 = 0.7, for anchorage in tension with standard hooks
Minimum anchorage length (lb, min ) can be determined by:
For Tension Bars: 𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.3𝑙𝑏 ≥ 10∅𝑙 ≥ 200 𝑚𝑚
For Compression Bars : 𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.6𝑙𝑏 ≥ 10∅𝑙 ≥ 200 𝑚𝑚 35
 Standard hooks
If the actual available length is not adequate for full anchorage
of tension reinforcement, special mechanical anchorage such
as hook must be provided at the end of the bar. A hook (end
anchorage) for compression steel is not effective.

• Anchorage by hooks (135° to 180°) is required for plain bars

• Anchorage by bends (90° to 135°) is only allowed for
deformed bars.
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Thank You!

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